CHAPTER 14 (Common to Vol.

I & II)

RECENT TRENDS IN HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE ELECTRO MECHANICAL

WORKS
(Source: Central Board of Irrigation and Power Water and Energy International Speed Issue on Tehri Dam
Project)

TEHRI HYDRO POWER COMPLEX

1. Computerized Control & Protection system

2. Underground (Indoor) 420 kV SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear and Bus Ducts
3. Joint control Software for Optimum Efficiency
4. 3 phase 306 MVA Transformer
5. 420/765 kV Grid for Interconnection
6. Synchronous condenser operation of Tehri HPP Units to meet highly varying reactive power demands due
to EHV/UHV interconnection to avoid over voltages; PSP operation and act as spinning reserve.

Data is based on a visit to the complex and details given by

Project Engineers as published in Water and Energy
International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Power Project Vol. 64,
No. 1, Jan. Mar. 2007 issued by Central Board of irrigation
& Power.

323
14.1 TEHRI HYDRO POWER COMPLEX

14.1.1 Introduction

Tehri Hydro Power Complex comprises following three hydro plants.

i. Tehri Dam Hydro Power Plant (Stage I) 4 x 250 MW

Commissioned in 2006 - 07
ii. Koteshwar Dam Hydro Power Plant 4 x 100 MW
Under commissioning (HPP)
iii. Tehri Pumped Storage Plant (Stage II) 4 x 250 MW
Under construction (PSP)

The entire power of the plant will be fed into the 765 kV grid which is operated at 420 kV in Stage I. The
power complex is an example of recent trends in design of the hydro-electric plants. General layout is
shown in figure 14.1. Salient features are given in table 14.1. L - section along penstock is at figure 14.1.

Figure 14.1: General Layout Plan

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

14.2 TEHRI HYDRO POWER PLANT

14.2.1 HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND AUXILIARIES

Main characteristics for the variable head turbine are given in table 14.1 and transverse section of the unit is
shown in figure 14.2. Rated head is 188 m (assumed as design head) is within permissible limits of 65%
and 125%. Turbines are designed for 10% overload rated capacity of 250 kW i.e. 275000 kW.

324
 Table 14.1 Salient Features Electro-mechanical Works
Tehri Dam Hydro Power Plant Pumped Storage Plant Koteshwar Dam Power
Plant
Intake and 2 head race tunnel 8.5 Upstream Reservoir Tehri Dam No. of 4 nos. 6.2 m
penstock mm dia. and 1634 m Downstream Reservoir Koteshwar Dam penstock dia.
long are bifurcated into 4 Head race level (Max.) 830 m
penstock for each unit Head race level (Max.) 740 m
5.75 m dia. 1040 m long Upstream surge Dia. 209 m
Height 150.3 m
Type of power Underground Penstock 4 of 6 m dia. Type of Surface
house Type of powerhouse Underground powerhouse
Rated unit capacity 4 x 250 MW
Type of Machine Two speed Installed 4 x 100 MW
Variable speed capacity
Vertical Francis
Type reversible
Turbine net head turbine
120.4 to 219.4 m
Installed 4 x 250 MW Design head 188 m Type of Vertical shaft
capacity Pump delivery head 130.5 to 229.5 m turbine Francis
range
Rated head 188 m Speed 250 & 214.3 rpm Rated head 69 m
Head range Max. 231.5 m Downstream surge shaft 2 nos. Head range Max. 75 m
Min. 188 m 18.44 width & Min. 58 m
100.85 height
Generator 4 x 250 MW semi Unit transformer 300 MVA Generator Vertical axis
umbrella type with semi-
bottom thrust and guide umbrella 111
bearing and top guide MW at 0.9 pf
bearing 13.8 kV
Unit transformer 306 MW Unit 13.8/420 kV
transformer 122 MVA
Switchyard Indoor SF6 GIS

325
 Legend Description Legend Description
101 Turbine 310 Excitation transformer of independent
excitation system
102 Generator 314 Generator transformer unit central board
104 Oil pressure unit for turbine 325.4 Braking cabinet
208-1 EOT crane 375/75/10T 325.14 Turbine shaft seal control cabinet
410 Air duct 327.3 Bus duct of independent excitation
system
309.1 Self excitation input board 519 Pipelines of fire protection water supply
system
Figure 14.2
The specific speed of the turbine for a rotational speed (N) of 214.28 rpm and rated output works out to

= = 155 kW unit = 180 metric HP unit. This specific speed is

which is significantly higher than earlier practice (Para 3.6).

Table 14.1: Main Characteristics of Turbine

1. Rated net head 188 m

2. Max. net head 230 m
3. Min. net head 122.6 m
4. Rated output at rated head 255 MW
5. Rated discharge 145 m3s
6. Rated speed 214.28 rpm
7. Runaway speed 410 rpm
8. Speed rise on 100% load throw 60%
9. Pressure rise on 100% load throw 50%
10. Runner diameter 4100 mm
11. GD2 24000 TM2
It is noted that speed rise on 100% load rejection is 60% because the entire power is to be fed into grid.
Penstock pressure rise of 50% must have been fixed on economic considerations. Surge tanks originally
planned were eliminated.

14.2.1.1 Wicket Gate Regulating Mechanism

Regulating mechanism is operated by two nos. servomotors. These are double acting type and have
maximum operating oil pressure of 6.0 MPa.

14.2.1.2 Governing System

Governor for each unit consists of a digital programmable electronic part for control and regulating
function and a hydraulic part acting as a power amplifying servo unit. The governor performs the following
tasks for regulation and control of the generating units:

Speed/Frequency Control
Power Control
Governing during synchronous condenser mode of operation

PID governor characteristics are given in table 14.2.

For emergency closure two solenoid operated valves are fed from two independent 220V DC sources.
Independent emergency solenoid valve which operates in emergency conditions and send the pressurized
oil directly to the wicket gate servomotors bypassing the governor.
326
 Table 14. 2: Governor Characteristics

Sensitivity speed Not more than 0.01% of rated speed

Speed level settings
Permanent speed droop
Temporary speed droop
Speed dead band at rated speed
Governor dead band time
Wicket gate closing time
Wicket gate opening time
Adjustable 94% to 106%
Adjustable between 0-10%
Adjustable between 0-100%
Less than 0.02%
0.2 sec. for step load change of 10% of rated load or more
Adjustable, 4 to 20 sec. having dual fast & slow action
Adjustable, 5 to 40 sec.

14.2.1.3 Main Inlet Valve

At the inlet of spiral case, main inlet valve (MIV) of spherical type has been provided. The nominal size of
spherical valve is 4000 mm and is designed for pressure of 3.6 MPa. Opening operation of MIV is carried
out by two nos. oil pressure operated servomotors under balanced pressure conditions. Dead weights have
been provided which allow closing of the valve during emergency when oil pressure is low.

14.2.1.4 Butterfly Valve

Intake is by two nos. 8.5 m diameter concrete lined headrace tunnels (HRTs). Each HRT bifurcates into
steel penstock of diameters 5.75 m immediately after bifurcation. Each penstock is provided with a
butterfly valve which is housed in an underground cavern.

14.2.1.5 Cooling Water System

Cooling water requirement for generating unit is 600m3/hr at 30-60m head and for transformer, cooling
water requirement is 250m3/hr at 40/70 m head. Fully independent open circuit cooling system has been
provided for each generating unit. Semi closed cooling water system has been provided for generator
transformer.

The Cooling water is tapped from penstock, upstream of main inlet valve and bifurcates into two water
supply lines, one for cooling water for generating unit and other for cooling water line for generator
transformer. On each line ejector have been provided to reduce the water pressure. Drawn in water for
ejector is taken from draft tube and it passes through deaerator to make water free of air bubbles resulting
from admission of compressed air or atmospheric air into runner chambers. From ejectors (1 working + 1
standby) water is fed into automatic strainers (1 working + 1 standby) with auto back washing facility.

14.2.1.6 Compressed Air System

Compressed air system is provided to meet the following compressed air demands in the power house:

Air make up for pressure accumulators of turbine governors and spherical valves (P = 6.3 MPa)
Air for depressing water in draft tube cone for synchronous condenser operation (P = 4.0 MPs).
Air makeup for synchronous condenser operation (P = 0.8 MPa)
Air supply to pneumo-hydraulic instruments (P = 4.0 MPa & 0.8 MPa)
Turbine shaft seal maintenance (P = 0.8 MPa)
Service air for pneumatic power tools (P = 0.8 MPa)

The main equipment for compressed system consists for two nos. air cooled 12 m3/hr rating air
compressors with discharge pressure up to 7 MPa and air receivers located in the compressed air room at
EL 600 m in Machine Hall.

14.2.1.7 Unit Dewatering System

The dewatering of penstock is done partly by gravity up to tail water level directly through the draft tube.
Remaining water is emptied by dewatering pumps. Water to be drained out from the turbine water passage
and the lowest part of the penstocks is drained into the dewatering gallery connected with the dewatering
327
 sump. Water from dewatering sump is simultaneously pumped out into the tailrace of draft tube gates.
Schematic of dewatering system is shown figure 14.3.

Figure 14.3: Schematic of unit dewatering system

Three vertical turbine pumps are installed in the dewatering sump. Motor and switchgear are installed at EL
591.6 in dewatering pump room. The capacity of each pump is 750 m3/hr at a discharge head of 60 m.
For dewatering of turbine water passage shall operate under manual control. The time of dewatering of
turbine passage is approx. 2 hrs. All other time pumps operate under automatic mode, starting and stopping
of pumps is controlled by level switches installed in the dewatering sump.

14.2.2 HYDRO GENERATOR AND EXCITATION SYSTEM

14.2.2.1 Introduction

Hydro generator is a vertical shaft, alternating current, 3 phase synchronous machine of semi umbrella type
with combined thrust and lower guide bearing located below the rotor and upper guide bearing above the
rotor. The generator is designed for nominal output of 250 MW and maximum continuous output of 275
MW at 0.9 lagging power factor. The rotational speed of the machine is 214.3 rpm and run away speed is
410 rpm. The total weight of generator comprising of rotor and stator is approximately 1300 T. The salient
features of the main parts of the generator are given in Table 14.3

328
 Table 14.3

Sl. No. Technical Parameter Unit Value

1. Nominal output MVA/MW 278/250
2. Max. Continuous output MVA/MW 305.8/275
3. Power factor 0.9 lagging
4. Frequency Hz 503%
5. Rated terminal voltage between the phases kV 15.75 5%
6. Nominal speed (rotational speed) rpm 214.3
7. Runaway speed (over speed) rpm 410.3
8. Rotational direction: Counter If looked from
clockwise, top
9. Flywheel effect T.m2 24000
10. Inductive reactance, unsaturated: Relative units
- Synchronous, by direct axis, Xd 1.0
- Transient, by direct axis, Xd 0.29
- Sub transient, by direct axis, Xd 0.196
- Negative phase-sequence, X2 0.2
- Zero phase-sequence, X0 0.09
11. Maximum efficiency under rated load with pf=0.9 % 98.23
12. Voltage across slip rings with rated load and 120C V 300
temperature of field winding
13. Field current under rated load A 1600
14. Field voltage ratio under field forcing p.u. 2.5
15. Voltage rise after 100% load rejection with pf=0.9 % 28
16. Total weight of the generator T 1300
17. Weight of rotor T 700

14.2.2.2 Stator

The stator frame is of four sections. Stator frame section assembly, core assembly and winding installations
were carried out at site. The stator winding is double-layer bar, wave type with four parallel branches. The
winding insulation is Monolit type, thermosetting, made of class F material and consists of dry glass-
mica tapes, which are impregnated with thermosetting compound based on epoxy resins by vacuum-
pressure method. The stator core has ducts designed to facilitate flow of cooling air through these ducts to
12 water-air coolers located around the stator.

Electric space heaters are installed under the stator with in generator pit to prevent condensation and
sweating within generator during standstill period.

14.2.2.3 Rotor

The winding insulation is of class F. The turn insulation is made of epoxy glass tape based on epoxy
binders. The frame insulation of pole cores is made of glass textolite (Fiberglass). The poles are equipped
with damper winding.

14.2.2.4 Bearing
The combined thrust and lower guide bearings are located on lower bracket of the generator. The upper
guide bearings are located on the upper bracket.

The thrust bearing has a rotating disk (mirror) with polished surface. It consists of 12 pads on stiff screw
support whose friction surfaces have a special anti-friction metal plastic coating (Teflon type). This
allows hot starting and starting after prolonged down time without the necessity of jacking up the rotor.
The lower and upper guide bearings have a similar segment type construction with Babbitt coated friction
surfaces. The lubrication system is enclosed within the oil bathes without outer circulation. Sectional water
oil coolers are used for cooling of oil.
329
14.2.2.5 Braking System

The generator is equipped with electrical and mechanical braking systems. The electrical braking is the
main braking system. Electrical braking is operated by the stator current not exceeding the nominal value
when speed drops to 50% of the nominal value at the stopping of the unit. The stator winding is short
circuited by the dynamic breaker. The rotor winding is fed from an independent excitation system. At speed
of 3-5% of the nominal value, the mechanical braking system consisting of 24 pneumatic brakes mounted
under the rotor rim is applied automatically. The total time taken by the machine to come to stand still is
330 s. They are installed under rotor and operated by compressed air with 0.8 MPa pressure. At failure of
the electrical braking or at operation of the generator electrical protections the mechanical braking is
activate automatically when unit speed drops to 20%. In emergency conditions the mechanical braking can
be applied at speed equal to 50% of the nominal speed. The brakes can be used as oil supplied jacks for
lifting the rotor during maintenance and repairs. The oil is supplied from special oil pumping unit.

14.2.2.6 Generator Fire Fighting System

The generator is equipped with automatic water fire-extinguishing system.

14.2.2.7 Cooling System

The generator is provided with air-cooling system. Air circulates in an enclosed circuit with air, cooled by
water in 12 air coolers, parallel connected to the pressure and discharge ring manifolds. Cooling system of
generator active part is of air-type with cooling of heated air in air coolers with water-cooling.

14.2.2.8 Safety/Monitoring Devices

The generator has been equipped with following safety/Monitoring Devices.

Creep Detector: A suitable creep detector device with manual/automatic-reset facility has been provided
to give an alarm and initiate application of brakes on detecting creep running of the generator. The creep
detector is automatically disengaged during normal starting of the units to avoid false alarm.
Vibration Detectors: Two (2) sets of vibration detectors (displacement type) have been installed suitably
at each upper and lower bearing bracket at right angles to each other, and brought out to terminals of
connection to the portable device and to RTU for vibration measurement.
Moisture Detector: A solid state type instrument based on resistance principle with probe immersed in the
bearing oil reservoir has been provided to give signal to an indicating unit/relay for sensing the presence of
moisture in the bearing oil reservoir.
Partial Discharge Monitor: For monitoring the insulation behaviour of stator winding, partial discharge
resulting from high electrical field or from current chopping due to bar vibrations, is measured. A
measuring system for measuring the amount and frequency of partial discharges together with equipment
for analyzing the data has been provided. The monitor with its control accessories is portable and common
for all four generators.
Shaft Current Detector: A suitable type of shaft current detector is provided with alarm and trip contacts.
Shaft Current detector consists of shaft current transformer and relay unit. The relay unit has testing switch
alarm and trip indications.
14.2.2.9 Excitation System

Each generator is equipped with two modern static excitation systems known as parallel/self excitation
system and independent excitation system. Parallel/self excitation system is meant for excitation of the
generator in generator mode as well as in synchronous condenser mode. Independent excitation system is
intended for electrical braking of machine and for back-to-back starting-up of the reversible pump motor
units (4250 MW) of pumped storage plant coming up in stage II. The excitation system is provided with
two automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) out of which one is continuously in service and other is held in
the hot reserve. The excitation scheme provides its operation only in automatic mode. However, in case of
failure of both the regulators the unit continues to operate under manual mode.

330
The excitation system is intended to provide the following functions:

Start up, field flashing and switching to the system by precise synchronizing.
Operation of the generator at loads varying from no load to maximum load for the generator.
Operation in the synchronous condenser mode both with inductive and capacitive load.
Field forcing at the set voltage response and de excitation at disturbances in the power grid causing
voltage rise or drop in the system.
Rotor field suppression by the field circuit breaker at protection operation with simultaneous inversion
of the rectifying unit.
Operation on joint control maintaining even distribution of the reactive load between machines.
Limiting the ratio of ceiling field current to nominal field current by two (2) per unit without time
delay as well limiting of over load by the time-inverse characteristics.
Limiting minimum field current with set point depending on generator active power in the mode of
VAR load demand from the grid.
Protection of the generator for loss of excitation/asynchronous run.
Protection of generator transformer from damage at frequency drops under no load conditions by
lowering the voltage regulator setting suitably.
Compensation for step-up transformer impedance.
Start up of pumped storage units by back-to-back method and for electrical braking operation of the
units.
Limiting the max. stator current and max rotor current considering thermal loading of stator and rotor
winding respectively.
Key parameters of the self-excitation system and independent excitation system are shown in Tables 14.4
and table 14.5.

Hydro-Generator Comments

1) Economical high speed umbrella construction for high capacity generators

2) Modern excitation system suitable for excitation in generation mode as well as in synchronous
condenser mode.
3) High ceiling voltage for stability
4) Field forcing for grid over /under voltage acts as power system stabilizer for dynamic stability
5) Independent excitation system for electrical braking
6) Provision of special safety /monitoring measures i.e. (a) detection of vibrations (b) moisture (c) partial
discharge etc.
Table 14.4: Parallel/Self Excitation System
Sl.No. Technical Parameters Unit Value
1. Rated output voltage (rated field voltage) V, Max 360 (300)
2. Rated output current (rated field current) A, Max. 1900 (1600)
3. Limiting output field voltage V, Min. 750
4. Limiting output current, A, Max
For 10s 3200
For 60s 2400
5. Forcing duration Second 10
6. Speed of response Second, Max 0.05
7. Excitation circuit Single group circuit with four
parallel connected bridges

331
 (sections)
8. Excitation principle Parallel self excitation
9. Cooling Air forced cooling in open Cycle,
10. Power losses released to environment, kW, Max.
By Transformer 14.4
By the remainder 7.3

Table 14.5: Independent Excitation System

Sl.No. Technical Parameters Unit Value
1. Rated voltage V, Max 180
2. Rated output current A, Max. 1000
3. Limiting output field voltage V, Max.
Within 330s (electric braking) 160
Within 22s (back to back) 260
4. Limiting output current, A,
Within 330s Min. 850

Within 22s Max. 1360

5. Number of thyristor (in one bridge arm) 6 (1)
6. Excitation circuit Single group with one rectifier
sections
7. Excitation principle Independent
8. Excitation From 11kV HPP auxiliaries
9. Cooling Forced air open cycle cooling
with air ejection out side

14.2.3 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

14.2.3.1 306 MVA Generator Transformer

Three phase oil filled Generator transformer are used with double winding YnD-11 group connection. The
rating of the generator transformer is 306 MVA and ratio is 15.75/420 kV. Provision is made for off load
tap changing within range +1 (-3) x 2.5%. The transformer has solidly grounded neutral. The high voltage
bushings are connected to the 420 kV SF6 bus ducts. The low terminals are connected to 17.5 kV isolated
phase bus ducts to generator. The transformer employs OFWF cooling system consisting of two oil coolers
(one main & one stand by). In order to safeguard the oil coolers from the silt etc. in the cooling water, the
double loop water cooling arrangement has been provided.

Key parameters of the generator transformer are shown in table 14.6

Table 14.6
S. No. Parameter Unit Value
1. Rating MVA 306
2. Rated voltage of H.V. winding KV 420
3. Rated voltage of L.V. winding KV 15.75
4. Rated current in H.V. winding with tap A 420.6
changer in Normal position
5. Rated current in L.V. winding with operating A 11217.1
cooling system
6. Impedance (306MVA Base) % 14.5 10% Tol
7. Temperature Rise: Winding C 53
(Over cooling water temperature of 30C)
8. Temperature Rise: Oil C 40
(Over cooling water temperature of 30C)
9. HV Insulation Level kV SI 1050 LI 1300 AC 38
10. LV Insulation Level kV LI 95 AC 38
332
 11. Total weight of Transformer kg 284600
12. Core and winding weight kg 179100
13. Weight of oil kg 54470
14. Un tanking weight kg 17000
15. Shipping weight (Gas filled) kg 199000
16. Total oil quantity Liter 62600
17. Flow rate of each oil pump Lpm 2530
18. Flow rate of water pump Lpm 2300
19. Type of HV winding Insulation - Graded
20. Type of LV winding Insulation - Uniform

14.2.3.2 General design features

The transformer tank has been constructed in bell shape in order to facilitate the inspection of core and
winding without actually taking them out of the tank. A 25t EOT crane has been provided in the workshop
area of transformer hall for un-tanking of the transformer. The tank cover mounts the HV and LV bushings
in vertical to horizontal position. The 420 kV bushings used in HV side are of special oil-SF6 construction.
In LV side, 24 kV oil shield type bushings have been used.
The transformer winding have insulation levels designed for operation on the system with effective neutral
grounding. The windings have Incomplete insulation of the neutral, which necessitates the transformer to
always operate with solidly grounded neutral. The permissible temperatures rises (above ambient
temperature of + 300C) for oil and winding are 400C and 530C respectively. On the high voltage side, the
generator transformer employs oil to SF6 bushings. These bushings have been interfaced with the 4200 kV
SF6 bus duct.
Key parameters of the oil SF6 bushings are given in table 14.7.

Table 14.7
S.No. Parameter Unit
1. Oil SF6 bushings IEC
137 (1995)
2. Rated voltage 420 kV
3. Rated phase to earth voltage 243 kV
4. Rated current 1250 Amp
5. Lighting Impulse test
- Full wave 1550 kV
- Chopped wave 1780 kV
6. Switching Impulse Test 1175 kV
7. Test voltage 680 kV
8. Cantilever load test 5000 N
9. Min. SF6 pressure 390 KPa
10. Installation Vertical to Horizontal
11. Weight 300 kg

14.2.3.3 Cooling system

OFWF cooling system adopted comprises two water/oil coolers (one main and one standby). Hot oil is
pumped from the upper part of the transformer tank and forced by the pump through cooler for cooling and
goes to the lower part of the transformer. Two oil pumps (pump No. 1, pump No. 2) are mounted before the
cooler o n the oil inlet side.

14.2.3.4 Cooling control cubicles

Oil and winding temperatures are measured through digital temperature indicators. The oil temperature
indicators (OTI) and winding temperature indication (WTI) are mounted in cooling control cubicles.
Besides measurements, the indicators initiate temperature high warning and alarm signals. The warning
333
 signal of the winding temperature detectors is initiated at 950C, the alarm signal is set to operate at 1000C.
The oil temperature detectors are set respectively at 850C and 950C. The terminal block of cooling control
cubicles accommodates the circuit of protection sensing devices, warning and alarm signaling. They
comprise contacts of the gas relay (Buchholtz relay), pressure relief valve, oil surge relay, and magnetic oil
level gauge. The circuits of the secondary winding of the 250-500/1A current transformer installed on the
neutral are also brought out to this terminal block. The cubicle houses electrical heater with thermostat
operated by toggle switch to maintain moisture free environment in the cubicle. The toggle switch circuits
are protected with a fuse.

14.2.3.5 Fire fighting system

All the transformers are placed inside in closed cavern adjacent to each other separated by 500 mm thick
wall so that the fire remains confined within the individual cavern.

An independent fire fighting system has been provided to extinguishing the fire occurring in the
transformer due to any reasons. The system consists of a network of water piping with deluge valve,
network of projectors, network of quartzoid bulb temperature detectors etc. the system has been so
designed that in case of fire in any of the transformers, the high velocity water spray system will engulf the
equipment leaving no space for entry of air and naturally the fire gets extinguished instantly.

The water piping remains in pressurized condition up to Delug valve whereas piping network around the
equipment and downstream of Deluge valve remains dry. 84 projectors and 49 detectors have been used in
the fire fighting system.

14.2.3.6 Protections

Differential current protection relays (87T, 870A) are provided against all short circuits in the windings and
bushings. The restricted ground fault protection relay (87N) is provided against internal faults of the
transformer. Buchholtz relay (relay 63) accompanied with gas evolution is also provided to protect the
transformer against faults inside the transformer tank. Protection relays 87T and 63 also actuate the
transformer fire protection system.

All above protections operate to trip unit circuit breakers to actuate the field breaker protection, to
discharge the generator field and to shut down the unit.

A Buchholtz relay protection is a sensitive protection against faults inside the transformer, which result in
evolution of gas and oil surge from the tank into the conservator. Gas is evolved during de-composition of
oil and solid insulating material, due to action of the electric arc, excessive heating and failure of the core.
The sensitive elements respond to build up of gas in the upper part of the relay and to oil surges from the
tank into the conservator during intensive gas evolution. The protection responds also to extreme oil level
drops in the conservator. Buchholtz relay has two sensitive elements upper sensitive element operate
alarm; those of the lower element actuate disconnection of the transformer and unit stop.

14.2.3.7 External fault protection

All necessary protective relays have been provided to protect the transformer against possible external
faults. Over current protection relay (51), ground fault current protection relay (51N) on HV side have been
provided. Relay (24) is provided for protection against over excitation of transformer core. Relay (59N) is
employed for insulation monitoring on LV side. Winding high temperature protection (26X) comprises
temperature detectors installed in the transformer tank. The first setting of the protections activates alarm
signal, second setting operates trip out of unit circuit breaker fault protection and generator field discharge.

14.2.3.8 Transportation from Bhopal to Tehri Site

Transformers being in three phase constructions, were the highest package in terms of its size and weight
among all packages of Tehri HPP to be transported to site. The overall shipping dimensions of transformer
were 8.8 m (L) x 3.8 m (W) x 4.05 H). The shipping weight of the transformer filled with N2 gas was
199,000 kg. (Approx).
About 90 km of hilly route with sharp bends and narrow road portions at quite a few locations, had to be
covered in order to finally transport the transformers inside the powerhouse cavern. The transformer was

334
 transported in 21700 mm long hydraulic trailer consisting of 12 axles and 96 tyres. The trailer having self-
weighted of about 71.80 t was driven by a set of two prime movers of 420 HP capacity each. Three prime
movers were also used at few locations during transportation between Rishikesh to Tehri site.
A bridge for crossing the river Bhagirathi (Zero Bridge) before reaching the powerhouse was also
strengthened to bear the loaded weight of the trailer. Transportation of the transformer was a challenging
task considering the size and weight of the consignment and trailer. A number of modifications on the road
had to be effected right from Bhopal to Tehri site for the safe delivery of the equipment.

14.2.3.9 Generator Transformer Comments

1) Very large size economical three phase 420 kV generator transformer having shipping weight of 199
Ton of each transformer have been used with special transformer transportation arrangements.
2) Lower Insulation level of 1300 kV lightning impulse and 1050 switching impulse transformers used
3) Compact SF6 bushing (420 kV) used
4) Independent underground vaults for fire protection
5) Transformer differential protection (87T) and Buchholtz relay protection operation actuates fire
protection system

14.2.4 UNDERGROUND 420 KV GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS) AND GAS INSULATED BUS
DUCTS (GIB)

14.2.4.1 Introduction

Underground (Indoor) 420 kV Gas insulation switchgear and bus duct system common for (4 x 250 MW)
Tehri hydro power plant (stage I) and (4 x 250 MW) Pumped storage plant (Stage II) has been provided.
The underground 420 kV GIS and GIB system was selected mainly due to non availability of space for
open 420 kV switchyard. Compact layout and very low operating costs envisaged.

14.2.4.2 420 kV Gas Insulated System

Single line diagram (SLD) of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), Gas Insulated Bus (GIB) and outdoor
switchyard portion is shown in figure 14.4. Interconnection with grid is by 2 Nos. 420 kV lines about 185
km long at Meerut grid sub-station. A third line is to be added in the second stage.

Figure 14.4: Single Line Diagram TEHRI Hydro Power Plant and PSP
(Indoor Switchyard)
335
420 kV GIS system designated GIS-I has 7 existing bays (4 unit bay 1, bus coupler and 2 outgoing lines) and future
bays (4 incoming PSP units and 1 outgoing) in the same cavern. GIS bus duct 800 m long connect GIS I with GIS II
at the end of bus ducts tunnel for interface with outgoing lines. Rating and electrical characteristics of GIS system is
given in table 14.7.

TABLE 14.7 GIS System Characteristics

S.No. Description Rating

1. Maximum (Continuous) service Rated voltage, kV rms 420
2. Rated normal current (Amp)
(i) In bays (except bus-coupler) 2000A
(ii) In bus bars, bus coupler bay 4000A
3. Breaking capacity
(i) Rated breaking current 50 kA(rms)
(ii) MVA (Symmetrical) 36.37 103 MVA
4. Rated Short Circuit making current 125 kA
5. Rated Short Circuit make time 84 m sec
6. Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (kV peak)
(i) To earth 1425
(ii) Across open switching devices 1665
7. Rated Switching impulse withstand voltage (kV peak) 1050
8. Rated 1 minute power frequency with stand voltage (kV rms)
(i) To earth 520
(ii) Across open switching device 610
9. Capacitance per meter of the enclosed single phase bus bar 40 pF/m
10. Surge impedance of enclosed single phase bus bar in ohms 86
11. Electric Resistance at 75C in ohm/m
(i) Bus enclosure 2.8 10-6
(ii) Internal bus 7.62 10-6
12. Cross sectional area in mm2
(i) Bus conductor 5500
(ii) Bus enclosure 11225
13. Conductivity of material in A. m/V. mm2 at 20C
(i) Bus conductor 25
(ii) Bus enclosure 24
14. Current Density in Bus conductor in A/mm2 0.73
15. Bus enclosure outside Diameter in mm 514
16. Bus enclosure wall thickness in mm 7
17. Internal Bus outside Diameter in mm 120
18. Internal Bus thickness in mm 17
19. Partial discharge level 5 pC at 1.1 Un/3

14.2.4.3 420 kV Circuit Breaker

SF6 three phase circuit breakers are self blast type having two independent interrupting chambers per phase
and designed for interrupting symmetrical short circuits under out of phase switching and conform to IEC
56. Rating and performance characteristics are given in table 14.8.

TABLE 14.8 420 kV SF6 Circuit Breakers

S.No. Description Rating

1. Rated normal current
(i) Bus coupler breaker 4000A
(ii) Generator and line breaker 2000A
2. Rated Short circuit making current 125 kA
3. Rated Short circuit breaking current 50 kA (rms)
336
 4. 1 minute power frequency withstand voltage
(i) to Earth 520 kV (rms)
(ii) across open contacts 610 kV (rms)
5. Max. temperature rise above ambient at rated load & voltage
(i) Contacts 65C
(ii) Hottest part 65C
6. Rated operating duty cycle Line breaker 0-0.3 s-CO-3 min-CO
7. Generator-Transformer and Bus coupler breaker 0-0.3 s-CO-3 min-CO
8. Maximum time from arc extinction to contact remake for auto re- 300 ms
closing.
9. Maximum difference of time at opening of series contacts within < 2 ms
one pole
10. Maximum difference of time at opening between phases < 4 ms
11. Maximum difference of time at closing between phases < 5 ms
12. Number of mechanical oprations, with maximum 3000 Amp. 6000 Nos.
Current, before scheduled maintenance of required.
13. Hydraulic fluid supply for mechanical operation
(i) Pump / Motor 1.1 kW, 415V, 1 No.
(ii) Strong compartment pressure 253bar to 345 bar at 20C
(iii) Minimum oil pressure required for successful interruption 253 3 bar at 20C
(iv) Quantity of oil required for one close open operation 2.1 ltr.
14. SF6 Gas System
(i) Normal operating pressure 6.5 bar at 20C
(ii) Normal operating density 49.5 kg / m3
(iii) Weight of gas per breaker 345 kg
(iv) Lock out pressure 5.5 bar at 20C
(v) Compression ratio for puffer action 1.8
(vi) Quantity of Compressed gas for puffer action 7.5 ltr.
(vii) Total volume of SF6 gas required per circuit breaker at 6900 ltr.
operating pressure
(viii) Average leakage of gas per year 1%
15. Noise level of circuit breaker operation at 8 m distance
(i) ON operation 106.9 dB
(ii) OFF operation 106.3 dB

14.2.4.4 Isolating Switches

Line and bus isolating switches are motor operated and equipped with manual operation facility
(emergency). Disconnections are guarded against VFT (very fast transients) & conform to IEC 125.
Ratings are given in table 14.9.
TABLE 14.9
S. No. Description Rating
1. Rated switching impulse withstands voltage between terminals with 1245 kVp
disconnecting switch in open position
2. Rated Lightning impulse withstands voltage between terminals with 1665 kVp
disconnecting switch in open position
3. Dry 1 min. power frequency withstands voltage between terminals with 610 kVp
disconnecting switch in open position
4. Operating time of isolator along with its operating mechanism
(i) Opening 4s
(ii) Closing 4s
5. Rated capacitive breaking current 0.7 Amps.
6. Partial discharge level 5 pC at 1.1 Un/3
7. No. of operations the switch can withstand without any need for inspection. 3000 nos.

337
14.2.4.5 Grounding Switches
Three pole gang operated safety grounding switch of circuit rating 50 kA and conforming IEC 129 are
provided on outgoing lines.
14.2.4.6 Current Transformer
Current transformer for measuring and protection and conforming to IEC 185 are provided.
14.2.4.7 Voltage Transformer
Voltage transformer shielded against high frequency electromagnetic transients and conforming to IEC 186
are provided.
14.2.4.8 SF6 -to -Air Bushing
The 400 kV overhead lines are connected to SF6 GIS (GIS-II) by Air/ SF6 gas filling bushings.
14.2.4.9 Surge Arrestor
Gapless metal oxide, heavy duty station type surge arrestors, SF6 gas insulated metal enclosed are provided
on HV side of generator transformers. Each arrestor conforms to IEC -99-4. Technical particulars are given
in table 14.10.

TABLE 14.10
Generator Transformer Surge Arrestor
S. No. Description Rating
1. Rated voltage of arrestor kV (rms) 345
2. Maximum continuous voltage capability, (L-N), kV rms 276
3. Maximum discharge current (8/20 micro second wave) kA 20
4. Maximum switching surge protective voltage at 1 kA for 30/60 micro second wave 666
kV (Peak)
5. Residual voltage at 10 kA (8/20 s current wave), kV (peak) 793
6. Lightning Impulse withstand voltage of equipment to be protected:
- Transformers, kV (peak) 1300
- GIS component, kV (peak) 1425
7. Switching surge withstand voltage of equipment to be protected, kV (peak) 1050
8. Energy level kJ/kV 10

14.2.4.10 420 kV Interface Equipment capacity voltage transformer (CVT)

Capacitive voltage transformer are oil filled CVTs with porcelain bushings for outdoor service. These are
provided for metering protection and coupling the carrier equipment to the interlinking 420 kV Tehri
Meerut lines. CVT rating and particulars are given in table 14.11.
TABLE 14.11: 420 kV CVT Characteristics
S.No. Description Rating
1. No. of poles 1
2. Rated insulation levels
(i) Full wave impulse withstand voltage (1.2/50 s) between line 1425 kV (peak)
terminal and ground
(ii) Switching impulse withstand voltage (250/2500 s) between line 1050 kVp
terminal and ground
3. One minute power frequency test voltage of HF terminals 630 kV (rms)
4. Corona Extinction voltage (min.) 320 kV (rms)
5. Max. radio interference voltage at 266 KV (rms) 1000 Micro volts
6. Partial discharge < 5 pc at 1.1 Un/3
7. Natural frequency of coupling kHz 100
8. Self tuning frequency of CVT MHz 1
9. Stray capacitance and stray conductance of the LV terminal over entire As per IEC 358

338
 carrier frequency range
10. One minute Power frequency withstand voltage for secondary winding 2 kV (rms)
11. Total simultaneous burden 300 VA
12. No. of secondaries 3
13. Capacitance
(i) of high voltage capacitor 4400 PF+10% -5%
(ii) for carrier frequency coupling 4571 PF

14.2.4.11 Line Traps

Line traps are provided on R & B phases of 420 kV Tehri Meerut lines. Particulars are given in table 14.12.
TABLE 14.12: Line Traps
S. No. Description Rating
1. Rated short time current for 1 sec. 50 kA
2. Nominal discharge current of protective device at 8/20 s wave 20 kA
3. Type of tuning Broad Band
4. Min. resistive component of impedance within the rated blocking band-width 450 ohm
5. Rated inductance of main coil 0.2/0.5/1.0 m H
14.2.4.12 Line Surge Arrestors

Line surge arrestors are capable of discharging energy equipment to class 3 of IEC of a 420 kV system on
two successive operation followed by 50 Hz energization with a sequential voltage propose of 705 kVp for
3 peaks, 580 kVp for 0.1 sec. 565 kVp for 1 sec. & 550 kVp for 10 sec. Surge arrestors are filled with
pressure relief device. Line surge particulars are give in table 14.13.

Table 14.13: Line Surge Arrestors Particulars

S.No. Description Rating
1. Rated voltage of arrester kV (rms) 345
2. Max. continuous voltage capability, (L-N) kV rms 276
3. Nominal discharge current (8/20 sec wave) kA 20
4. (i) Max. Switching surge residual voltage at 1 kA kV (Peak) 696
(ii) Min. Switching surge residual voltage at 1 kA kV (Peak) 675
5. Total creepage distance of arrestor housing mm 11030
6. Max. Equivalent front of wave protection level (discharge voltage with 1/2 s, 10 878 kV
kA impulse current)
7. Impulse withstand voltage of equipment of arrestor housing with 1.2/50 s wave, 1425
kV (peak)
8. Switching surge withstand voltage of equipment to be protected, kV (peak) 1050
9. Minimum discharge capability (KJ/kV) referred to rated voltage at minimum of 10
discharge characteristics
10. Max. Residual voltage for 8/20 s current wave
(i) At 50% nominal discharge current at 10 kA (kVp) 828
(ii) At 100% nominal discharge current at 20 kA (kVp) 919
(iii) At 200% nominal discharge current at 40 kA (kVp) 1018
11. 1 minute power frequency (dry) withstand voltage of arrestor (kV rms) 550

10.2.4.13 Partial Discharge Monitoring System

Partial discharge monitoring system has been installed to monitor internal partial discharge insulated
switchgear (GIS) Continuous automatic monitoring detects of changes in insulation properties.
14.2.5 COMPUTERISE CONTROL SYSTEM
Distributed computerized control system has been provided for functional control, data acquisition and
joint control for optimized active and reactive power control. Trouble shooting by in built diagnostics is
providing for fast maintenance. Block diagram is shown in figure 14.5.

339
14.2.5.1 Computerized System Configuration

Main component of digital control system are given in table 14.14. Process computers and MMC
computers are connected by fibre optic data bus. Digital on/off signals from potential free contacts and
analogue 0/4 to 20 mA signals are taken from interface cubicles to avoid electrical interference.

Table 14.14: main Components of Digital Control System

S. No. Description Quantity

1. Process stations for unit 1-4 including Remote Input/Output Stations. 4
2. Process stations for station service including Remote Input/ Output Stations 1
3. Process station for HV-switchgear including Remote Input/Output Stations. 1
4. Operator main stations, each with one operator place. 2
5. Mobile operator stations (for local MMC functions of Unit 1-4). & HV Switch gear 1
6. Process station computer for overall stations control and water measuring incl. 1
Remote Input/Output Stations
7. Bus system (fiber optic type) 1
8. CAD Station 1
14.2.5.2 Software Functions
(a) Software Functions
The following software functions are provided:
(i) Unit Process Computer
Unit Process Computer incorporates the software functions of Supervision of unit prestart conditions
start/stop/transfer sequences, Diagnostic functions of sequence control, Set point control functions,
Supervision of electromechanical equipment of valves, switches, etc., Automatic shut down sequences in
case of electrical and/or mechanical failure & Self-supervising diagnostic system for hardware parts of the
control system.
(ii) MMC Function
Man machine communication system provides the software functions of dialogue for presentation and
control of the power station i.e. unit control, gate control & switchgear control, event handling and event
list, alarm functions and alarm list, trend data logs and trend displays, report functions, status list, display
printout communication via Master Bus, system supervision of all computers and Input/Output boards in
the power station & Display design and integration. In order to carry out these functions, displays of
menus, process displays, trend displays, event list, alarm list, system list, status list, object displays, system
dialouge displays & system status displays have been created for the MMC system.

Figure 14.5: System Configuration Tehri Hydro Power Station Control System (Block Diagram)
340
 (iii) Station Computer

Station Computer provides the software function of joint active and reactive control, interface for energy &
water measuring system, overall plant calculation functions, control of the gates/serial interface for
connection of dam supervision system, interface for central fire protection for data collection and
recording, interface system for air-conditioning, data collection and recording of ventilation & interface to
Mosaic Board (Mimic Diagram) via station computer.

(iv) Station Services

Station service computer supervises cooling water, drainage pumps, oil treatment, exhaust systems, station
service switchgears, DC systems i.e. chargers, batteries, and switchgears, Dewatering pumps & Other
Auxiliaries.

The control and supervision functions of the unit auxiliaries are included in the unit computer as these data
are required for the supervision of start/stop and transfer sequences.

(b) HV-Switchgear

HV-Switchgear provides the software functions of breaker control and supervision, isolator control and
supervision, diagnostic routines for control sequences and interlocking functions & data acquisition and
pre-processing of process data.

(c) Hardware for Process and MMC Computer

Hardwares used for Unit Process Computer, Station Service Computer, HV Switch gear Computer etc are
as indicated in Table 14.15.

(d) MMI System Software

MMI system software displays present a survey of different parts of the process of single line of the station
for OVERVIEW DISPLAYS. Information about the objects in a group is displayed in GROUP
DISPLAYS. Informations that are available about single objects i.e. actual value or state, limits, trends,
etc. is oriented in groups corresponding to process sections in OBJECT DISPLAYS.

In addition over view process displays are also provided. Station over view shows an over view of the
whole station. Its measured values and status for the main process devices including indication and status of
butterfly valve and dewatering pumps are displayed. Water over view displays indicates the actual water
levels of upstream and downstream and the calculated water flow passing through the turbines and the
gates. HV switchgear displays indicate the single line with measured values and status for the HV
switchgear (400 kV).

Table 14.15: Hardware for Process and MMC Computer

S.No. Description Quantity

1. Unit Process Computer 4
Process Computer for each unit control consists of :
(i) Electronic cubicles of size 2200 x 800 1600 mm (H x D X L) 2
(ii) Redundant power supply with DC/DC and AC/DC converters 1
(iii) Control voltage distribution (approx. 10 MCBs) 1
(iv) Advant Controller AC 410 process computer consisting of basic computer rack 1
containing the 32 Bit CPU and 4 MB dyn. RAM extension racks for Input/Output
boards.
(v) Dig. Input boards, 32 channels, 48 V DC interrupt controlled 1
(vi) Analogue input boards, 16 channels, 0+/-20 mA 1
(vii) Analogue input boards, channels PT 100, 3 Wires, 12 Bit 1
(viii) Digital output boards, 32 channels, 24 V DC, 150 mA 1
(ix) Bus coupler for MASTER Bus 300 1
341
 (x) Analogue output boards, 8 channels 0+/-20 mA, 12 Bit resolution 1
(xi) Battery back-up for storage of application software (max. 8 h) 1
(xii) 200 pcs output relays with one normal open/close contact, switching capacity 250 1
VDC, 50 W
2. MMI System (Man-Machine-Interface System Computer ADVANT 520 2
(i) HP RISK-Processor workstation, with 32 Mbytes RAM and 420 Mbytes HARD 1
DISK
(ii) Colour VDU 20, high resolution (1280 x 1024 Pixel) 2
(iii) Functional keyboard incl. trackball 1
(iv) Bus coupler for MASTER Bus 300 1
3. Common for all systems
(i) Printer alpha-num. 80-132 char/line in total for both systems 2
(ii) Hardcopy system, for both systems 1

Auxiliary power displays indicate the single lines with measured values and status for the auxiliary power
supply AC/DC system, drainage pumps etc. Unit displays indicate the measured values and status of the
unit and the unit auxiliaries. By using functional keys it is possible to choose directly from the unit display
the detail displays of sequence display which indicates the individual steps of the start/stop transfer
sequences including the step conditions and step commands. Pre-start conditions display presents the pre-
start conditions and whether they are fulfilled or not. Temperature displays indicate the actual temperature
for the different points in the unit.

(e) Event Treatment

The event treatment comprises the functions which carry out presentation of events and alarms on the
VDUs lists and printer. An alarm is an event that requires acknowledgement by the operator. The event
treatment comprises the functions of Event list, Alarm list, Print-out of events & Acoustic alarms. The
time-tagging of the events takes place in the underlying computers. The event including the time is then
transferred to the MMI-Computer via the bus system for further treatment. Using an external
synchronization by a master clock system the resolution between events registered in different computers is
less than 10 ms. The EVENT LIST contains the 1000 last events and the list is presented on the VDU on
demand of the operator. The alarm list is also presented on the VDU and this list contains unacknowledged
and sustained alarms. The last unacknowledged alarm signal is also shown on the VDU independent of the
display shown on the VDU for the 3 moment. Acknowledgement of alarms is done both via the alarm list
and the process display. Events that occur in the system are printed out continuously on a printer by the
print-out function. The events are printed out in the same order as they are received by the event treat
function.

(f) Trend Displays

Trend data logging is carried out locally from the process computers. The variables are sampled and stored
in logs. Analogue as well as binary variables are logged. From the MMI-system the operator chooses the
variables that are to be logged, whether the values are momentary values or maximum or minimum values
of a number of samples within the log interval. This configuration is done on-line. The MMI-system has a
capacity for approximately 120 trend displays, each with up to 4 curves with different measuring ranges.
The display has a movable time axis which follows the system clock.

(g) Joint Active Power Control

This feature adjusts the total station load to the set reference value. The reference value is set MW via
display and functional keyboard of the MMI system and reference-values changes take place via a ramp
function, having an adjustment to the new station load. The regulator is of PID character and calculates the
total station active power but only the units which are affected by the joint active power control are
influenced. From the calculated station power the sum of the power of the individually controlled units is
subtracted and the remaining power is divided between the units, influenced by the station power control
feature to obtain the best station efficiency. The controlling function automatically compensates for load
changes in individually controlled units in the event of a unit load rejection and the units power is fed
forward to the remaining units for immediate take-over. If speed droop is not included, the station load
342
 controller functions as a pure power controller which adjusts the stations output to the set reference value
irrespective of the network frequency. In the event of instantaneous steady-state disturbance in the
frequency, the generators output is in accordance with the speed droop of the turbine governors. The station
load control then adjusts the load to the set desired value. If the station load controller incorporates features
for station speed droop, the turbine governor responds with primary control. The station load controller
then adjusts the station load to a value where the deviation in load, during steady-state frequency deviation,
depends entirely on the set station speed droop.

(h) Joint Reactive Power Control

This feature adjusts the station reactive power to the set reference value. The reference value is set in
MVAr using a special display of the MMI system. The feature is built up in a similar manner as that for
load control. From the calculated value, the sum of the reactive power of the individually controlled units is
subtracted and the remaining power is divided between the units, which are included in the control, in
accordance with the defined distribution curves. Only the units which are affected by the reactive power
control feature are influenced. The feature automatically compensates for reactive power changes in
individually controlled units. The reactive power or the units is limited in order to prevent the generator
current from exceeding the permissible value.

(i) Mobile Operator Station (MMC System)

Mobile operator station comprises of basic computer, 20 colour VDU with high resolution of 1280 x 1024
pixel, functional keyboard including trackball for cursor control, printer unit & master Bus 300 connection.

(j) Programming and Testing equipment

Programming and testing equipment contains one portable system of one PC type 486 SX with 4 Mbytes
RAM, 100 Mbytes hard disc & one Printer.

(k) CAD-Station

CAD-Station Comprises of one IBM compatible Personal Computer, one 19 colour VDU, one Laser
printer for A4 format, one Plotter for A4/A3 size format & one Terminal for graphic symbols.

(i) Functional overview of Joint-Control

Functional overview of Joint-Control adopted in Tehri HPP is indicated in Table 14.16.
Table: 14.16

Cat. Description
APC Active Power Control
Supervision and control of active power
APD Active power proportional distribution
Distribute the power equal to units in Joint-Control mode and compensate load changes of
individually controlled units. The vibration zones are outside the normal operation range.
Adjustable high limits for the units
Vibration zones inside the normal operation range
AEC Active power efficiency control
Calculates when a unit should be started or stopped to have an optimized plant efficiency
SSM Start/Stop module
Selects a unit to start or stop according to the priorities and supervises the start/stop
Running hours defines the priority for the start/stop order
Low priority for units with reduced power limit
Low priority for units with disturbed governor
TSM Time schedule module
Schedule with hour cycle including 48 active power and reactive power set points for
todays operation
Additional schedule for tomorrows operation
FCM Frequency control module
343
 WLC Water level control module
The water level of the reservoir is controlled by changing the power of the units and the flow
through the gates
WFC Water flow control module
The flow of the whole plant (Turbines Gates) is controlled
JGC Joint Gate Control System
A flow set point is distributed to the gates
RPC Reactive power control
Supervision and control of the reactive power
RPD Reactive power proportional distribution
Adjustable limits for the units

(j) Modes for a single unit in relation to the Joint-Control-System

For the Joint-Control-System each unit works in two modes. One in Joint-Control Mode controlled by the
Joint-Control-Software and other in Individual Mode controlled by a person, local or remote. A unit set to
individual mode is not available for Joint-Control. It is controlled directly by the operator.
(k) Active power generation control
The active power generation control function distributes the required active power among the
generator/turbine-units. There are four sources for the active power set point. These are Operator of hydro
power plant, Operator of remote control centre or dispatch centre, Schedule & Output of the flow control
software module. The Joint-Control function distributes the required power in an optimal way among the
units available for Join-Control whereby the power generated by units which run in individual mode is
considered and hence from the total station power the sum of the power of the individually controlled units
is subtracted and the remaining power is divided between the units. The controlling function automatically
compensates the power for load changes in individually controlled units. The power distribution is based on
identical efficiency curves of the units. In the event of a unit load rejection the units power is fed forward
to the remaining units for immediate take-over. In the frequency control mode the frequency deviation is
compensated automatically according to the station speed droop.

(l) Power distribution and optimized set point regulation

The power is distributed equally to all units available for Joint-Control. Proportional distribution of active
power means adjustment of unit set points each time the plant set point changes. In order to avoid too much
wear of the units, the set point of one-unit within a predefined power range is adjusted. Also power is
adjusted in predefined power increments of decrements. The loss of plant efficiency caused by these
measures is negligible.

Figure 14.6: Power Supply System

344
 (m) Reactive power generation control

The reactive power generation control distributes the required reactive power in an optimal way among the
units available for Joint-Control whereby the reactive power generated by units which run not in Join-
Control is considered. A unit set to individual control mode is not available for Joint-Control. This means
that from the total station reactive power the sum of the reactive power of the individually controlled units
is subtracted and the remaining reactive power is divided between the units. The controlling function
automatically compensates the changes of reactive power in individually controlled units. The distribution
of the reactive power is realized to keep the power factor of all units equal. Units which run in individual
mode cannot be influenced.

(n) Limitation of the reactive power

The reactive power is limited by the excitation system of the unit to avoid a damage of the generator. To
show the available reactive power to the operator Joint-Control calculates the limit using a linear
interpolation by a curve. The limit for the reactive power depends on the actual active power of a unit and
hence increasing of the units active power means decreasing of the reactive power limits. The relation
between the active power and the limitation of the reactive power is calculated by the Joint-Control
software.

14.2.5.3 Power Supply System

Each process computer system is equipped with an appropriate power supply system including voltage
supervision system. UPS block diagram is shown in figure 14.6 .

KOTESHWAR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

14.3 Koteshwar Hydroelectric Project

14.3.1 Introduction

The project envisages a 97.5 m high concrete gravity dam across river Bhagirathi and a surface powerhouse
with installed capacity of 4 x 100 MW capacity on the right bank.

14.3.2 Electro Mechanical Works

Salient features are given in table 14.1.

14.3.2.1 Hydraulic Turbines and Auxiliaries

Basic data for 4 Nos. hydraulic turbines is as follows:

Maximum head 75 m
Minimum head 56 m
Rated head 69 m
Type of turbine Vertical Francis
Design discharge 161 m2/s
Rated output H 102 MW
Speed 142.86 rpm

Micro processor based digital governor with oil pressure system are provided.

It is noted that specific speed of the unit works out to 518 in metric horse power unit and corresponds to
which indicates high speed economical unit.

345
14.3.2.2 Generator

Vertical shaft semi umbrella generator with bottom thrust and guide bearing and a top guide bearings are
provided. The generators are rated 111 MVA/100 MW at power factor 0.9 p. f. and rated voltage of 13.8
kV. Umbrella construction; and higher terminal voltage shows trend for more economical generator.

14.3.2.3 Generator Transformer

122 MVA, 13.8/420 kV, 3 phase step up generator transformer directly coupled to generators by isolated
phase bus ducts shows economical design.

14.3.3 Control & Protection

Digital control comprising PLC governor and PLC excitation system with unit control board are located in
the machine hall. A local centralized control with provision for offsite control from Tehri HPP. Central
control room is proposed.
Entire power is fed by 420 kV line to a 420 kV pool station for interconnection to 420 kV lines to Meerut.

TEHRI 1000 MW PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME

14.4 Tehri 1000 MW Pumped Storage Scheme

14.4.1 Introduction
Pumped storage plants are based on the concept of recycling of water between two available reservoirs; the
upper reservoir and the lower reservoir. The surplus off-peak energy available in the grid is utilized to
pump the water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir for generation during peak hours. In case of
Tehri PSP, the Tehri Dam reservoir shall function as the upper reservoir and Koteshwar reservoir as the
lower reservoir.

The Tehri PSP shall contribute to meet the peak demand. The project shall also provide a balancing load to
the base load thermal power plants during off peak powers, thereby reducing severe operating conditions of
thermal units and improving their efficiency, durability and reliability. The 1000 MW Tehri PSP is one of
the few sites in the Northern region suitable for PSP. The project avails the natural advantages of two
reservoirs created by Tehri Dam and Koteshwar Dam.
14.4.2 Scheme

The project comprises of pumped storage plant of 1000 MW (4 reversible pumped turbine unit of 250 MW)
installed capacity and Koteshwar HEP of 400 MW (4 conventional units of 100 MW). The Tehri PSP and
pump-turbine sets are designed for a large head variation of 90 m, which would be amongst the largest head
variation in such plants worldwide. The cross-section of Tehri PSP waterway is shown in figure 14.7.

Figure 14.7: Cross Section through Waterway of PSP

346
 The pumped storage plant involves an underground machine hall on left bank of river Bhagirithi housing 4
reversible pump turbine units, each of 250 MW installed capacity. Two head race tunnels of diameter 8.5 m
and 2030 m long (total) to carry water from upstream reservoir have already been constructed as essential
works for Tehri PSP alongwith Tehri HPP (Figure 14.1).

At the end of each headrace tunnel one upstream surge shaft of diameter 20.92 m is proposed. Each
headrace tunnel will bifurcate into two steel lined penstocks, in the upstream surge shaft, to feed two
turbines. The water from turbine units will be discharge into two tailrace tunnels of 9.0 m dia., which
would carry water of all the four units into downstream reservoir. The layout of the Tehri HPP & Tehri PSP
is shown in figure 14.8.

14.4.3 Machine Hall

The powerhouse cavern is set with the centre line of units at El. 549.0 m whereas the centre line of units of
HPP being at El. 592.0 m.

Centre to centre distance between units has been kept as 30 m and the total length of machine hall including
service bay and control room is 201 m. The cross section of the machine hall of Tehri PSP is shown in
figure 14.9.

Figure 14.8: General Layout of the Terhi HPP & Tehri PSP

14.4.4 Electro Mechanical Works

Salient features are given in table 14.1 and transverse section of proposed unit is shown in figure 14.10.

4 Nos. 250 MW variable speed (2 speed) vertical Francis turbine reversible units are proposed as per
particulars given in table 14.1. The underground cavern was constructed with first stage works. 300 MVA
420 kVA unit transformers are located in a Cavern along with Tehri Power Plant (Stage I).

347
 Indoor High Voltage Switchgear: indoor gas insulated switchgear and bus duct system is proposed in a
joint indoor switchyard as per single line diagram shown in figure 14.4. Start bus for back to back starting
for incoming units and additional 420 kV outgoing line shall be added along with the PSP units. Capacity
of each 420 kV line is about 1000 MW and third line acts as spare. The voltage will be stepped up to 765
kV at the pool station for interconnection with Tehri, Meerut interconnecting line already constructed for
765 kV (currently operated at 420 kV).

14.4.5 Control System

Digital control system is proposed. Joint centralized control room of Tehri HPP (1000 MW); Tehri Pumped
Storage Plant (PSP) and proposed offsite control of Koteshwar power plant is shown in figure 14.9. Single
line diagram is shown in figure 14.4.

Figure 14.9: Control Room

Figure 14.10: tehri Pumped Storage Unit Transverse Section

348
 References

1. Satish C. Sharma and R. K. Vishnoi, Unique Design and Innovative Measures Implemented in Chute &
Shaft Spillways of Tehri Dam Water and Energy International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project-
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007.
2. H. M. Kothari, Kuldeep Singh and O. P. Semwal, 250 MW Hydro Turbine and Auxiliaries of Tehri
HPP Water and Energy International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of Irrigation
and Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007
3. H. M. Kothari, M. Mani and L. P. Joshi, Hydro Generator & Excitation System Water and Energy
International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan.
Mar. 2007.
4. H. M. Kothari, M. Mani and L. P. Joshi, Generator Transformer Water and Energy International
Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007
5. H. M. Kothari, P. K. Srivastava and Nitin Kumar, 420 kV Gas Insulated Switchgears & Gas Insulated
Bus Ducts Water and Energy International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of
Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007.
6. H. M. Kothari, P. K. Srivastava and A. K. Patil, Computerised Control System Water and Energy
International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan.
Mar. 2007.
7. R. K. Vishnoi, Sanjay Goel and Sandeep Kumar, An overview of Koteshwar Hydro Electric Project
Water and Energy International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project- Central Board of Irrigation and
Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007.
8. G. M. Prasad, J. L. Narang, Shalinedra Singh and Atul Jain, An Overview of 1000 MW Tehri
Pumped Storage Scheme (PSP) Water and Energy International Special Issue on Tehri Dam Project-
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, Jan. Mar. 2007.
9. O. D. Thapar, Reactors for Voltage Control in Developing EHV System, All India Symposium on
Power Transformer Transformers & Reactors, Lucknow UP Oct. 1976.
10. O. D. Thapar, Economic Unit Size and Elimination of Surge Tank and Penstock Valves for Tehri Power
House, Tehri Dam Workshop, University of Roorkee (Dec. 1979/May 1980.

349