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Chalks are very useful to humans. It is commonly used by teachers, students, and
artists. Chalk is an inexpensive and available in several forms and uses. Typical
are not using modern teaching method. Some chalk, made specifically for chalk drawings
is more expensive but worth the cost because it produces vibrant colors. These colored
chalks are used by the artists and some students for their art works. Aside from this is the
sidewalk chalk which is designed to wash away with water, usually has a detergent
component. It is also larger than the regular chalk which makes it easier to use on cement.
Because there are still many children today want to draw with colorful chalks, I decided
known as manioc or yuca (not yucca), belongs to the spurge family of plants called
Euphorbiaceae. It most likely originated in South American forest regions, but it's also
grown very inexpensively in parts of Asia, Africa and the Southern U.S. For centuries, it's
been a food mainstay for millions. Different varieties of cassava are generally classified
into two main types: sweet cassava and bitter cassava. Sweet cassava roots contain less
than 50 mg per kilogram hydrogen cyanide on fresh weight basis, whereas that of the
bitter variety may contain up to 400 mg per kilogram (Hong Kong Center for Food
Safety).
age than most kinds. It is a subtropical woody plant armed with spines. Though normally
climbers as seen outdoors in warm climates they can be trained and pruned to keep
them bushy indoors and there are some recently introduced dwarf-growing kinds that
remain bushy without special attention. Their oval leaves are sparse and uninteresting,
but they have decorative papery bracts surrounding small cream-white colored flowers.
The bracts appear in clusters of 10 to 20. Purple or magenta bracts are produced in late
summer and fall and the varieties include other colors. They tend to flower all year round
in equatorial regions. Elsewhere, they are seasonal, with bloom cycles typically four to
six weeks. But the real flowers are tucked away inside the papery bracts from summer to
autumn.
We are all aware that education is one of the important things that we should
never forget and neglect because it will lead us to victory. And to support this, every
school should have the facilities and various teaching aids to make it easier for students
to learn. We know that we already have some modernized equipments, but still, for those
schools who are not using modernized teaching aids there are still whiteboards that just
need markers that can also be used in teaching. But still, the origin of those is just
a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So I will make some trial and errors from some
raw materials to be made into more durable colored chalk. Until to that moment that I
will succeed to one of my trials in order to make a chalk out of cassava peelings starch
Generally this study aims to discover the potential of cassava peelings starch and
different bougainvillea petal decoction as an alternative colored chalk that can prevent or
1. How will the use of cassava peelings and bougainvillea affect the produced
a.) brittleness
b.) dust
c.) compaction
2. How will the effect of the produced colored chalk made from cassava
a.) brittleness
b.) dust
c.) compaction
Hypotheses
chalks made from cassava peelings and bougainvillea differ in terms of:
a.) brittleness
b.) dust
c.) compaction
a.) brittleness
b.) dust
c.) compaction
2. To identify the effect of the produced colored chalks made from cassava
This study opens another way for us people to be able to save and make chalks
that is much durable with long-lasting use that will take part in our study. The study will
be conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it will also
help us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make
some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and
improved thing.
The result of the study will play significant roles to the following sectors
especially to the people who avoid using chalks because of its dust.
This study will help those people who are easily irritated by the chalk dust just
like asthmatic people, those who have skin irritation and those children who have
allergies. Usage of chalk would not hinder them because of this study.
This study may help those people who are often exposed day in and day out in
chalk just like students, especially the teachers just because they are not the same in other
The results will benefit people who want to have their own business but could not
start due to lack of investment and also because some of them are scared to draw money.
This will help future business men and women to save money because of its easy-to-find
materials.
This study provides the most information than other person that will read this
research. This study will serve as a reference to future researchers in broadening their
knowledge. After this research was proven, the researcher can make of cassava peelings
and bougainvillea starch anywhere, and the researcher can save some money. Other
cassava peelings starch as an alternative colored chalk. This study is limited to the
evaluation of its physical properties in terms of its durability, dust, and compaction.
The study will start on December 2016- 2017 and will be conducted at
Definition of Terms
The following terms will be defined to have a common understanding of the key
terms that will be used in the study. This will be used to better understand the study.
most kinds. It is a subtropical woody plant armed with spines. Their oval leaves are
sparse and uninteresting, but they have decorative papery bracts surrounding small
Cassava is a long tuberous starchy root about two inches around and eight inches
long. The root has a brown fibrous skin and snowy white interior flesh. Because it bruises
(depending on the plant or the active ingredient to extract), its cooled, strained and added
enough cold water through the drug to obtain the desired volume.
Starch is a white, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants.
Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other
solvents. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C6H10O5)n. Starch is
form of starch is the linear polymer amylose; amylopectin is the branched form.
and most recent journals, pertinent to the present study. First, it will give summary about
cassava properties, and its chemical composition. Next, it will discuss bougainvillea
carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite. The sponge spicules, diatom and radiolarian
tests (shells), detrital grains of quartz, and chert nodules (flint) found in chalk contribute
small amounts of silica to its composition. Small proportions of clay minerals, glauconite,
Uses of Chalk
Chalk may be used for its properties as a base. In agriculture, chalk is used for
raising pH in soils with high acidity. Small doses of chalk can also be used as an antacid.
Additionally, the small particles of chalk make it a substance ideal for cleaning and
polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which
serves as a mild abrasive. Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled
grain size, for very fine polishing of metals. Chalk can also be used as fingerprint
powder.
The chalkboard is only as effective as the lesson it accompanies. One must assume,
therefore, that the lesson is carefully prepared so that those aspects of it which are
suitable for visualization are presented by that means, while those parts which are
According to A. W. Bartram, the need for variety in the learning process is very
important in order to maintain interest and avoid both mental and physical fatigueboth
in respect of the pupils and, although he may not realize it, the teacher as well. The
chalkboard provides many opportunities for variety and change in a lesson presentation.
Teaching with chalk reduces the amount of time it takes to prepare lectures. It
forces the instructor to drill down to the key facts and work to know them well without
wasting time on PowerPoint slides (Buddle, C., April 11, 2012). Many teachers and
professors much prefer to use chalkboard as an instrument in teaching rather than using
immediate, and completely in the classroom moment. It models note taking and
underlines the value of trial and error thinking and brainstorming, skills that are vital to
analytical thinking. He also cited that using chalkboard freed him to be more responsive
Chemical Composition
The chemical formula for chalk is CaCO 3, calcium carbonate, and it has a
calcite crystal structure. A calcium carbonate is classified as a mineral group that contains
one or more metallic elements plus the carbonate compound of CO3. Chalk has the same
Additionally, since chalk is a carbonate, it is also lightly colored and transparent when
pure. Carbonates are soft, brittle and fizz or bubble when exposed to hydrochloric acid
The effects of chalk dust on respiratory system have been demonstrated in a few
studies. Ohtsuka Y, Munakata M, Homma Y and et. al. studied three patients with chronic
interstitial pneumonia with many bullae in the lower lung fields whose lifetime
occupation was teaching school. Pathological examination of autopsy lungs was done.
Mineral content of two of them was analyzed and compared with mineral content of four
control cases with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (whose occupations were not
teaching). Findings of this study showed that dust particles and minerals which are
usually present in chalk were high in teachers lung suggesting that chalk dust is a cause
of interstitial pneumonia in teachers. A survey conducted in Spain shown that chalk dust
frequent respiratory infections and hoarseness. Our findings are consistent with findings
of studies conducted in chalk powder (CaCO3) plants. In the chalk powder plant, all
dustiest workplace (chalk sacking) showed significantly lower airflow parameters than
workers in other workstations. Chalk dust behaves like any other particulate matter and
remains suspended in air for sometime before settling on the floor and body parts of
teachers and students. Nasopharynx is quite efficient in filtering larger particles. Particles,
smaller than 5 m, can penetrate to lungs and be deposited in alveoli. These particles
PEFR in teachers than control. (Int J Med Health Sci. Oct 2013, Vol-2; Issue-4)
edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is
cultivated throughout the tropical world for its tuberous roots, from which cassava flour,
breads, tapioca, a laundry starch, and an alcoholic beverage are derived. Cassava
complex refining system to remove the poison by grating, pressing, and heating
the tubers. The poison (hydrocyanic acid) has been used for darts and arrows.
originated from the South-American forests. Its sweet, chewy underground tuber is one of
the popular edible root-vegetables. Indigenous people of many parts of Africa, Asia and
South American continents used it as staple food source since centuries. Together with
other tropical roots and starch-rich foods like yam, taro, plantains, potato, etc, it too is an
indispensable part of carbohydrate diet for millions of inhabitants living in these regions.
It is a long tuberous starchy root about two inches around and eight inches long. The root
has a brown fibrous skin and snowy white interior flesh. Because it bruises easily, its
often sold covered in a protective wax coating. (2016 By Hector Rodriguez Latin
roots and leaves can be toxic to consume. The toxicity of cassava is due to the presence
cyanide (HCN), a potent toxin, when the plant tissue is damaged. Cyanogenic glucosides
are found throughout the plant and in all varieties of cassava. Varieties referred to as
"sweet" or low-cyanide, have low levels of cyanogenic glucosides in the flesh of the root
and can be peeled and cooked like other root vegetables. Those referred to as "bitter," or
high-cyanide, have higher levels of cyanogenic glucosides throughout the root (peel and
flesh) and require more extensive processing before they are safe to consume. A number
of different processing techniques are used (grating, fermenting, sun drying), all of which
serve to damage the plant tissue and hence cause the liberation and volitalization of HCN.
The potential toxicity of cassava foods depends on the effectiveness of processing and
preparation techniques; high-cyanide roots can be processed to remove all most all traces
varieties for reasons that are not entirely clear. (Encyclopedia of Food and Culture;
It is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which grows in tropical and
subtropical areas of the world. Cassava originated from tropical America and was first
introduced into Africa in the Congo basin by the Portuguese around 1558. The leaves are
palmate (hand-shaped) and dark green in color. The cone-shaped roots are starch storage
organs covered with a papery bark and a pink to white cortex. The flesh ranges from
bright white to soft yellow. Over five thousand varieties of cassava are known, each of
which has its own distinctive qualities and is adapted to different environmental
conditions (Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Oct. 2016). It is
a perennial plant with conspicuous, almost palmate (fan-shaped) leaves resembling those
of the related castor-oil plant but more deeply parted into five to nine lobes. The fleshy
roots are reminiscent of dahlia tubers. Different varieties range from low herbs to
branching shrubs and slender unbranched trees. Some are adapted to dry areas of alkaline
soil and others to acid mud banks along rivers. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
composition differs according to variety and age of the harvested crop, and soil
starchy food (Charles et al., 2005). The protein content is low at 1% to 3% on a dry
matter basis (Buitrago, 1990) and between 0.4 and 1.5 g/100 g fresh weight (Bradbury
and Holloway, 1988). In contrast, maize and sorghum have about 10 g protein/100 g fresh
weights (Montagnac, 2009). As human food, it has been criticized for its low and poor
quality protein content, but the plant produces more weight of carbohydrate per unit area
than other staple food crop under comparable agro-climatic conditions. About 50% of the
crude protein in the roots consists of whole protein and the other 50% is free amino acids
(predominantly glutamic and aspartic acids) and non-protein components such as nitrite,
Research Journal 2012, Emmanuel, O. A., Clement, A., Agnes, S. B., Chiwona-Karltun,
L. and Drinah, B. N)
Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra)
Bougainvillea glabra is a native of Brazil but now it cultivates all tropical and
Tiny multi-color flowers usually appear in clusters surrounded by colorful papery bracts,
so that it called paper flower. They have various colored flowers like as magenta, purple,
red, orange, pink, yellow, white, violate etc. They tend to flower all year round in
equatorial regions. Elsewhere, they are seasonal, with bloom cycles typically four to six
weeks. But the real flowers are tucked away inside the papery bracts from summer to
autumn. Single and double flower forms are available. The woody trunk tends to be
twisted and the thin stem has sharp thorns and dark green leaves. The leaves are alternate,
grown as a hedge, an arch or a tree on the ground and in pots. It is available in a variety
(treesplanet.blogspot.com bougainvillea-glabra-paper)
It is growing in well drained sandy desert soils, slopes, mesas and disturbed rocky soil in
a broad elevation range, anywhere from sea level to 750m (0-2500 feet). Its natural
habitat is equatorial where day and night lengths are almost equal. Bougainvillea glabra
in these areas tend to bloom year round. Elsewhere, best blooming occurs when the night
length and day length are almost equal (in spring or fall). (Plants & Flowers Copyright
2010-2016).
South America. Many species are thorny. Only the woody vines have attained wide
popularity; several species have produced very showy cultivated varieties, which are
often grown indoors and in conservatories. The inconspicuous flowers are surrounded by
brightly coloured papery bracts, for which one species, B. glabra, from Brazil, is
called paper flower; the bracts are purple or magenta to lighter tints in certain varieties.
The stem of B. glabra may be 20 to 30 metres (about 60 to 100 feet) long in warm
climates, and the plant is in flower throughout most of the year. The stem of B.
spectabilis is covered with many short hairs, and the flowers are relatively short-lived.
The combination of bract plus inconspicuous flower itself resembles a flower with
bracts. B. buttiana, a probable hybrid of B. glabra and B. peruviana, has given rise to
varieties having lemon yellow (Golden Glow), orange (Louis Wathen), and crimson
Britannica, 2014).
seen outdoors in warm climates they can be trained and pruned to keep them bushy
indoors and there are some recently introduced dwarf-growing kinds that remain bushy
without special attention. Their oval leaves are sparse and uninteresting, but they have
decorative papery bracts surrounding small cream-white coloured flowers. The bracts
appear in clusters of 10 to 20. Purple or magenta bracts are produced in late summer and
fall and the varieties include other colours. They tend to flower all year round in
equatorial regions. Elsewhere, they are seasonal, with bloom cycles typically four to six
weeks. But the real flowers are tucked away inside the papery bracts from summer to
pest-free and disease resistant, it rewards its owner with an abundance of color and
vitality when it is well looked after. The bougainvilleas versatility is legendary. It can be
coaxed into a small manageable pot plant or a sizeable tree, to spread itself vertically on a
wall, or climb up a trellis and form a luscious crown or burst forth into graceful arches. It
makes one of the best hedges, bushes, and curb-liners. And as for bonsai or topiary
purposes, it has few equals, lending its complex branching to the pruning shears, which
promote even more unique and graceful forms. It is probably true to say that without the
bougainvillea, our roads, parks, and private gardens would be a lot less colorful that what
we see today. Almost everywhere we go, its brilliant hues and cheerful bursts punctuate
the lush green mantle that cloaks our tropical environment while other flowering plants
Along with palms, sunshine, and beaches, the cascading blooms of bougainvillea
most striking during the winter, when it is at its peak and few other plants are able to
provide color. Although it is frost-sensitive and hardy in zones 9b and 10, bougainvillea
makes an excellent hot season plant, and its drought tolerance makes bougainvillea ideal
for warm climates year-round. Native to the coasts of Brazil, bougainvillea has a high salt
tolerance, which makes it a natural choice for south Florida and other coastal regions. As
a woody clambering vine, bougainvillea will stand alone and can be pruned into a
standard, but it is perfect along fence lines, on walls, in containers and hanging baskets,
and as a hedge or an accent plant. Its long arching branches are thorny, and bear heart-
shaped leaves and masses of papery bracts in white, pink, orange, purple, and burgundy.
Bougainvillea has thinner branches that spread in many directions and have
distinctive pointed triangle-shaped bracts that come in a range of whites, lilacs, mauves,
and purples. Thorns are short, thin, and curved at the tips. Leaves are fairly evenly
elliptical, widest about the middle. The small cream flowers are relatively big and tube-
shaped. They also tend to flower virtually continuously, and often down the entire length
A. Research Design
This study will use the experimental research method. This method
remains).
5. Cool and strain. Store in the fridge for no more than 72 hours.
6. Take in divided doses according to use.