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EG 2: HARDWIRED APPROACH

Step 2

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Step 3 :algorithm

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STEP 5:H/W ELEMENTS OF PROCESSING
SECTION

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STEP 6. PROCESSING SECTION COMPLETE
DESIGN

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STEP 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONTROLLER

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STEP 8: STATE DIAGRAM

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STEP 9:

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SEQUENCE CONTROLLER TRUTH TABLE

draw PLA circuit

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STEP 10:

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ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
Develop control signals, draw state diagram & design processing section of the
control unit.

Declare inbus [8],outbus[8],

Declare register A[8],B[8]
Start : A0,Binbus
Loop :AA+3
BB-1
if B<>0 then go to loop
outbusA
HALT
CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

Control units are designed in two different ways:

Hardwired approach
Control logic is a clocked sequential circuit
Conventional sequential circuit design procedures can be
applied to build control unit
Final circuit is obtained by physically connecting components
such as gates and flip-flops

Micro-programmed approach
All control functions that can be simultaneously activated are
grouped to form control words stored in control memory

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MICROPROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT DESIGN
Processing section : same as hardwired

Control unit :
Control functions grouped to form control words
Control words stored in control memory(control ROM)
control words fetched from control memory

Advantage
Well structured control organization
Control functions are systematically transformed into programming discipline
Greater flexibility
Disadvantage
More expensive than hardwired
May reduce overall speed of the system

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MICROPROGRAMMING
Micro programmed control unit words are held in separate memory called as CM
(control memory )
Generally micro instruction have two component
1) Control field
2) Address field
GENERAL PURPOSE MICROPROGRAMMED
CONTROL ORGANIZATION

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1.EXTERNAL CONDITION SELECT MUX
Selects one of the external conditions acc. to contents of condition select field

Eg: 2 conditions say X1,X2

External conditions+ no branch+ unconditional branch

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2.MICROPROGRAM COUNTER
Holds the address of the next microinstruction to be executed
Initially it is loaded from an external source to point to the starting address of the
micro-program
Then ,MPC is incremented after each micro-program fetch

Instruction fetched is transferred to CMBR

When a branch instruction is encountered ,the MPC will be loaded with the contents
of the branch address field

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3.CONTROL MEMORY BUFFER REGISTER
Act as a buffer for the microinstructions retrieved from the control memory

Condition select field

Selects external condition to be tested
If the selected condition is true then o/p of mux=1
ie.,When load= 1 : MPC will be loaded with the address specified in the branch
address field of microinstruction

If the select condition is false o/p of mux= 0 ie., = 0 , the MPC will
point to the next instruction to be executed

branch address field

loads the branch address field ,else point to next instruction
Control function field
Hold control information in encoded form

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EEE/DSDCA/SV 19
Eg:design of a typical microprogrammed system

Algorithm:
Start : A0 CO
Binbus C1
Loop : AA+B C2,C3
BB-1 C4
if B<>0 then go to loop
OutbusA; C5
Halt

Step 1: complete the processing section design

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 One to one correspondence b/n RT description & microprogram
Each line of the program is stored as a word in CM
Step 2: address is specified as integer number
Control algorithm Control
memory signals
address
0 Start : A0 CO

1 B00001010(Inbus) C1
2 AA+B C2,C3
3 BB-1 C4
4 if B<>0 then go to loop
5 OutbusA; C5
6 Halt

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step 3: checking condition applying
Step 6:
to condition select mux
Z=0

X1 X0 Operation
0 0 No branch
Size of branch address: 3
0 1 Branch if Z= 0
1 0 Unconditional branch Control functions : 6

Size of condition select field = 2

Size of control word= 2+3+ 6= 11 bits
Step 4: select mux

4to 1 mux

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STEP 7: COMPLETE HARDWARE ORGANIZATION
OF THE CONTROL UNIT

0- gnd
1-vcc

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Step 8: Binary listing of the microprogram

ROM ADDRESS Condition Branch Control function Comments

select Address field
field
dec binary cs1 cs0 br2 br1 br0 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5
0 000 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A0
1 001 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BInbus
2 010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 AA+B
3 011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BB-1
4 100 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 if B<>0 then go
to loop
5 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 OutbusA;
6 110 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Halt

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