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SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY
Victor Mockus
Hydraulic Engineer
Revisions by
Wendell Styner
1972
SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
SCS electronic computer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
hmmary of chapter contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3
Elevation-storage and Elevation-discharge relationships . . . . 17-3
Elevation-storage relationships for reservoirs. . . . . . . . 17-3
Elevation-discharge relationships for reservoirs . . . . . . 17-7
Storage-discharge relationships for reservoirs . . . . . . . 17-7
Elevation. stage. storage. discharge relationships
for streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-7
L
Reservoir Routing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The continuity equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: numerical version . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: direct version . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: graphical version . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage indication method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage indication method as used in the SCS
electronic computer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Culp's method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short cuts for reservoir routings . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................
Channel Routing Methods
.................
Theory of the convex method
Discussion .........................
..........
Some useful realtionships and procedures
.....................
Determination o f K
....................
Determination of C
...................
Determination of At
L ......
Procedure for routing through any reach length
Variability of routing parameters. selection of velocity V .
NM Notice 4.102. August 1972
CONTENTS cont'd .
17-4
f o r Example 17-2 ...................
Graphical version of Mass Curve method of
r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-3 ..........
17-5 Graphical version f o r Example 17-2. 'Step 4 .......
17-6 Working curve f o r Storage-Indication method of
r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-4 ..........
17-7 Inflow and outflow hydrograph f o r Example 17-4 .....
17-8 P r i n c i p a l spillway hydrograph and outflow
hydrograph f o r Example 17-5 ..............
17-9 Working curves f o r Storage-Indication method
of r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-5 .........
17-10 Culp's method of r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-6 ..
17-11 Typical shortcut method of r e s e r v o i r flood routing ..
17-12 Relationships f o r Convex method of channel routing ...
17-13 Convex routing c o e f f i c i e n t versus v e l o c i t y .......
NM Notice 4.102. August 1972
CONTENTS cont'd.
Figures
17-14 ES-1025 rev.
Sheetlof2 ......................
S e e t 2 0 f 2 . .....................
17-15 Inflow and routed outflow hydrograph
f o r Example 17-7. . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17-16 Inflow and routed outflow hydrograph f o r
Example 17-8 ........ ............
17-17 Outflow and routed inflow hydrograph f o r
Example 17-9 .. ..................
17-18 Mass inflow, mass outflow and r a t e hydrograph
f o r Example 17-10 .................
17-19 Inflow hydrograph and routed outflow
hydrographs f o r Example 17-11, Method 1 and 2 ...
17-20 !&pica1 schematic diagram f o r routing through
a system of channels . ... . ...........
...
17-21 Q/Q versus A f o r a t y p i c a l physiographic a r e a
Tables
L 17-1 .... ...
Equations f o r conversion of u n i t s
17-2 Elevation-storage r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a
reservoir ..................
17-3 Elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a
..........
2-stage p r i n c i p a l spillway
17-4 Working t a b l e f o r a storage-discharge
relationship ... ........... ...
17-5 Operations t a b l e f o r t h e mass-curve
......
method of routing f o r Example 17-1
17-6 Operations t a b l e f o r determining storage
..
a f t e r 10 days of drawdown f o r Example 17-2
17-7 Working t a b l e f o r t h e graphical version of
....
t h e mass-curve method f o r Example 17-3
17-8 Working t a b l e for preparation of t h e working
............
curve f o r Example 17-4
Operations t a b l e f o r t h e S-I method f o r
17-9
Example 17-4 .................
17-10 Procedure f o r routing by t h e storage-indication
...........
method f o r Example 17-4.
17-11 Working t a b l e f o r preparation of t h e working
...........
curves f o r Example 17-5.
17-12 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-5
17-13 Working t a b l e f o r Culp method, step 1 3 of
17-14
Example 17-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Basic operations i n t h e Convex routing method
17-15 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-8
L 17-16 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-9
17-17 ......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-10.
17-18 ..
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 1
Tables
17-19 Operation t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 2 . . . . . . . 17-67
17-20 P o r t i o n of a t y p i c a l o p e r a t i o n s t a b l e f o r
r o u t i n g through a s t r e a m s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-71
17-21 Data and working t a b l e f o r use of Equation
17-43 on a l a r g e watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-88
17-22 Area and s t o r a g e d a t a f o r Example 17-17 . . . . . . . . . 17-92
SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY
Introduction
References
Each of t h e following references contains general m a t e r i a l on flood
routing and descriptions o f two or more methods. References whose
main subject i s not flood routing but which contain a useful example
of routing are c i t e d i n t h e chapter as necessary.
Elevation storage r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e s e r v o i r s
Table 17-2 i s a working t a b l e t h a t shows data and computed r e s u l t s f o r
an elevation-storage r e l a t i o n s h i p t o be used i n some of t h e examples
given l a t e r . Columus 1 and 7 o r 1 and 8 give t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n
d i f f e r e n t u n i t s of storage.
Storage-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e s e r v o i r s
If rhe elevation-storage and elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e To be
used f o r many routings it i s more convenient t o use them as a storage-
discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p . The r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e combined by p l o t t i n g a
graph of storage and elevation, another of discharge and e l e v a t i o n , and,
while r e f e r r i n g t o t h e f i r s t two graphs, making a t h i r d by p l o t t i n g
storage f o r a selected elevation against discharge f o r t h a t elevation;
f o r a t y p i c a l curve see Figure 17-2. The storage-discharge curve can
a l s o be modified f o r ease of operations with a p a r t i c u l a r r o u t i n g method;
f o r a t y p i c a l modification see Figure 17-6 and s t e p 4 of Example 17-4.
From To
cross cross Distance Weight
section section (feet)
Out-
flow
Cross s e c t i o n end-areas Wei~htedend-areas Avg . Stor-
1 2 3 4 1-2 2-3 3-4 end- age
areas
(cfs) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) (sq.ft) ( s q . f t ) (cfs-hrs)
Reservoir Routing Methods
~t (7 - -O ) = AS (EQ. 17-10)
where A t = a time i n t e r v a l
-I = average r a t e of inflow during t h e time i n t e r v a l
-0
= average r a t e of outflow during t h e time i n t e r v a l
AS = change i n volume of storage during t h e time i n t e r v a l
Il = inflow r a t e a t t l
I 2 = inflow r a t e a t t 2
01 = outflow r a t e a t t l
S1 = storage volume a t tl
S2 = storage volume a t t 2
S2 = storage a t time 2
The routing i n t e r v a l can be e i t h e r v a r i a b l e or constant. Usually it i s
more convenient t o use a variable i n t e r v a l , making it small f o r a l a r g e
change i n mass inflow and l a r g e f o r a s m a l l change. The PSMC of Chapter
21 a r e tabulated i n i n t e r v a l s e s p e c i a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h i s method of rou-
ting.
7. Do t h e routinq.
The trial-and-error procedure goes a s follows:
-e.column
Compute t h e r e s e r v o i r storage, which i s t h e inflow of
3 minus t h e outflow of column 4, and e n t e r it i n col-
umn 5.
Spillway
Acc .
Time
At
Acc. Assumed Res.
inflow acc. volume
discharne Outflow Acc
Inst. A m-. for At outflow
.
outflow
(days) (days) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in./dsy)(in./day)(in.) (in.)
(1)
0
.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.6
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.0 -
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
3. Do t h e routing.
The procedure of s t e p 7, Example 17-1, i s s l i g h t l y modified f o r t h i s
routing. The f i r s t l i n e of d a t a i n t h e operations t a b l e must con-
t a i n t h e i n i t i a l reservoir volume i n column 4 and t h e i n i t i a 1 , s p i l l -
way discharge i n column 7. Accumulated base flow i s added t o t h e
i n i t i a l value of column 4 t o give t h e "accumulat;d inflow" of t h a t
column. In a l l other respects t h e routing procedure i s t h a t of
s t e p 7, Example 17-1.
which is the working equation for the direct version. Working curves of
01 and (Sl - (At 01)/2) and of 02 and (S2 + (At 02)/2) are needed for
routing.
Other arrangements of working equations can also be obtained from Equa-
tion 17-12. Equation 17-15 is the mass-curve version of the Storage-
Indication method, which is described later in this part. Routing by
use of Equation 17-15 takes about twice as much work as routing by the
Storage-Indication method.
-
b. Determine t h e time a t which t h e difference between mass
inflow and l i n e A i s equal t o t h e l a r g e r of t h e storage l i m i t s
f o r l i n e A, i n t h i s case 0.18 inches, which occurs a t 0.65 days.
This i s t h e p o i n t of o r i g i n f o r l i n e B.
-
e. Repeat t h e procedure of s t e p s 5 and d with l i n e s C, I), E,
e t c . , u n t i l t h e storage being used i s s o l a r g e it exceeds t h e
possible difference between mass inflow and mass outflow. For
t h i s example t h i s occurs with l i n e H. The p a r a l l e l l i n e above
it shows t h a t t h e associated storage of 3.44 inches f a l l s above
t h e mass inflow l i n e . When t h i s s t e p i s reached t h e required
storage i s obtained by t a k i n g t h e maximum difference between
l i n e H and the mass inflow curve. The difference occurs a t t h e
point on t h e mass inflow curve where a l i n e p a r a l l e l t o l i n e
H i s tangent t o t h e inflow curve. For t h i s example it i s 2.80
inches a t 5.33 days. This s t e p completes t h e routing.
L = reach length i n f e e t
q = s e l e c t e d steady-flow discharge i s c f s
5. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e .
Suitable headings and arrangement f o r an operations t a b l e a r e shown
i n Table 17-9.
7. Do t h e routing.
The procedure i s shown i n Table 17-10. The routing r e s u l t s a r e
shown i n columns 3 and 4 of Table 17-9. The outflow hydrograph
given i n column 4 i s p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-7.
Time
Remarks
0 Given
Given
o -o + 625 = 625
285 From Figure 17-6
Given
625 - 285 + 1875 = 2215
1030 From Figure 17-6
Given
2215 - 1030 + 3125 = 4310
1880 From Figure 17-6
Given
4310 - 1880 + 4375 = 6805
2880 From Figure 17-6
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
8. Do t h e routin@;.
The procedure i s t h e same a s t h a t given i n Table 17-10 except when
a change i s made from one working curve t o another. The changes a r e
made a s follows. A t time 4.5 days t h e routing i n t e r v a l changes,
therefore, t h e working curve must be changed. The outflow r a t e a t
t h a t time i s 116 cfs. Entering t h e second working curve with t h i s
r a t e gives 2,640 c f s as t h e value of (s2/At) + (0212) i n column 4
f o r t h e same time. Once t h i s value i s entered t h e routing continues
with use of t h e second working curve. A t time 6.0 days t h e routing
i n t e r v a l chknges back t o t h e first one and t h e r e f o r e t h e first
working curve must again be used. The outflow r a t e a t t h a t time i s
357 c f s . Entering t h e f i r s t working curve with t h i s r a t e gives
1,270 c f s as t h e value of (s2/At) + (02/2) i n column 4 f o r t h a t
time. After e n t e r i n g t h i s value t h e routing continues with use of
the first working curve.
Gut-
f OH
=
1. Prepare t h e elevation-discharge curve f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l s p i l l -
Point :
Line It em Unit b4 b5 b6 b7
qe cfs
's cfs
qe -
q~s C ~ S
Te hrs
Qel0.62 cfs-hrs
Qe cfs-hrs
Qe csm-hrs
Qe in.
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
TOTAL STORAGE- INCHES
0 I 2 3 4 5 6
TIME, DAYS
Figure 17-3. Mass inflow, storage, and mass outflow curves for Example 17-2.
O
Y
dFTER 10 DAYS DRAM
I
-INE OF ACTUAL FL(
:LINE IS PARALLEL '
KCUMULATED BASE LOW)
2 4 6 8 10
TIME, DAYS
Figure 17-5. Graphical version for Example 17-2, Step 4.
0
FOR At = 0 . 5 DAYS 0 1000 2000 3000
FOR At = 0. l DAYS 2 0 0 0 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Figure 17-9. Working curves for Storage-Indication method of reservoir routing for I
C
Example 17-5. vl
Figure 17-10. Culp's method of reservoir routing for Example 17-6.
The p r i n c i p l e requires t h a t :
Discussion
This much of t h e t h e o m i s enouah
The emphasis i n t h i s chapter i s on working examples, not on theory,
-
- f o r makina- a workable routina method.
t h e r e f o r e t h e a d d i t i o n a l r e s u l t s from t h e theory a r e summarized i n t h e
next section without giving derivations or proofs. Further work can
be done on some aspects qf t h e Convex routing method but even i n i t s
present s t a t e t h e method i s highly useful f o r most types of problems of
r o u t i n g flood flows through stream channels.
At* j
T
p
5
'I where
/
Tp i s t h e time t o peak (Chapter 16). I f t h e hydrograph has more
t h a n one peak the i n t e r v a l should be s e l e c t e d using the 3 the ,
s h o r t e s t of t h e r i s e periods of t h e b p o r t a n t peaks. It is important
t h a t an end-point of a time i n t e r v a l f a l l a t o r near t h e inflow peak
/ time and any other l a r g e change i n r a t e .
i
From Equation 17-17 t h e proper routing reach l e n g t h t o match C and A t *
, i s then:
V a r i a b i l i t y of routing parameters; s e l e c t i o n of v e l o c i t y , V.
As shown by preceding r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t h e magnitudes of t h e routing para-
meters C and K (and therefore of At) depend on t h e magnitude of t h e
velocity V. For steady flow i n n a t u r a l streams this v e l o c i t y v a r i e s
with stage but t h e v a r i a t i o n i s not t h e same f o r a l l seasons of a y e a r
or f o r a l l reaches of a stream, nor does t h e v e l o c i t y c o n s i s t e n t l y in-
crease o r decrease with stage. For unsteady flow, v e l o c i t y v a r i e s not
only w i t h s t a g e but a l s o with t h e r a t e of change of t h e stream flow.
NM n o t i c e 4-102, A w t 1972
L These f a c t s would appear t o require a change i n routing parameters f o r
each operational s t e p i n a routing. But exploratory routings with t h e
Convex method show t h a t constant parameters must be used t o conserve
mass, t h a t i s , t o make t o t a l outflow equal t o t a l infiow. The necessity
f o r t h e use of constant parameters i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of c o e f f i c i e n t
routing equations, including not only Equation 17-21 but a l s o with t h e
Muskingum routing equation ( r e f s . 2 and 3) and t h e Storage-Indication
equations. Therefore all of t h e examples i n t h i s p a r t show a use of con-
s t a n t parameters. I n p r a c t i c e t h e parameters need not be constant f o r
a l l steps of a routing but t h e more often they a r e changed t h e more l i k e l y
t h a t t h e t o t a l outflow w i l l not equal t o t a l inflow.
1. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e .
Suitable headings and &rangement a r e shown f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e col-
umns i n Table 17-14. The "remarks" column i s used here t o e m l a i n d
t h e s t e p s ; it i s not needed i n routine work.
4. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e s t e p s shown i n t h e remarks column of Table 17-14.
Given.
Oe = 0.6(0) + 0.4(0) = zero
O2 = 0.6(0) + 0.4(800) = 320
0, = 0.6(320) + 0.4(1600) = 832
O2 = 0.6(832) + 0.4(2400) = 1459
0, = 0.6(1459) + 0.4(3200) = 2155
02 = 0.6(2155) + 0.4(4000) = 2893
02 = 0.6(2893) + 0.4(3520) = 3144
02 = 0.6(3144) + 0.4(3040) = 3102
0, = 0.6(3102) + 0.4(2560) = 2885
02 = 0.6(2885) + 0.4(2080) = 2563
O2 = 0.6(2563) + 0.4(1600) = 2178
02 = 0.6(2178) + 0.4(1120) = 1755
0, = 0.6(1755) + 0.4(640) = 1309
0, = 0.6(1309) + 0.4(160)= 849
0 2 = 0.6(849) = 509 I 1 = zero.
PI tt 11
0, = 0.6(509) = 305
II TI 11
0, = 0.6(305) = 183
0, = 0.6(183) = 110
" " "
etc . etc. etc. etc.
2. Determine t h e v e l o c i t y , V.
Enter t h e stage-discharge curve f o r t h e reach with t h e s e l e c t e d 3/4-
discharge from s t e p 1 a& f i n d t h e stage f o r t h a t flow. Then
e n t e r the stage-end-area curve with t h a t stage and get t h e end-
a r e a i n square f e e t . The v e l o c i t y i s t h e discharge divided by t h e
end area. For t h i s example V w i l l be taken as 3.0 fps.
3. Determine K.
The reach has two lengths, one f o r t h e low-flow channel, t h e o t h e r
f o r t h e valley. From an examination of t h e stage-discharge curve
and t h e inflow hydrograph it i s evident t h a t most of t h e f l o w w i l l
exceed t h e capacity of t h e low-flow channel, t h e r e f o r e use t h e
v a l l e y length. This i s given as 12,400 f e e t . By Equation 17-17,
using T t = K, t h e value of K = 12400/3600(3.0) = 1.15 hours by a ii
slide-rule computation.
5. Compute A t .
Using r e s u l t s from s t e p s 3 and 4, and by Equation 17-27, A t = 0.65
(1.15) = 0.745 hours. Round t o 0.75 hours.
9. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e routine used i n Table 17-14 t o -
a e t t h e outflows f o r col-
umn 3 of Table 17-15.
Note i n Figure 17-16 t h a t t h e routed outflow peaks are not much small-
e r than the inflow peaks. The f i r s t routed outflow peak i s 93.0 per-
cent of i t s respective inflow peak, and t h e second 97.7 percent of i t s
inflow peak. The reach has r e l a t i v e l y small storage when compared with
t h e inflow volumes; t h e f i r s t inflow peak has l e s s volume associated
with it than t h e second and it i s reduced more than t h e second.
Local Tot a1
Time Inflow Out flow Inflow Outflow
(hrs. ) (cfs) (cfs (cfs) (cfs)
(2)
0
380
1400
3000
4450
5000
4600
3750
2800
2100
1600
1280
1150
1210
1480
1880
2360
2880
3250
3500
3580
3480
3240
2930
2600
2280
i.980
1730
21.00 1480 230 2105
21.75 1280 190 1808
27.50 1130 150 1548
23.25 980 120 1344
24.00 850 100 1165
24.75 720 90 1015
25.50 620 80 872
26.25 530 70 750
27.00 450 60 642
27.75 400 50 546
28.50 350 Lo 47 4
29.25 310 30 383
30.00 270 20 345
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
6. Do t h e routing.
The routine i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n Table 17-14. Using
values from Table 17-16, the sequence i s : f o r outflow time 0.5
h r s , Il = 2.27(0) - 1.27(0) = 0 , which i s recorded f o r inflow
time zero; a t outflow time 1 . 0 h r s , 11 = 2.27(163) - 1.27(0) =
370, recorded f o r inflow time 0.5 h r s ; f o r outflow 1.5, I1 =
2.27(478) - 1.27(163) = 878, recorded f o r inflow time 1.0 h r s ;
and so on. The work i s e a s i l y done by accumulative p o s i t i v e
and negative m u l t i p l i c a t i o n on a desk c a l c u l a t o r . The inflow
hydrograph t o time 7,5 hours i s p l o t t e d on Figure 17-17.
Outflou
Time Tot a 1 Local t o be Inflow
Outflow Inflow routed
(hrs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)
(1)
0 0 0
120 O0-1 /
.5 370
1.0 310 163 878
155 680 478 1508
2.0 1250 932 2278
2.5 1850 1525 2978
3.0 2490 2165 3398
3.5 3030 2708 3648
4.0 3440 3122 3793
4.5 3700 3420 3899
5.0 3900 3631 3819
5.5 3940 3714 3539
6.0 3840 3637 2972
6.5 3500 3344 2370
7.0 3000 2915 1800
7.5 2485 2424 1300
8.0 1960 31 1929 etc.
etc. etc. etc. etc.
5. Do t h e routing.
Tne routine i s exactly t h e same as t h a t i n Table 17-14. For exam-
p l e , a t inflow time 2.7 h r s , O2 i s computed using inflow and out-
flow f o r t h e previous time or O2 = 0.6(3707) + 0.4(5952) = 4605 cfs-
hrs.
The next example shows how t o route any hydrograph through any reach
length. Methods 1 and 2 are compared.
Incre-
Time Mass Mass ment of Outflow
Inflow Outflow Outflow Rate
(hrs. 1 (cfs-hrs) (cfs-hrs) (cfs-hrs) (cfs)
- .
5.2 7992 7817
70 233
5.5 7992 7887 etc. etc.
etc. etc. etc.
3. Determine C*
Using Equation 17-31 with A t = 1 . 4 h r s , At* = 0.4 h r s , and C = 0.72
0.4+0.5(1.4) 1.1
( 1.j ( 1 . 4 ) 1 (3.T)
-
C* = 1 (1-.72) = 1-(.28) = 1-(.28) 0.524 =
7. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e routine o f . Table 17-14. The outflows a r e shown i n col-
umn 3 of Table 17-18.
2. Determine r o u t i n 4 coefficient C.
The routing c o e f f i c i e n t YC" f o r each subreach i s computed from
t h e outflow hydrograph of t h e preceding subreach a s done i n Step
2, Method 1. A constant C may be used f o r t h e e n t i r e reach but
t h e r e s u l t a n t hydrograph w i l l vary from one produced by recornputin@
C f o r each subreach. For s i m p l i c i t y i n t h i s example, a constant
C = 0.72 i s assumed. V = 4.37 f p s .
6. Go . t o s t e p 2 .
-2/ Outflow from subreach 4 starts A t = 0.2 hours (rounded from 0.17
h o u r s ) a f t e r inflow starts i n t o subreach 4.
9.I. = 9 i + -
( ~ i ~ qi)
+ ~x
At* - At
At*
REACH 16 15 14
L(ft) 19300. 4000. 37000.
V(fps) 2.9 4.8 3.2
.63 .63 .74 .65 .65
Atx(hrs)l.OO 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
LX(ft)16541. 2759. 4000. 17486. 17486. 2028.
A t (hrs) .17 .12
C* .986 1.00 .998
Time Inflow Outflow Outflow Local Total Outflow Local Total Outflow Outflow Outflow Lacal Total
0 031
97 97
498 498
1371 1371
2560 2560
3887 3887
5007 5007
5588 5588
5525 5525
4963 4963
4173 4173
3365 3365
2640 2640
15 450 735 739 5 744 794 35 779 1279 2034 2037 80 2117
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
I
P
SYMBOLS
K - raach t r a w l tima
C - rou!inq co.fiici.nt
I
At - complied routing intonol
At' - desired routinq iekrval
-
/'
C* required m u l l n ~c a r t t i c i ~ n l
/ EXAMPLE
/ Giwn
I.
2.
C = 0.8, Kz3.0, and A1':l.o
Compute A t = C K = 0.8(3.0) = 2.4
U n A t ond A t o f o r mova I.
3. U n C in mova 2 ond rood :0.628
-REFERENCE
At
U. 8. mARl%ENT OP ADRlCUL'IVILE STANDARD D M . NO.
Equat~onby W. A. Styner
Nomoqraph by Glenn 0. Commons
-
D l m O l i m1Y)m DATE 6 . 71
ROUTED INFLOW
3
51
w
0
ct
P.
0
m
C
I (TOTAL OUTFLOW MINUS LOCAL
N
"
C
10
ct
I-'
\O
-4
N
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TIME, HOURS
I 2 3 4 5
TIME, HOURS
Figure 17-18. Mass inflow, mass outflow and r a t e hydrograph f o r
Eiample 17-10.
Basic Equations
A l l of the unit-hydrograph working equations are derived from t h e r e l a -
tionship f o r the peak r a t e of a u n i t hydrograph:
where qp = peak r a t e i n c f s
By l e t t i n g q
P' K, A, Q, and T stand
and using prmed symbols q;, %,
f o r a watershed i n one condition
A ' , & I , and T' f o r t h e same watershed
i n a condition being studied, then by use of &tion 17-37 it i s evi-
dent t h a t :
A' Q' Tp
(Eq. 17-38)
When A' = A and T ' = T , which i s t h e usual case when evaluating land
use and treatment Peffects, Equation 17-38 becomes:
(Eq. 17-42)
Using Equation 17-45 i n equations 17-37. 17-38, and 17-39 produces work-
ing equations i n which e i t h e r t h e storm duration or t h e time of concen-
t r a t i o n can be changed and t h e e f f e c t of t h e change determined. Such
equations a r e not often used because t h e main comparison i s usually
between present and f u t u r e conditions i n which only runoff amount and
drainage area w i l l change. I n s p e c i a l problems where storm duration
must be taken i n t o account t h e r e a r e other approaches t h a t a r e more
applicable ( s e e t h e s e c t i o n t i t l e d "Use of Equation 17-43 on l a r g e
watersheds").
Elimination of Tp
I n many physiographic a r e a s t h e r e i s a consistent r e l a t i o n between Tp
and A because t h e r e i s a t y p i c a l storm condition o r pattern. The r e l a -
t i o n s h i p i s usually expressed as:
i/
where c i s a constant m u l t i p l i e r and d i s a constant exponent. Sub-
s t i t u t i n g C A ~f o r Tp i n Equation 17-37 gives:
qp = k Ah Q (Eq. 17-48)
Equations 17-39, 17-41, 17-43, 17-50, and 17-51 should be used only when
t h e storm runoff volume does not exceed t h e storage capacity of t h e s t r u c -
t u r e with t h e smallest capacity. If t h e runoff does exceed t h a t capacity
these equations must be modified further. Equation 17-50, f o r example,
becomes:
C
where Qs i s the average storage capacity of t h e s t r u c t u r e s . It i s shown
i n Example 17-20 how Equation 17-51 and similar equations can be used
even when t h e capacity v a r i e s from s t r u c t u r e t o s t r u c t u r e .
Examples
The problems i n the following examples range from t h e very simple t o
t h e complex, t h e l a t t e r being given t o show t h a t unit-hydrograph methods
have wide application. For some complex problems, however., it w i l l
generally be more e f f i c i e n t t o use t h e SCS electronic-computer evaluation
program.
Example 17-13.--A watershed of 183 square miles has a flood peak of 37,800
c f s . I f 42 square miles of t h i s watershed were controlled by floodwater
r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s having a n average r e l e a s e r a t e of 15 csm, what would
t h e reduced peak be?
1. Computer.
By Equation 17-42 r = 42/183 = 0.230 because A* = 42 and A = 183
square miles.
Tt A AA AU A* AA* 4: r (1 - r ) q*(~*p'
(hrs) (sq.mi.) (sq.mi.) (sq.mi.) ( s q . m i . ) (sq.mi.) ( s q . m i . ) (cfs)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo)
o 620 359
8 8 0 0 0 1.000 0
2.0 612 359
6 14 3 3 .214 .786 21
3.5 606 356
60 74 24 27 .365 .635 189
9.1 546 332
90 164 43 70 .426 .574 490
15.3 456 289
80 244 56 126 517 .483 882
21.1 376 233
150 87 213 .541 .459 1491
28.0 226 394 146
101 495 '77 290 .586 .414 2030
31.0 125 69
98 593 48 338 5'70 .430 2366
42.0 27 21
27 620 21 359 .580 .420 2513
'48.0 0 o
--
2. Compute q,.
Multiplying %/Q by Q g i v e s qp, t h e r e f o r e , qp = 3.15(4290) = 13,500
c f s by a s l i d e - r u l e computation.
If p a r t of a watershed i s c o n t r o l l e d by floodwater r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s
t h e graph can be used t o g e t h e r with equation 17-50, as follows:
2. Determine r.
From Equation 17-42 r = AY/A = 1031234 = 0.440
967.26
( r Qs)= = 3.11 inches
311
(Note: Column 4 is not needed if the c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e made by
accumulative multiplication on a desk-calculator. )