DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

INDORE
Certificate

This is to certify that Priyansh Kothari bearing Roll No. 1705128

of Class XII-C has successfully completed his Investigatory
Project Work on the Topic 'Step Up Transformers' under the
guidance of Ms. Jaishree Indoriya (Physics faculty) during year
2016 - 2017 in partial fulfillement of the requirement specified
in the physics practical curriculum in AISSCE.

Ms. Jaishree Indoriya Mr. Sudarshan Sonar

Physics Faculty Principal
Delhi Public School Delhi Public School
Indore Indore
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to our

principal Mr. Sudarshan Sonar for his continuous
encouragement to all the endeavours of his students.
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere
thanks to my physics teacher Ms. Jaishree Indoriya, in
providing a helping hand in the project. Without her
supervision, this project couldn't have attained its present form.
The kind support of our physics lab assistant has also
played a important role in the success of this project.
I would also like to take the opportunity to thank my parents for
extending their support and their constant encouragement for my
task.

Ms. Jaishree Indoriya Mr. Sudarshan Sonar

Physics Faculty Principal
Delhi Public School Delhi Public School
Indore Indore
 contents

Index Page No.

1. Introduction to 1
Transformers
2. Principle of Transformers 2
3. Theory 3
4. Energy Losses in 4
Transformers
5. Uses of Transformers 4
6. Construction 5
7. Bibliography 7
Introduction to Transformers
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
A.C. Voltages or Alternating Voltages.
Transformers are the most widely used device in both low and
high current circuits.
Ina transformer, the electrical energy transfers from one circuit
to another circuit without the use of any moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a :-
Step-Up Transformer.
A transformer which decreases the voltages is called a :-
Step-Down Transformer.

1
Principle of Transformers
Itis based on the principle of mutual induction i.e. if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit, an induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit.
Thevarying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.

2
Theory
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is NP and that
in the secondary coil is NS.The resistance of the coil is assumed
to be zero.
Let dq /dt be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the
primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then,
Ep= NP -(1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the primary and

secondary coils. Then, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil
will be:
ES= NS -(2)
From equations (1) and (2), we find:
Ns/Np= K
where K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.
A. For step up transformer: K > 1

NS>NP

Therefore, ES>EP

B. For step down transformer: K < 1

NS<NP

Therefore, ES<EP

= Output
Power
= EsIs/EpIp
Input Power
3
Energy Losses in Transformers:
Copper Loss: The energy lost in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
Iron loss: The energy lost in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
Leakage of Magnetic Flux: Occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.
Hysteresis
Loss: The energy lost due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

Magnetostriction: Humming noise of a transformer caused by a

phenomenon which causes a piece of magnetic sheet steel to
extend itself when magnetized. When the magnetization is taken
away, it goes back to its original condition.

Uses of Transformers:
VoltageRegulator for Television, Refrigerator, Computer, Air
Conditioner etc.
In Induction Furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
Astep up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.

4
Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils P1 &
P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to P1 & P2, the primary
coil and a load resistance R is connected to S1 & S2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

Step Up Transformer:
1. The laminated iron core made of soft iron is assembled.

2. Winding of coil is done appropriately. The secondary coil has

more turns in a step up transformer than the primary coil.

3. The end wires of both coils are popped out.

4. The primary coil can now be given an alternating current (&

voltage) to obtain the modified alternating current (& voltage)
from the secondary coil.

5. The sent voltage and current is noted and the received

current and voltage is also noted.

6. This will help in calculation of transformation ratio (K).

5
Observations:
Ep= Np= Ip=
ES= NS= IS=

Transformation Ratio (K) ~ i.e. K>1

Conclusion:
Theoutput voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio Ns/Np
There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
Energy is conserved.

Precautions:
Be careful of high voltages.
While taking the readings of current and voltage, the A.C
should remain constant.
Sources of Error:
Eddy Current losses
Heat Losses
Poor Winding or Insulation
6
Bibliography
NCERT Physics Part I for Class XII
Comprehensive Physics Lab Manual Class XII
Google: www.google.com
AAB: www.allaboutcircuits.com