Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AbstractThis paper presents a nonlinear control technique IEEE 519 and IEC EN 61000-3 standards specify regulations
for a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF). The method governing harmonic compliance. A passive filter has been a
provides compensation for reactive, unbalanced, and harmonic viable approach because of low cost and high efficiency. How-
load current components. A proportionalintegral (PI) control law
is derived through linearization of the inherently nonlinear SAPF ever, the performance of the passive scheme has a limitation
system model, so that the tasks of current control dynamics and since the addition of the passive filter interfaces with the
dc capacitor voltage dynamics become decoupled. This decoupling system impedance and causes resonance with other networks
allows us to control the SAPF output currents and the dc bus volt- [1], [2]. Numerous active solutions, which are becoming a more
age independently of each other, thereby providing either one of effective means to meet the harmonic standards by overcoming
these decoupled subsystems a dynamic response that significantly
slower than that of the other. To overcome the drawbacks of the the drawback of the passive filter, have been proposed [3][10].
conventional method, a computational control delay compensation The SAPF operates by injecting the reactive, unbalanced, and
method, which delaylessly and accurately generates the SAPF harmonic load current components into the utility system with
reference currents, is proposed. The first step is to extract the the same magnitudes as the nonactive load currents demanded
SAPF reference currents from the sensed nonlinear load currents by a given nonlinear load but with opposite phases [11][15].
by applying the synchronous reference frame method, where a
three-phase diode bridge rectifier with RL load is taken as the Among the subjects related to the active filters design and
nonlinear load, and then, the reference currents are modified, applications, the methods for extraction of the harmonic load
so that the delay will be compensated. The converter, which is currents and determination of the filter reference current play
controlled by the described control strategy, guarantees balanced an important and crucial role. Indeed, the accuracy and speed
overall supply currents, unity displacement power factor, and of the SAPF response are related to this point [16], [17].
reduced harmonic load currents in the common coupling point.
Various simulation and experimental results demonstrate the high The methods of reference current generation are categorized
performance of the nonlinear controller. into two main fields: 1) time-domain and 2) frequency-
domain methods [11][17]. Time-domain methods such as
Index TermsActive power filter, control delay compensa-
tion, modeling, nonactive load current compensation, nonlinear dq transformation (or synchronous rotating reference frame),
control, power quality. pq transformation (or instantaneous reactive power), symmet-
rical components transformation, etc., are based on the mea-
I. I NTRODUCTION surements and transformation of three-phase quantities [12].
The main advantage of these time-domain control methods,
H ARMONICS are typically caused by the use of non-
linear loads, such as switch-mode power converters,
power-electronics-operated adjustable-speed drives, fluorescent
compared with the frequency-domain methods, based on the
fast Fourier transformation is the fast response obtained. On the
lamps, arc furnaces, welding equipment, and other nonlinear other side, frequency-domain methods provide accurate indi-
loads used in both domestic and industrial applications. The vidual and multiple harmonic load current detection. The com-
presence of harmonics in the system results in several effects pensation method presented in this paper is the time-domain
(including increased heating losses in transformers, motors, control type of compensation, where all harmonic load current
and lines; low power factor; torque pulsation in motors; and components are targeted and compensated. An SAPF offers dif-
poor utilization of distribution wiring and plant). In response ferent options of compensation, such as harmonic attenuation,
to the power quality concerns of typical power distribution sys- load balancing, resonance elimination, and displacement power
tems in terms of harmonic current distortion and power factor, factor improvement [1], [9]. Thus, the control strategy and the
method for extracting the nonactive load current references will
Manuscript received April 28, 2008; revised January 28, 2009, May 29,
depend on the compensation objectives [11][17].
2009, and September 2, 2009; acccepted December 2, 2009. Date of publication Although conventional linear controllers may fulfill certain
January 8, 2010; date of current version September 10, 2010. This work compromises between steady-state performance, and harmonic
was supported by Canada Research Chair in Energy Conversion and Power
Electronics at the cole de Technologie Suprieure.
load current compensation and dc bus voltage regulation, they
S. Rahmani and K. Al-Haddad are with the cole de Technologie remain unable to compensate the inherent nonlinearity of such
Suprieure, University of Qubec, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada (e-mail: circuits, which is generated by the switching process. This
Salem.Rahmani@esstt.rnu.tn; kamal@ele.etsmtl.ca).
N. Mendalek is with the Department of Electrical, Computer and Com-
manifests with important overshoots and long settling times,
munication Engineering, Notre Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon (e-mail: during transients from both the ac or dc side [2], [11], [12],
nmendalek@ndu.edu.lb). [15]. On the other hand, most of the techniques mentioned in
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. the literature assume sinusoidal supply voltages when compen-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2009.2038945 sating unbalanced nonlinear load currents [3], [12]. However,
in reality, the utility voltage available at the downstream end is the active filter natural response determined by boost inductors
nonsinusoidal due to the harmonic load currents. A thorough and dc-link voltage capacitors [25]. To simplify the current
investigation of the experimental results reported in [2], [8], control plant to be of first-order delay type, voltage decouplers,
and [16], reveals that the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the rotating frame transformation, and pole-zero cancellation tech-
supply currents cannot be brought down below 5% to satisfy niques were used in current regulators. In [26], the concept
the IEEE-519 standard. This is due to the presence of notches in of delay time was discussed. The method considered the in-
the supply currents, whereas feedforward control methods are stantaneous power delay caused by the current regulators and
used. The drawbacks can be eliminated by using the nonlinear dc-link voltage feedback circuit and presented the load power
control theory, ideally without exaggerating computational and estimation method to improve the dynamic response of input
implementation complexities. In addition, Youssef et al. [18] power regulation.
and Yacoubi et al. [19], [20] implemented very useful advanced A computational control delay compensation method was
nonlinear control techniques to active rectifiers with active also presented in [27], where only the feedforward control
filtering function. These control techniques can be applied to of the load current was used. The method is very effective
active filtering technology. In [21], a nonlinear control strategy for decreasing the magnitudes of the lower order harmonic
of an SAPF based on the internal model principle is proposed. load currents but cannot fully compensate the fast load current
The stabilization of the dc-link voltage dynamics is addressed, transients. The HPF time constant is about 8 ms. It is reported
along with the fulfillment of the harmonic load current com- that, in the case of load current step changes, the system takes
pensation objective. The two-time scale behavior of the SAF is about 19 ms to reach steady state. In addition, a multistage
exploited to apply the averaging theory in the control design. adaptive filter was discussed in [28]. This method combines
In [22], a nonlinear control strategy for an active filter is a low-pass filter and an adaptive predictive filter, making it
proposed. It is based on the inputoutput linearization method possible to extract the sinusoidal active current component
implemented on a dq0 rotating current reference frame. The from the distorted waveform without harmful phase shift, even
structure balances the load currents, obtains unity displace- when the frequency and amplitude simultaneously altered. The
ment power factor, and reduces the harmonic load currents in drawback of this technique is the difficulty to design the dc-link
arbitrary loads. In [23], the current loop dynamics in the voltage and the current regulators.
synchronous dq frame are controlled using multiple-input In this paper, the authors propose a detailed nonlinear control
multiple-output optimal control based on the predictive control technique, as previously introduced in [24], that uses a compu-
approach. The nonlinear control strategy does not require online tational control delay compensation method to overcome the
optimization and overcomes the aforementioned difficulties conventional method drawbacks. The first step is to extract the
by ensuring fast current tracking, current loop stability, and SAPF reference current. Then, the phase shift of the reference
compensation robustness under nonideal load and/or supply current is modified, so that the delay will be compensated.
conditions. In addition, the nonlinear control is theoretically established
In this paper, the theoretical development of the SAPF is and experimentally validated using both simulations and ex-
based on the work done in [24]. However, no experimental vali- periments. Consequently, the currents very closely track their
dation for the proposed control was conducted. It was shown by references. The SAPF compensates for unwanted reactive, un-
simulations that the nonlinear control technique enhances the balanced, and harmonic load current components under non-
dynamic performance of the SAPF modeled in the synchronous sinusoidal supply voltage conditions. The SAPF performance,
orthogonal dq frame. The exact feedback linearization theory during both nominal and severe operating conditions, is then
was applied in the design of the controller. This control strategy evaluated in real time using the dSPACE DS1104 controller
allowed the decoupling of the currents, enhanced their tracking board, which is supported by a Matlab/Simulink Real-Time
behavior, and improved the dc voltage regulation. The reference Workshop environment.
signals were obtained by extracting the harmonic currents from
the measured load currents. In the orthogonal frame, the funda- II. T HREE -P HASE S HUNT ACTIVE F ILTER T OPOLOGY
mental current component can be seen as a dc component, and
as a consequence, the harmonic load currents can be extracted An SAPF configuration is considered in this paper in order
with high-pass filters (HPFs). The HPFs were based on fourth- to avoid harmonic pollution along the power line caused by a
order Butterworth low-pass filters. The main problem with three-phase diode bridge rectifier load, followed by an inductor
this method is the delay that occurs when the control system LL in series with a resistor RL . The SAPF acts as a controlled
is digitally implemented. Even if the HPF would perfectly current source connected in parallel with the nonlinear load.
perform, not all the harmonic load currents could be filtered. It has the structure illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of a full-
In addition, the system cannot completely compensate load bridge voltage source pulsewidth-modulation inverter, a dc-side
current unbalance because of the phase shift caused by the filter. capacitor Cdc , and ac-side high-frequency inductors Lc that are
The studies on active power filters, which appeared in the required to shape the compensator input currents i1 , i2 , and i3 .
literature [1][17], [24], all ignore the delay time such as the
current response delay generated by the boost inductors and dc-
A. Modeling of Shunt Active Filter
link voltage feedback delay due to the detection circuits.
The delay time caused by the filter control algorithm is due Kirchoffs rules for voltages and currents, as applied to this
to the low-pass filter used for reference current calculation and system, provide us with the three differential equations in the
3366 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010
stationary abc frame The switching function ck of the kth leg of the converter (for
k = 1, 2, 3) is defined as
di1
v1 = v1N = Lc + Rc i1 + v1M + vM N
dt 1, if Sk is On and Sk is Off
ck = (3)
di2 0, if Sk is Off and Sk is On.
v2 = v2N = Lc + Rc i2 + v2M + vM N
dt
Thus, vkM = ck vdc . The phase-k dynamic equation of the
di3 filters model is given by the following equation:
v3 = v3N = Lc + Rc i3 + v3M + vM N (1)
dt
1
3
dik Rc 1 vk
= ik ck cm vdc + . (4)
where v1 , v2 , and v3 denote the line-to-ground voltages of the dt Lc Lc 3 m=1 Lc
three-phase balanced system measured at the point of common
coupling (PCC). A switching state function dnk is defined as
Using the following assumptions:
1
3
v1 + v2 + v3 = 0, i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 dnk = ck cm . (5)
3 m=1
n
the following relation is obtained: The value of dnk depends on the switching state n and the
3 phase k. In other words, dnk simultaneously depends on the
1
vM N = vmM . (2) switching functions of the three legs of the SAPF. This shows
3 m=1 the interaction between the three phases.
RAHMANI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF NONLINEAR CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR THREE-PHASE SAPF 3367
Thus, through the input transformation (8), the coupled dynam- C. DC Voltage Regulation
ics of the currents tracking problem have been transformed
The instantaneous active and reactive powers exchanged
into decoupled dynamics. Hence, the currents id and iq can
between the SAPF and the ac mains are given by p = vd id
independently be controlled by acting upon inputs ud and uq ,
and q = vd iq (because vq = 0 under ideal supply conditions,
respectively. By using the error signals id = id id and iq =
as shown here). To maintain some vdc level across the dc
iq iq , and applying proportional integral compensation, one
capacitor of the SAPF, the losses through the active power
can choose dnd and dnq such that
filters resistiveinductive branches can be compensated by
acting on the supply current. Ideally, it must act on the active
ud = kpid + ki id dt
current component id
dvdc
uq = kpiq + ki iq dt. (9) Cdc = dnd id + dnq iq . (15)
dt
The resulting closed-loop transfer function is The control effort of this outer loop is given by the follow-
ing [24]:
Vdc (s) s + 2
nv
Fig. 5. Delays generated by the system. Fig. 6. Current controller performance without control delay compensation.
TABLE I
S PECIFICATION PARAMETERS
Fig. 9. Spectrum of phase 1. (a) Load current. (b) Source current after
compensation. Fig. 11. Steady-state response of SAPF with nonlinear load unbalances.
Fig. 10. Dynamic response of SAPF under varying distorted nonlinear load
conditions. Fig. 12. Spectrum of load currents and source currents after compensation for
asymmetrical load conditions.
control delay compensation possesses good dynamic response
for both harmonic current compensation and dc-link voltage phases 1 and 2, as shown in Fig. 1. The supply voltage vs1 ,
regulation. It is important to note that the THD of the supply unbalanced three-phase load currents iL123 , supply currents
currents are largely reduced, which is well below the IEEE-519 is123 , SAPF currents ic123 , and dc bus voltage of the SAPF are
standard requirement. shown in Fig. 11. One notes that these supply currents after
compensation are balanced. Furthermore, spectrum analysis of
load and line currents depicted in Fig. 12 indicates that the
C. Compensation of Nonactive Load Currents
SAPF can largely improve the THD of the supply currents
With the adopted control algorithm, this test aims to evaluate while feeding unbalanced load. The THD of the source currents
the capability of the SAPF to compensate for nonactive load is123 are reduced from 15.91%, 22.12%, and 25.76% before
currents. To carry this out, the load consists of a three-phase compensation to 1%, 1.27%, and 1.27% after compensation, re-
diode rectifier, followed by inductor LL = 10 mH in series spectively. These results confirm the capability of the algorithm
with a resistor RL = 16 , and a single-phase diode rectifier, to balance the line currents while simultaneously compensating
followed by inductor LL = 10 mH in series with a resistor for reactive and harmonic load current components. The wave-
RL = 40 . The single-phase rectifier is connected between forms presented in this section and showed in Figs. 11 and 12
3372 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010
TABLE II
M AIN H ARMONIC C ONTENTS OF S IMULATED S OURCE C URRENTS
Fig. 14. Spectrum of the supply current in phase 1. (a) Before compensation.
(b) After compensation.
Fig. 13. Steady-state response of the SAPF with diode rectifier load.
V. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
The nonlinear control method is tested on a laboratory pro-
totype of an SAPF. The SAPF consists of six insulated gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules GA100TS60U of infrared.
The peak load power is 3.5 kW. The maximum rating of the
SAPF is 1 kVA. The real-time performance of the SAPF system
with developed algorithm was tested in the laboratory for
several different operating conditions, such as steady-state and
transient conditions, and under unbalanced nonlinear load. The
experimental results are presented in Figs. 1317 and discussed
in the succeeding sections.
bus voltage, phase-1 supply, load, and filter currents. The load
current is abruptly decreased from 7.85 A (rms) to 3.8 A (rms)
and then increased from 3.8 A (rms) to 7.85 A (rms). As viewed
from the experimental results, the changeover from one operat-
ing condition to the other is quite smooth, therefore maintain-
ing excellent compensation. The increase in load current will
immediately be supplied from the SAPF, resulting in decreased
energy storage of the dc bus capacitor. This reduction in the dc
bus voltage of the SAPF will activate the dc voltage controller
to increase the supply current. This increased source current
tries to restore the stored energy of the capacitor in addition
to increased load active power. Within one cycle, the supply
current settles to steady-state value. Similarly, the reverse action
takes place as the load current decreases from 7.85 A (rms) to
3.8 A (rms), causing the dc link to slightly increase, as shown
in Fig. 15. This will momentarily decrease the supply current
to reduce the capacitor voltage at a set reference value. Within
one cycle of ac source, the supply current settles to steady-state
value. Since the corrective action of the voltage controller is
taken within a half cycle of the ac mains, it results in fast re-
Fig. 16. Steady-state response of the SAPF for asymmetrical load conditions. sponse of the scheme. It was observed that this dip in the dc-link
voltage was about 7 V for 200-V dc link (3.5%). Nevertheless,
the conditions previously discussed prove that the APF system
compensates the reactive and harmonic load current compo-
nents during steady state, as well as under transient operating
conditions.
VI. C ONCLUSION [17] S. George and V. Agarwal, A DSP based optimal algorithm for shunt
active filter under nonsinusoidal supply and unbalanced load condi-
The nonlinear control algorithm of an SAPF has been imple- tions, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 593601,
mented to enhance its response for compensation of nonactive Mar. 2007.
[18] N. B. H. Youssef, K. Al-Haddad, and H. Y. Kanaan, Real-time
load currents. The nonlinear control technique of the SAPF has implementation of a discrete nonlinearity compensating multiloops
been designed, which is based on two inner current loops and control technique for a 1.5-kW three-phase/switch/level Vienna con-
an outer dc bus voltage regulator loop. It has been observed verter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 12251234,
Mar. 2008.
that there is no interaction between inner and outer loops in [19] L. Yacoubi, K. Al-Haddad, L. A. Dessaint, and F. Fnaiech, A DSP-based
addition to good performance in both steady-state and transient implementation of a nonlinear model reference adaptive control for a
operations. Simulation and experimental results have validated three-phase three-level NPC boost rectifier prototype, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 10841092, Sep. 2005.
the nonlinear control approach of the SAPF. It has been shown [20] L. Yacoubi, K. Al-Haddad, L. A. Dessaint, and F. Fnaiech, Linear and
that the system has 1.5 cycles for the outer voltage loop and nonlinear control techniques for a three-phase three-level NPC boost
0.5 cycles for the inner current loop and is able to keep the THD rectifier, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 19081918,
Dec. 2006.
of the supply current below the limits specified by the IEEE- [21] L. Marconi, F. Ronchi, and A. Tilli, Robust perfect compensation of
519 standard. The obtained results have demonstrated the high load harmonics in shunt active filters, in Proc. 43rd IEEE Conf. Decision
performance of the SAPF. Contr., Dec. 2004, vol. 3, pp. 29782983.
[22] J. R. Sommer, J. R. Espinoza, and L. A. Moran, A non-linear control
strategy for instantaneous power factor correction in 3- 4-wire electrical
systems under asymmetrical and non-linear loads, in Proc. Int. Symp.
R EFERENCES
Ind. Electron., Jul. 2006, vol. 2, pp. 12061211.
[1] S. Senini and P. J. Wolfs, Hybrid active filter for harmonically un- [23] N. Mendalek, F. Fnaiech, K. Al-Haddad, and L.-A. Dessaint, A non-
balanced three phase three wire railway traction loads, IEEE Trans. linear optimal predictive control of a shunt active power filter, in Conf.
Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 702710, Jul. 2000. Rec. IEEE 37th Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 7077.
[2] S. Rahmani, K. Al-Haddad, H. Y. Kanaan, and B. Singh, Implemen- [24] N. Mendalek, K. Al-Haddad, L. A. Dessaint, and F. Fnaiech, Nonlinear
tation and simulation of a modified PWM with two current control control technique to enhance dynamic performance of a shunt active
techniques applied to a single-phase shunt hybrid power filter, Proc. power filter, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.Electr. Power Appl., vol. 150, no. 4,
Inst. Elect. Eng.Electr. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 317326, pp. 373379, Jul. 2003.
May 2006. [25] H.-H. Kuo, S.-N. Yeh, and J.-C. Hwang, Novel analytical model for
[3] B. Singh, V. Verma, and J. Solanki, Neural network-based selective design and implementation of three-phase active power filter controller,
compensation of current quality problems in distribution system, IEEE Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.Electr. Power Appl., vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 369383,
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 5360, Feb. 2007. Jul. 2001.
[4] B. R. Lin and C. H. Huang, Implementation of a three-phase capacitor- [26] J. C. Liao and S. N. Yeh, A novel instantaneous power control strat-
clamped active power filter under unbalanced condition, IEEE Trans. egy and analytical model for integrated rectifier inverter systems, IEEE
Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 16211630, Oct. 2006. Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 9961006, Nov. 2000.
[5] R. Grino, R. Cardoner, R. Costa-Castello, and E. Fossas, Digital repet- [27] M. Salo and H. Tuusa, A novel open-loop control method for a current-
itive control of a three-phase four-wire shunt active filter, IEEE Trans. source active power filter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 50, no. 2,
Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 14951503, Jun. 2007. pp. 313321, Apr. 2003.
[6] M. E. Ortuzar, R. E. Carmi, J. W. Dixon, and L. Moran, Voltage- [28] S. Valiviita and S. J. Ovaska, Delay less method to generate current
source active power filter based on multilevel converter and ultracapac- reference for active filters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, no. 4,
itor DC link, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 477485, pp. 559567, Aug. 1998.
Apr. 2006.
[7] L. Asiminoaei, P. Rodriguez, F. Blaabjerg, and M. Malinowski, Reduc-
tion of switching losses in active power filters with a new generalized
discontinuous-PWM strategy, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 1,
pp. 467471, Jan. 2008.
[8] M. Routimo, M. Salo, and H. Tuusa, Comparison of voltage-source and
current-source shunt active power filters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 636643, Mar. 2007.
[9] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, Voltage-regulation performance of a shunt active
filter intended for installation on a power distribution system, IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 10461053, May 2007.
[10] C. Zhang, Q. Chen, Y. Zhao, D. Li, and Y. Xiong, A novel active
power filter for high-voltage power distribution systems application,
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 911918, Apr. 2007.
[11] Z. Shu, Y. Guo, and J. Lian, Steady-state and dynamic study of active
power filter with efficient FPGA-based control algorithm, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 15271536, Apr. 2008.
[12] R. S. Herrera, P. Salmeron, and H. Kim, Instantaneous reactive power Salem Rahmani (M06) was born in Tunisia. He
theory applied to active power filter compensation: Different approaches, received the B.Sc.A. and M.Sc.A. (electrical) de-
assessment, and experimental results, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, grees and the Specialized Scientific Studies Certifi-
no. 1, pp. 184196, Jan. 2008. cate (CESS) from the High School of Sciences and
[13] K. K. Shyu, M.-J. Yang, Y.-M. Chen, and Y.-F. Lin, Model reference Technologies of Tunis (ESSTT), Tunis, Tunisia, in
adaptive control design for a shunt active-power-filter system, IEEE 1992, 1995, and 2001, respectively, and the Ph.D.
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 97106, Jan. 2008. degree from the National Engineering School of
[14] D. O. Abdeslam, P. Wira, J. Merckle, D. Flieller, and Y.-A. Chapuis, Tunis (ENIT), Tunis, in 2004.
A unified artificial neural network architecture for active power filters, In September 2002, he was an Assistant Professor
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 6176, Feb. 2007. with the Department of Electrical Engineering, High
[15] S. A. Gonzalez, R. Garcia-Retegui, and M. Benedetti, Harmonic com- Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis (ISTMT),
putation technique suitable for active power filters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Tunis. Since the elaboration of his Ph.D. degree, he has been a Member of the
Electron., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 27912796, Oct. 2007. Research Group in Power Electronics and Industrial Control (GREPCI), cole
[16] B. N. Singh, B. Singh, A. Chandra, P. Rastgoufard, and K. Al-Haddad, de Technologie Suprieure, University of Qubec, Montreal, QC, Canada. His
An improved control algorithm for active filters, IEEE Trans. Power research interests are power quality, active filters, and resonant converters,
Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 10091020, Apr. 2007. including power converter topology, modeling, and control aspects.
RAHMANI et al.: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF NONLINEAR CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR THREE-PHASE SAPF 3375
Nassar Mendalek (M00) was born in Lebanon. He Kamal Al-Haddad (S82M88SM92F07) was
received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1954. He received
from St-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, in 1983 the B.Sc.A. and M.Sc.A. degrees from the Uni-
and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Ecole de versity of Qubec Trois-Rivires, Trois-Rivires,
Technologie Suprieure, Montreal, QC, Canada, in QC, Canada, in 1982 and 1984, respectively,
1997 and 2003, respectively. and the Ph.D. degree from the Institut National
From 1983 to 1990, he was with the Lebanese Polythechnique, Toulouse, France, in 1988.
Telecommunication Ministry as a Design and Sup- From June 1987 to June 1990, he was a Pro-
port Engineer. From 1995 to 2004, he was with fessor with the Engineering Department, Universit
the Research Group in Power Electronics and In- du Qubec Trois Rivires. Since June 1990, he
dustrial Control (GREPCI), Ecole de Technologie has been a Professor with the Electrical Engineering
Suprieure, where he was involved in teaching and research activities related Department, cole de Technologie Suprieure (ETS), Montreal, QC, where
to power electronics. Since 2004, he has been an Assistant Professor with the he has been the holder of the Canada Research Chair in Electric Energy
Department of Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering, Notre Conversion and Power Electronics since 2002. He has supervised more than
Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon. He teaches courses in power electronics, 60 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics.
energy conversion, and analog and digital electronics. His research interests From 1992 to 2003, he was the Director of the graduate study programs
include power quality, renewable energy, and the modeling and control aspects at the ETS. He is a Consultant and has established a very solid link with
of power converter topologies. many Canadian industries working in the field of power electronics, electric
transportation, aeronautics, and telecommunications. He is the Chief of the
ETSBombardier Transportation North America division, which is a joint
industrial research laboratory on electric traction system and power electronics.
He is also a coauthor of the Power System Blockset software of Matlab. He
has coauthored more than 250 transactions and conference proceeding papers.
His research interests are highly efficient static power converters; harmonics
and reactive power control using hybrid filters; and switch-mode and resonant
converters, including the modeling, control, and development of prototypes
for various industrial applications in electric traction, power supply for drives,
telecommunication, etc.
Dr. Al-Haddad is a Fellow Member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
and a Life Member of the Circle of Excellence of the University of Quebec.
He is active in the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, where he is the Vice
President for Publication, an AdCom member, and serves as an Associate Editor
for the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRIAL E LECTRONICS. He was the
recipient of the Outstanding Researcher Award from ETS in 2000.