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Trigonometry

Digitally signed by David Kim

DN: cn=David Kim, o=AIS, ou,
email=yesupraise@gmail.co
m, c=KZ
Date: 2013.04.26 14:30:34
+06'00'
 Contents
1. Pythagorean Theorem
2. Distance, Midpoint
3. Standard position of an angle
4. Reference angle
5. Soh Cah Toa
6. Positive in Quadrants
7. Change RadDeg, DegRad
8. Co-Functions
9. Basic Tables
10.
11. Reduce angles
12. Arc length & Area of a sector
13. Graph of sin, cos, tan
14. General form of trig. Functions
15. Combining functions
16. Modeling with Trig. Functions
17. Pythagorean Identities
18. +, formula
19. Double formula
20. Half formula
21. into product formula
22. Show proof
5
23. Meaning of one value is given tan A =
12
24. Solve Trig. Equations
25. Inverse Trig. Function
26. Range in Inverse Trig. Functions
27. Determine the quadrant of angle ( a + b)
28. Law of Sine
29. Law of Cosine
30. Herrons formula
31. Area of Triangle
32. Ambiguous Case
1. Pythagorean Theorem

c b a 2 + b 2 = c 2 only for right triangle

legs hypotenuse
a
Typical values: 3 4 5
5 12 13
7 24 25
2 8 15 17 2
45 1 11 2 30 1
1 1 3 2 3

c 2 < a 2 + b 2 : acute triangle

c 2 > a 2 + b 2 : obtuse tringle

Example: 3 sides are 7, 9, 11 112 < 7 2 + 9 2 acute triangle

2. Distance, midpoint

( x2 , y2 ) Pythagorean theorem:
d 2 = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2

d y 2 y1 d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2

( x1 , y1 ) x2 x1 difference of x and y

x + x2 y1 + y 2
Midpoint = average of two points = 1 ,
2 2
3. Standard position of an angle
B
terminal ray angle B AOB is in standard position
vertex O A initial ray
O A

Quadrantal angle: if B is on x or y-axis

Coterminal angle of = + 360 o n

4. Reference angle
Positive acute angle with x-axis

5. Soh Cah Toa

S o h C a h T o a
sin opposite hypotenuse cos adjacent tan

opposite y r 1
sin = = csc = = r y
hypotenuse r y sin
adjacent x r 1
cos = = sec = = x
hypotenuse r x cos
opposite y sin x 1 cos
tan = = = cot = = =
adjacent x cos y tan sin

Remark: 1. r is always positive

2. x, y can be positive or negative(depends on quadrant)
6. Positive in Quadrants

sin all All students take calculus!

tan cos

Example: in Quadrant II, sin > 0 csc > 0

7. Change rad deg, deg rad

1 rotation = 360 o = 2 radian 180 o = radian

180 o
rad deg : radian deg rad : deg ree
180 o
180 o
Example: radian = = 30 o 45o = 45o = radian
6 6 180 o
4

8. Co-Functions
sin cos 90o

tan cot
sec csc

Co-functions are the same sum of angles = 90 o (complement)

sin = cos(90 o ) csc = sec(90 o )

cos = sin(90 o ) sec = csc(90 o )
tan = cot(90 o ) cot = tan(90 o )
9. Basic tables
0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

0 6 4 3 2

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1 3
tan 0 1
3

r y 2 1 2 1
x 3 1

sin = ry 0 when 0; y 0, r x cofunction: sin 90 = cos 0

o o

cos = rx 1, tan = xy 0 cos 90 o = sin 0 o

tan 90 o = sin 90o

cos 90o

10. : handle negative angles

sin( ) = sin : odd function (symmetric to origin)

cos( ) = cos : even function (symmetric to y-axis)
tan( ) = tan : odd function (symmetric to origin)
11. Reducing angles

any function of = the same function of (reference angle)

any function of = the cofunction of (acute angle formed by y-axis)
depends on

Example: sin 240 o = sin 60 o = cos 40 o 90 o reference angle

240 o is in Quadrant III (only tan is positive)
Reference angle is 60o

12. Arc length & Area of a Sector

r r s Using proportion:

s = 2r s = r : Arc length
2
1
Area = r 2 A = r 2 A = r 2 : Area of a sector
2 2
Circumference = 2r must be in radian

Example: pendulum on a clock

Pendulum swings 12 in. with 25o . What is the length?

s = r l = 12 25o
180
13. Graph of sin, cos, tan

y = sin x period = 2 , amplitude = 1, domain = all Real #, range = [1, 1]

y = cos x period = 2 , amplitude = 1, domain = all Real #, range = [1, 1]
y = tan x period = , domain = all Real # except
2 + n , range = ( , )

14. General form of trig. Function

y k = a sin b( x h) y = a sin(bx bh) + k

a: amplitude,
2
bx = 2 x = : period( for tan, cot) within 2 , b cycles appear
|b| |b|
h: phase shift, k: translation in y direction

Drawing technique: 1. Change into general form

2. (h, k): starting point
3. amplitude = a
4. period, bx = 2 x = 2b
5. draw one cycle within a period

a < 0 ? flip the curve!

Example: y = 3 sin(2 x + ) 1

1. y + 1 = 3 sin 2( x + ) 2. (h, k ) = ( 2 ,1) : starting point
2
3. amplitude = 3 4. period, 2 x = 2 x =
15. Combining functions

f ( x) = a sin x + b cos x amplitude = a2 + b2

a2 + b2 b

Example: 2 sin x + 3 cos x amplitude = 2 2 + 32 = 13

Why? 13
3
2

sin = 3
13
3 = 13 sin 2 sin x + 3 cos x = 13 cos cos x + 13 sin cos x

cos = 2
13
2 = 13 cos = 13 sin( x + )

amplitude

16. Modeling with Trig. Functions

y k = a sin b( x h) y = a sin(bx bh) + k

h, k, a, b ?
M +m
k=
2
2
p=
b
M m
| a |=
2
h using M or m points
17. Pythagorean Identities

y2 x2 x2 + y2 r 2
r y sin 2 + cos 2 = + = = 2 =1
r2 r2 r2 r
x Pythagorean theorem
sin + cos = 1
2 2
sin = 1 cos 2 2
cos 2 = 1 sin 2
divided by cos 2 : tan 2 + 1 = sec 2
divided by sin 2 : 1 + cot 2 = csc 2

18. +, formula

sin( A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos( A B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B) =
1 m tan A tan B
sin a cos b cos a sin b
+
sin( a + b )
Example: tan( a + b) = cos( a + b ) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos a cos b sin a sin b = cos a cos b cos a cos b
sin a sin b = 1tan a + tan b
tan a tan b
1
cos a cos b

19. Double formula

When a = b :
sin( a + b) = sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
cos(a + b) = cos 2a = cos2 a sin 2 a = 2 cos 2 a 1 = 1 2 sin 2 a
2 tan a
tan(a + b) = tan 2a =
1 tan 2 a
double
Example: sin 4 x = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 2(2 sin x cos x )(2 cos 2 x 1)
20. Half formula

From cos 2a = 2 cos 2 a 1 = 1 2 sin 2 a

1 + cos 2a
cos 2 a =
2
1 cos 2a
sin 2 a =
2
sin a 1 cos 2a
2
tan 2 a = =
cos 2 a 1 + cos 2a

21. into product formula

sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

sin(a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
sin(a + b) + sin( a b) = 2 sin a cos b
sin(a + b) sin( a b) = 2 cos a sin b = 2 sin b cos a
Likewise,
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
cos( a + b) + cos(a b) = 2 cos a cos b
cos( a + b) cos(a b) = 2 sin a sin b = 2 sin b sin a
s+t s t
Let s = a + b, t = a b a = ,b =
2 2

sin s + sin t = 2 sin s 2+t cos s2t

sin s sin t = 2 sin s 2t cos s2+t

cos s + cos t = 2 cos s2+t cos s 2t
cos s cos t = 2 sin s2t sin s +2 t

opposite sign
22. Show proof

1. choose complicated side

2. change tan, cot, sec, csc into sin or cos
3. use sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
4. fraction ? combine and simplify

Example: cos 2 x(1 + cot 2 x) = cot 2 x

cos 2 x 2 sin x + cos x

2 2
cos 2 x
cos 2 x(1 + cot 2 x ) = cos 2 x1 + 2

= cos x
2

sin 2 x = cot x
= 2

sin x sin x

5
23. Meaning of one value is given tan A =
12

1. Draw a right triangle 13 5

2. Plug the given values
3. Find all other functions 12

sin A = 135 , cos A = 12

13 , cot A = 5 , csc A = 5 , sec A = 12
12 13 13

one value is given all six functions are given!

Remark: 1. hypotenuse is always positive
2. opposite or adjacent sides can be + or
(depends on the location in quadrants)
24. Solve Trigonometric equations

1. Simplify in terms of one function

2. Factor
3. Find solutions

Example: 2 sin x + cos 2 x = 2 sin 2 x 1, 0 x < 2

2 sin x + 1 2 sin 2 x = 2 sin 2 x 1

4 sin 2 x 2 sin x 2 = 0 (2 sin x + 1)(sin x 1) = 0
1
sin x = or 1
2

1.Find angle when sin x = + 12

2.Decide the quadrants where sinx < 0
3. Draw the angle with the same reference angle
25. Inverse Trig. Function

y = Arc sin x = Sin -1x x = Siny

capital letter means range is limited
Domain, D=[1,1]
Range, R=[ 2 , 2 ]
y = Arc cos x = Cos-1 x x = Cosy
Domain, D=[1,1]
Range, R=[ 0, ]
y = Arc tan x = Tan -1 x x = Tany
Domain, D=( , )
Range, R=( 2 , 2 )
Remark: 1. If you have y = Sin 1 x , change it into x = Siny form.
2. sin 1 x Sin 1 x
many solution only one solution
1 1
3. Cot 1x = Tan 1
x Tan 1 x
1 1 1
x = Coty = Tany = y = Tan 1
Tany x x
8 8
Example: sin 2Tan 1 Tan = 17 8
15 15
15
means quadrant IV cos > 0
8 15
sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2
17 17
26. Range in Inverse Trig. Functions

Cos 1 Sin 1 , Tan 1

27. Determine the quadrant of angle (a + b)

1. Find the quadrant of angle a

2. Find the quadrant of angle b
3. Find the quadrant of angle a+b
4. Within the quadrant of angle ( a + b) , calculate the function that changes the sign

5 3
Example: Quadrant of Arc sin + Arc cos ?
13 5
a b
Sina = 13
5
Cosb = 35

a 0, b 0 a + b (Quadrant I or II)
2 2
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b = (12
15
)( 35 ) ( 135 )( 45 ) < 0
a + b : Quadrant II

28. Law of Sine

C

b h a

A c B

sin A = hb h = b sin A a b
=
sin B = h = a sin B
h
a
sin A sin B

Likewise,
a b c
= = : applicable whenever one pair of (a, A) is given
sin A sin B sin C
29. Law of Cosine

Apply Pythagorean theorem

a 2 = (b sin A) 2 + (c b cos A) 2
= b 2 sin 2 A + c 2 2bc cos A + b 2 cos2 A = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
Likewise, b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B : applicable whenever SSS or SAS are given
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

30. Herrons formula

a+b+c
s= Area = s (s a )( s b)( s c ) : applicable whenever SSS are given
2

31. Area of Triangle

1
Area = base
2 : applicable whenever SSS are given
1 1 1
= bc sin A = ab sin C = ac sin B
2 2 2
32. Ambiguous Case

Length of two sides and Angle of opposite side are given(SSA)

ambiguous case

a, b, A : given
Case I) A > 90o b a
a b: 0
a > b: 1 A
Case II) A < 90 o

h = b sin A
a < b sin A :0
a = b sin A : 1 b a
b sin A < a < b : 2 A
a b: 1
Example: a = 24, b = 31, A = 30o

h = b sin A = 31sin 30o = 31

2
h < a < b 2