Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Properties of self-compacting concrete on fresh and hardened with

residue of masonry and recycled concrete
Yimmy Fernando Silva , Rafael Andres Robayo, Pedro Enrique Mattey, Silvio Delvasto
Universidad del Valle. Cali, Street 13 # 100-00 Building 347, Colombia

h i g h l i g h t s

 The residue of masonry is used in self-compacting concrete mixtures as an addition.

 The fresh properties of self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregate and residue of masonry were investigated.
 The use of recycled coarse aggregate in the production of self-compacting concrete is feasible.
 The incorporation of recycled aggregate cause a decrease in the mechanical properties (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength) of
self-compacting concretes.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present paper discuss the results of an experimental study about self-compacting concretes (SCC)
Received 3 February 2016 made with recycled coarse aggregates and a mineral admixture obtained from a residue of masonry
Received in revised form 22 June 2016 (RM). It was evaluated the effects of the use of the recycled aggregate on the properties of SCC. Five types
Accepted 15 July 2016
of SCC mixes were tried, where the virgin coarse aggregate was substituted by the recycled aggregate
between 0 and 100% by volume. The blended cement (Portland cement + admixture) remained constant
at 480 kg/m3 and included 20% by weight of RM. The rheological properties of the fresh SCC were deter-
Keywords:
mined by means of slump and flow tests, V-funnel, and L-box tests. It showed appropriate workability
Self-compacting concrete
Recycled concrete
and resistance to segregation, passing ability, and filling capacity. The mechanical properties were
Coarse aggregates reduced with the incorporation of the recycled coarse aggregate due to the poor adhesion between the
Residue of masonry old mortar and aggregate; however, the results fall within admissible characteristics to be used in several
Construction and demolition debris constructive elements for its acceptable mechanical properties.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction allows the use of additions or fillers from industrial or construction

The use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been extended
around the world from its early development in the eighties, due
the benefits of production and the final product high performance
[14]; the main rheological advantage of SCC is that being a fluid
concrete can be placed and compacted without any vibration into
the formwork of highly reinforced structures. This characteristic
allows to have many benefits as reduction in construction time,
maximize the freedom of design work as well as improvement in
product quality and working environment. Also, this type of con-
crete brings a positive impact on the environment because it
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: yimmy.silva@correounivalle.edu.co (Y.F. Silva), rafael.ro-
bayo@correounivalle.edu.co (R.A. Robayo), pedromattey@gmail.com (P.E. Mattey),
silvio.delvasto@correounivalle.edu.co (S. Delvasto).
and demolition waste [5,6].
The main requirements in fresh status of SCC are filling ability,
passing ability and very high segregation resistance. The first two
properties can be obtained by using a high-range water reducer
admixture (HRWR). To secure stability/cohesion of the mix, a large
quantity of powder materials (active addition or filler) and/or
viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) is required [7]. One purpose
of the addition of powder in self-compacting concrete is to densify
the interface created between the aggregate and the Portland
cement paste. In order to ensure sustainable production a waste
material is added to SCC, that could be proceed from residues of
mining, industry and agroindustry. This fact does that this kind
of self-compacting concrete could be classified in the category of
green concrete [8]. The negative environmental impact gener-
ated by the concrete derives from CO2 emissions and other gases
as a result of the decarbonation of limestone and consumption of

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.057
0950-0618/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
640 Y.F. Silva et al. / Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644

electricity and fuel during the process of production of the Portland tion and demolition wastes (C&D) that proceeded from some
cement [8]. The emissions of CO2 in the production of the compo- constructive elements with more than 40 years of being built in
nents of concrete mixtures of medium strength using Portland Universidad del Valle (Cali-Colombia).
cement as the only binder fluctuate between 0.29 and 0.32 t
CO2/m3 [9]. Other way to reduce CO2 emissions is the use of additions
2. Experimental framework
from industrial sub-products and recycled materials [10,11]; one of
them is the utilization of construction and demolition wastes
2.1. Materials
(C&D).
The incorporation of masonry wastes [4] and rubbles, resulting
2.1.1. Cement
from construction activities or demolition of concrete buildings, as
A commercial type I Portland cement, complying with the
coarse aggregate in the preparation of concrete is an alternative for
requirements of specification ASTM C150, was used. This cement
the production of self-compacting concrete [1214]. Therefore, the
contains a limestone addition done by manufactory, this is the rea-
recycling of C&D is important, because it minimizes the consump-
son why a high loss on ignition is exhibited. Analysis of the chem-
tion of mineral resources, which require considerable energy in
ical composition of this cement was performed by X-ray
their extraction and grinding processes. The harnessing of C&D,
fluorescence (XRF); the result are shown in Table 1. The particle
results in a reduction of fuel consumption, indeed the demolished
size distribution (PSDs) measured by laser distribution method
concrete is an eco-friendly alternative source of aggregates for pro-
are provided in Fig. 1. It was obtained in the PSD a mean particle
duction of concrete [15]. The objective of this research was the
size D (4.3) of 20.67 lm, which is identified that 10% of the sample
analysis of the properties in fresh and hardened states as the com-
has a particle size less than 1.96 lm, the 50% less than 15.82 lm
pressive strength and splitting tensile strength, and permeability
and (D90) 90% less than 46.82 lm.
properties at curing ages of 3, 7, 28 and 60 days for the different
mixtures incorporating 20% of residue of grinding masonry (RM)
as partial replacement of cement, and different percentages, from 2.1.2. Residue of masonry (RM)
0% to 100%, of recycled coarse aggregate instead of natural aggre- The powder of RM was obtained from a wall of red clay bricks
gate, the recycled aggregate was obtained from crushed construc- cemented with Portland cement mortar, this wall was demolished
in a building of the Universidad del Valle (Fig. 2). These demolition
Table 1 waste were subjected to a milling process to obtain a mean particle
XRF analysis and loss on ignition of cement. size D (4.3) of 26.6 lm determined by laser diffraction granulome-
Oxide/element SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO SO3 K2O Na2O L.I try, this mean particle size was similar to the cement used. Its
% mass 19.13 4.42 4.32 57.7 2.32 0.28 0.16 9.78 chemical composition and other main characteristics are presented
in Tables 2 and 3.

Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of Portland cement.

Fig. 2. Residue of masonry (RM).

 Y.F. Silva et al. / Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644 641

Table 2 2.1.5. Recycled aggregate

XRF analysis and loss on ignition of residue of masonry (RM). A type of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) was used in this
Oxide/element SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O TiO2 L.I research, its particle size distribution is shown in Fig. 3 and its
% mass 54.08 15.50 9.84 8.72 3.50 1.29 1.92 0.88 3.47 physical properties in Table 4. The RCA was obtained by grinding
a waste from construction and demolition (C&D) obtained from
the demolition of a concrete slab of a building of the University
of Valle (Cali, Colombia). The concrete debris were crushed in a
Table 3 jaw crusher to a maximum size of 12.7 mm (1/2 in), equal to the
Characterization of residue of masonry (RM).
size of the gravel or coarse aggregate (CA) that was used as refer-
Characteristic Result ence. It is noteworthy, that the recycled aggregates have a finer
Average size of particles (lm) 26.6 particle size when compared to natural aggregates, which is
Density (g/cm3) 2.56 related to the obtained fineness modulus of 6.38 and 5.64
Pozzolanic activity index (ASTM C311) 82.6% respectively.

2.1.3. Superplasticizers
A superplasticizer admixture (SP: Sika SikaPlast 326) was used
for all tested self-compacting concretes. This admixture causes a
high reduction of mixing water, it meets the requirements of ASTM
C494 and is classified according to the parameters specified by this
standard within the Types A and F, its density is 1130 kg/m3.
2.1.4. Natural aggregates
In this study, the fine aggregate was silica sand of natural origin
(NS), taken from a river in the region, with fineness modulus of
2.55 and a predominance of rounded particles, suitable for con-
crete requiring high workability and fluency. Natural gravel as
coarse aggregate (CA), which had a maximum size of 12.7 mm
(1/2 in) and a predominance of angular particles, was employed.
The particle size distribution of aggregates is shown in Fig. 3 and
their main physical characteristics are seen in Table 4.
3. Experimental part
3.1. Mixture proportions
The proportions of the concrete mixtures are shown in Table 5.
The SCC-20% denotes the self-compacting concrete with addition
of 20% of fine material (RM), this percentage of addition of RM is
selected according to prior investigation [4]. In this concrete was
replaced the coarse aggregate for recycled coarse aggregate
(RCA). Five mixtures of self-compacting concrete were made with
replacement percentages in volume of virgin coarse aggregates
by RCA in a range from 0% to 100%, the total content of cementi-
tious binder (cement + RM) was 480 kg/m3. The content by weight
of fine aggregate (NS) remained constant in 964.8 kg/m3. The
water-to-cementitious ratio (w/c) was set at 0.45 for all mixtures.

3.2. Preparation and casting of mixtures

Each mixture was proportioned by weight, being its compounds

Fig. 3. Granulometric distribution of the aggregates.
in dry condition. The coarse and fine aggregates were mixed for
two minutes in a concrete mixer, adding the 20% of the total mix-
ing water, after that, the cement and residue of masonry were
added, and subsequently it was added the 60% of the mixing water,
and finally the remaining water with the superplasticizer admix-
ture; then, mixing was continued until homogeneity (2 min)
(based on two-stage mixing approach [16]). Rheological testing
was made (slump flow, V-funnel, L-box). Subsequently, casting
was done using cylindrical molds. The samples were removed from
these molds after 24 h, and then they were cured in water until
mechanical and physical tests were done. Cylindrical samples of
76.2  152.4 mm were used to determine the compressive
strength and the splitting tensile strength, and the permeability
properties, such as absorption and porosity, were determined in
cylindrical samples of 76.2  76.2 mm. Each of the data corre-
sponds to an average of three samples.

Table 4
Physical and mechanical characteristics of aggregates.

Characteristic Standardsa Natural sand Coarse aggregate Recycled coarse

(NS) (CA) aggregate (RCA)
Apparent density (Bulk) NTC 237 (NS) NTC 176 (CA-RAC) 2.58 g/cm3 2.54 g/cm3 2.26 g/cm3
Absorption NTC 237 (NS) NTC 176 (CA-RAC) 1.89% 2.01% 7.28%
Loose unit weight NTC 92 1.63 g/cm3 1.47 g/cm3 1.26 g/cm3
Compact unit weight NTC 92 1.74 g/cm3 1.59 g/cm3 1.46 g/cm3
Fineness modulus NTC 77 2.55 6.38 5.64
Maximum nominal size NTC 77 2.36 mm 12.50 mm 12.50 mm
Dimension less/largest dimension (di/Di) (morphology) UNE 933-4 0.493 0.499
Los Angeles coefficient ASTM C-131 16.40% 33.70%
a
NTC: Colombian Technical Standard.
642 Y.F. Silva et al. / Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644

Table 5
Dosage of mixtures of SCC with coarse recycled aggregate (dry weight).

Compound SCC-20% SCC-20%-25% RCA SCC 20%50% RCA SCC 20%75% RCA SCC 20%100% RCA
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
Cement 384.00 384.00 384.00 384.00 384.00
Coarse aggregate (CA) 643.20 482.41 321.60 160.80
Coarse recycled aggregate (RAC) 143.08 286.16 429.23 572.29
Natural Sand (NS) 964.80 964.80 964.80 964.80 964.80
Water 216.00 216.00 216.00 216.00 216.00
w/c 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Superplasticizer 2.88 2.88 2.89 2.89 2.90
Residue of masonry (RM) 96.00 96.00 96.00 96.00 96.00

4. Results and discussion
4.1. Tests on fresh SCC
Characteristic rheological tests were performed to self-
compacting concrete; they were: Slump flow, V-funnel, L-box.
The slump flow test was done using the Abrams cone, in order to
evaluate the ability of concrete to deform under the action of its
own weight with restriction, also allowing to check, visually, the
possibility of segregation of the concrete. A range of values for an
adequate slump flow is 550 mm 850 mm [17]. All mixtures under
study were adjusted following the recommendations of the Euro-
pean Project Group [17] and EFNARC [18], because the slump test
of SCC mixtures was in the range from 590 to 740 mm. The slump
flow time to reach a diameter of 500 mm (T50) for each of the tried
mixtures was less than 4 s. However, it was observed that the
incorporation of coarse recycled aggregates slightly affect the
slump flow of the mixtures, proportionally to the percentage of
replacement; according to Hadiwidodo and Mohd [19], Leite
et al. [20] and Safiuddin et al. [21], this behavior is due to two fac-
tors: The first is that recycled aggregates have a greater surface
roughness after being subjected to processes of crushing compared
with natural aggregate and, the second one, is that these type of
recycled aggregate has a greater amount of fine particles resulting
from the crushing process with the consequent requirement of
more water. These factors affect the slump of the mixtures, espe-
cially when replacement of natural aggregates by RCA is close to
100%. The L-box test determines the passing ability of self-
compacting concrete to flow through a narrow opening between
bars (three in this case) without segregation or blockage.
The mixtures with less to 50% RCA reached the blockage ratio,
opposite of this, mixtures containing 75% and 100% RCA did not
achieve this ratio, because the ratio H2/H1 was less than 0.75.
The V-funnel test was also performed to evaluate the fluidity and
stability of the SCC. The time in V-funnel should be lesser than
25 s according to the stipulations of the European Project Group
[17]. The flow time in the V-funnel fell in the range from 4 to
25 s, indicating that this property was satisfied. It is clear, the evi-
dence that adding recycled aggregate affects negatively the work-
ability of concrete [21]. The test results of the SCC are presented in
Table 6.

Table 6 4.2. Tests in hardened state of SCC

Behavior in fresh state of the self-compacting concretes.

Test SCC- SCC-20% SCC-20% SCC-20% SCC-20% 4.2.1. Compressive strength

20% 25%RCA 50%RCA 75%RCA 100%RCA The testing compressive strength (ASTM C39) reported the
Slump flow, (mm) 740 700 710 680 590 results that can be seen in Fig. 4; these show that the incorporation
T50 (s) 1.83 2.21 2.18 2.21 3.64 of recycled coarse aggregate in the concrete of reference (SCC-20%)
L-box (H2/H1) 0.82 0.77 0.79 0.71 0.60 causes a decrease in compressive strength at all ages, in a range
V-funnel (s) 4.28 6.26 14.80 17.5 24.88
between 15 and 29% at 28 days of curing, depending on the

Fig. 4. Compressive strength of the SCC-20% y SCC-20% with RCA.

 Y.F. Silva et al. / Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644 643

percentage of coarse aggregate that was replaced by RCA. The Table 9

Compressive strength of SCC 2050% RCA was the highest among Capillary sorptivity at 28 days of curing.

the tested specimens with RCD. This phenomenon is similar to Mix K (kg/m2 seg1/2) m (107 s/m2) Effective porosity
what was found in other experimental studies [22,23]. This behav- ee (%)
ior can be attributed to a better grading [24]. 28 days of curing
The reduction in compressive strengths is considered normal SCC-20% 0.0120 10.01 12.04
due to: The poor adhesion between the old mortar and aggregate, SCC-20%-25% RCA 0.0124 9.59 12.22
SCC-20%-50% RCA 0.0123 9.99 12.37
the presence of transverse cracks and fissures in the recycled SCC-20%-75% RCA 0.0129 9.43 12.60
aggregates produced during their process of crushing, and the SCC-20%-100% RCA 0.0131 9.35 12.44
presence of a weak porous mortar around the recycled aggregate
[20,21]. Moreover, the strength is also affected by the replacement
level of RCA and the w/c ratio [25,26]. Additionally, the character-
RCA on physical properties as density, porosity and absorption
istics of the old interface could influence directly the mechanical
showed that the incorporation of this recycled materials generates
behavior of new concrete, because it could generate high stress
an increase of volume of permeable porosity in function of the
concentrations when this is subjected to loading with the possible
amount of RCA replacing the virgin coarse aggregate, this is associ-
material failure [27]. However, in some cases recycled concretes
ated to the lower quality of RCA due to the presence of numerous
can exhibit an increase in the compressive strength due to the
cracks and pores (aggregates and adhered mortar); because of this,
rough texture and absorption capacity of the adhered mortar in
the SCC with RCA are more susceptible to permeation [30,31].
recycled aggregates, which provides better bonding and interlock-
The results of the density- reported in Table 8- are consistent
ing between the cement paste and the recycled aggregates them-
with those obtained by other researchers [30,31], who attributed
selves compared with natural aggregates [28].
this behavior to the porosity presented in the mortar adhered to
recycled aggregates generating a decrease in the density of the
4.2.2. Splitting tensile strength
SCC, compared with the SCC obtained with natural aggregate. Con-
The splitting tensile strength test was performed according to
sequently, it influences the density of the final hardened concrete.
the standard ASTM C496, in Table 7 is shown the testing results,
where the effect of incorporation of RCA on this property can be
4.3.2. Capillary sorptivity
appreciated. The values of splitting tensile strength decreased
The results obtained by testing capillary sorptivity, following
slightly with the replacement of coarse aggregate by RCA after
the SIA 162/1 (European standard), are presented in Table 9. The
28 days of curing, and this is greatest when the replacement is
curves for self-compacting concrete with RCA show a similar
total, going from 3.05 MPa in the reference mixture (SCC-20%) to
behavior, slightly above the curve relative to the reference SCC
2.30 MPa in the mixture with 100% RCA (SCC 20%100%RCA). Some
(SCC-20%). These results show that the use of recycled aggregates
researchers attribute this negative effect to the quality and the sur-
in the SCC mixtures causes a decrease in resistance to penetration
face characteristics of recycled aggregates, independently of the
m, an increase of effective porosity e and increases the perme-
replacement level [14,29].
ability (K). This behavior is more evident when higher percentages
of RCA are used in the mixtures of SCC. This due to the increased
4.3. Permeability properties
amount of cement paste found on the surfaces of aggregates,
results in increasing sorptivity values [32],
4.3.1. Absorption, density and voids
The results obtained in the test of absorption, density and
porosity, established in accordance to the ASTM C642 standard, 5. Conclusions
are shown in Table 8, where the effect of the incorporation of
Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions
Table 7 can be drawn:
Results of splitting tensile strength at 7 and 28 days of curing.
The results showed that it is possible to obtain a self-
Mixture 7 days 28 days compacting concrete environmentally sustainable using the bulk
Splitting tensile Splitting tensile constituents of demolition debris (masonry and concrete) as a
strength (MPa) strength (MPa) replacement for Portland cement and coarse aggregate the residue
SCC 20% 2.20 3.05 of masonry and concrete respectively.
SCC 20%25% RCA 2.27 2.70 Referring to the fresh properties of concrete, it was observed
SCC 20%50% RCA 2.31 2.71 that when RCA is increased, it is necessary to add more superplas-
SCC 20%75% RCA 1.97 2.35
ticizer to get a concrete that could be considered as self-
SCC 20%100% RCA 1.98 2.28
compacting concrete, according to the specifications done by the

Table 8
Test of absorption, density and voids of the SCC with RCA at 28 days of curing.

Mixture Absorption (%) Density (kg/cm3) Voids (%)

After immersion After immersion After immersion After immersion Apparent Volume of permeable
and boiling and boiling pore space
SCC-20% 6.13 6.19 2402 2404 2633 14.01
SCC-20% 6.90 6.94 2376 2377 2628 15.43
25% RCA
SCC-20% 7.12 7.20 2331 2332 2580 15.67
50% RCA
SCC-20% 7.22 7.28 2324 2325 2573 15.78
75% RCA
SCC-20% 8.33 8.39 2270 2271 2542 17.58
100% RCA
644 Y.F. Silva et al. / Construction and Building Materials 124 (2016) 639644
European Project Group and EFNARC about the Slump, L-box and
V-funnel testing. This additional content of admixture is needed
because the SCC demand more water due to high levels of adsorp-
tion shown by recycled aggregates when compared to natural
aggregates.
The incorporating of RCA causes decrease in the mechanical
properties (Compressive strength and Splitting tensile strength)
of SCC. The Compressive strength and the splitting tensile strength
gradually decrease with increasing replacement level of aggregate.
In the compressive strength, it was observed that at 28 days curing
of the SCC, it presented up to 30% of strength reduction when was
done 100% of substitution of virgin aggregate (coarse aggregate) by
RCA in the mix SCC-20%. The density of SCC with RCA is lower than
that of the concrete with virgin aggregate because the density of
recycled aggregate is lower than that of natural aggregate due to
the mortar adhered to its surface.
The results of the research show a decrease in the mechanical
properties (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength)
of the hardened SCC. Similarly, the permeability properties
increase; however, the magnitude of these should be valued con-
sidering a ratio of economic and social cost-benefits considering
to design the use of SCC with RCA incorporation in applications
where the specifications of final properties of the concrete are
admissible. These results open the possibility of utilization of
RCA in the production of SCC in places where natural aggregates
are scarce, and where the overexploitation of these non-
renewable resources generates an irreversible environmental
impact limiting their future sustainability or where there is a
scarce of disposal sites, and where long routes to arrive at these
sites generate serious problems for municipalities.
Acknowledgements
The authors present their thanks to: Composite Material Group
at Universidad del Valle and the Excellence Center of New Materi-
als (CENM-Univalle); the project VRI C.I. 747 Reciclando escom-
bros en concreto supported by the Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones
de la Universidad del Valle, also it is acknowledged the Project:
Investigacin de un material cementicio ecoeficiente para ele-
mentos de construccin de bajo costo, contrato FP44842-399-
2015, financially supported by COLCIENCIAS- EL PATRIMONIO
AUTONOMO FONDO NACIONAL DE FINANCIAMIENTO PARA LA
CIENCIA, LA TECNOLOGIA Y LA INNOVACIN, FRANCISCO JOS
DE CALDAS and to the Administrative Department of Science
and Technologies (COLCIENCIAS) for the support provided for the
development of this research.
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