How

To Learn Arabic Dialects

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Good afternoon.

Thank you so much for coming. Firstly, I cannot believe there are so many
people here. Not only is it the last talk on the last day, but I found out a couple
of hours ago there is a talk on almost exactly the same topic. So thanks very
much for coming, and I really appreciate it. This is a talk on all about how to
learn Arabic dialects.

Just before I get started, I just want to clarify a couple of things. First of all, I
don't consider myself an expert in Arabic at all. I hope to become one, but at
this stage this is going to be a talk all about my experiences of understanding
Arabic and getting used to what exactly Arabic is since I moved to Cairo in
Egypt last September.

Also, I have a lot of lovely images in this presentation. Not all of them are
mine. I just wanted to make clear that they are all licensed under
Creative Commons. If you like to get the links to any of the images, I am going
to make the presentation available on my website so you can download and
check them
out.
First of all, this word ["Arabic"], I'm not going to say it, I'm not going to say
anything about it, but I'd like you just to turn to the person next to you and tell
them what comes to mind for you when you see this word.

Let's just take a couple of ideas. Someone just shout out whatever you would
like to share. I will repeat it so everyone can here.

[Images:]

Arab people
Humus
The script
The many Arabic languages
Clothing

Because what I found when I started talking about Arabic and writing about
Arabic, I get met with a flood of confusion from so many different places.
I think there is a lot of ambiguity around Arabic. Especially the Arabic
language and exactly what it is. That is what I hope to address in this talk
a little bit. For people who are not familiar with Arabic, what is it and what do
you need to know as someone that wants to actually learn the language.

I heard a few things here from humus to clothes to just a script. Let me show
you what comes to my mind when I think of this word.

[Pictures]

Some of these you might have been expecting. Some of these perhaps you
were not expecting so much. I think the main thing about Arabic is the
chances are that whatever your perception of Arabic is, it's almost certainly
very, very different from what an Arabic person or the locals in Arabic
countries conceive of Arabic as being. Specifically, as you might of guessed
from the topic of this talk, the main thing that we need to clear up is the
difference between Arabic and Arabic dialects. This talk is all about Arabic
dialects and exactly what that is.

Here is a guy from Egypt. If you asked him what Arabic is, what do you think
he'd say?

My language
Different kinds of Arabic

So the chances are that if you sat down with this guy and said, "Look, what is
Arabic?" He would probably tell you two things. The first of which,
being Quaranic Arabic and Classical Arabic are both the same thing, the origin
of the language from the religious text, the kind of foundation of the
whole Arabic culture, language and religion.

He might also talk to you about this, Modern Standard Arabic or MSA. Any
ideas what this is?

Not Egyptian

Members of the media

Not exactly. Modern Standard Arabic is the closest that you get to an official
Arabic language. As the picture suggests, if you pick up a newspaper written in
Arabic, this is what you're going to see. If you watch the TV news, this is the
language that you're going to hear spoken. If you work in some certain
government offices, you might speak with other officials perhaps in this
language.

This is essentially derived from classical Arabic, as far as a lot of the same
grammatical constructions, a lot of the same vocabulary, but it is
also borrowed quite heavily from the dialects that you have around the Arab
world. It has some of the more modern concepts that wouldn't have existed
back in the time of classical Arabic.

This guy would have told you that for him Arabic is classical Arabic and
Modern Standard Arabic. These are obviously not the exact words that he
would use in Arabic but that's how they're known in English.

I've got a question for you. In how many countries around the world is
Modern Standard Arabic an official language? Not necessarily the primary
language but an official language? What would you think?

I heard zero.

Eight

Twenty-eight
Pretty good. It is actually 27 countries in the Middle East and North Africa
have Modern Standard Arabic as an official language. Two hundred
ninety million people, it's a lot of people, have Modern Standard Arabic as
their official language.

On the face of it, it seems simple. Right? You want to learn Arabic, so this is
the language you learn. Right? It's the official language of all these countries.
Yet, as we are going to look at now, this is really where a lot of the confusion
starts.

Before I started this talk, when I started thinking about what I was going to
talk about, I went to the Facebook group of the Polyglot Gathering. I
just posted a question and I said, "Hey guys, I'm going to talk about Arabic.
What do you want to know? Give me your questions." These are the kind of
questions
that I got.

Can I learn Egyptian without studying standard Arabic?

I heard I should skip Modern Standard Arabic and go straight to dialect.

Then the other side of the coin.

I would prefer to learn Modern Standard Arabic, but is there any sense in
that?

These are the kind of questions and the kind of confusion that arises from
possibly some of the things that you might be thinking right now.

Let's explain. For Arabic people on the whole, and this is of course a
generalization, as we said before, Modern Standard Arabic, this [picture] is
what they would consider to be Arabic. Again, this is their cultural heritage.

If you asked this guy, "Hey, I'm from the UK. I want to learn Arabic. What
should I learn?" What's he going to tell me?

The same thing.

On the whole, of all the people I've ever spoken to, I would say at last 90
percent of the people say you have learn Modern Standard Arabic because this
is Arabic.
But, what language does he speak on a daily basis with his friends and family,
at work? Does he speak Modern Standard Arabic? No. What does he speak?

Egyptian. He's from Egypt. He speaks the Egyptian dialect of Arabic.

So what does that mean exactly? Well basically, it's closely related to Modern
Standard Arabic but dialects, as in all places, have a lot of idiosyncrasies from
the local region. They have their own words for lots of different things, some
slightly different grammar. Obviously, there are certain accents. Every
country has its own accent.

He would tell you to learn something essentially that he does not speak
himself. This is where the sort of confusion comes in.

Let's talk a little bit about how this actually might manifest itself because it's
quite confusing. This is Magdi. He's a good friend of mine. I don't know if Jan
is here, but Jan met Magdi when he came to visit in Cairo. Magdi runs the
local shop right around the corner from where we live in Cairo with his Adham.

We have a good chat. Every day when I get back from work, I stop in and buy a
few things and we have a chat. We would talk in, what do you expect?

In Egyptian Arabic, exactly.

We're having a chat and eventually I'm going to go in. I'm going to pick up a
few things that I want to buy from the shop. I'm going to take them to the till.
He's going to add it all up and he's going to tell me how much money I owe
him. We're talking all this time in Egyptian Arabic. Then when it comes time
to give me the bill and to tell me how much money I need to give him, can you
guess what happens?

He switches, and he will tell me the amount of money that he wants me to give
him, the total of the bill, in Modern Standard Arabic. At first, I just didn't
know what he was talking about because I hadn't really touched Modern
Standard Arabic so I didn't know the numbers.

Why would you think that this would happen? Why would you do that?

Official transaction

Because he's reading the numbers

The point is, when it comes down to money, money is a difficult, touchy
subject in a lot of cases. It's not something to be taken lightly. When it
comes time to talk about money, he thinks to himself this is a formal situation.
I need to behave properly. So he will switch to Modern Standard Arabic in
order just to tell me the amount of money I need to give him. This gives you a
really interesting insight into the way that they think about the Egyptian
dialect and the Modern Standard Arabic that he knows.

Again, if Modern Standard Arabic is important like this, surely this is what we
should be learning. You want to learn Arabic. Surely, you should learn Modern
Standard Arabic because you hear things like this. If you learn Modern
Standard Arabic, you can be understood anywhere in the Arab world by
most people. Most people will tell you this. Is it true?

No

Actually, it is true. On the whole, if you learn to speak Modern Standard

Arabic, then wherever you go in the Arabic world, people by and large
will understand you. But, I want to ask you a question. You're all experienced
language learners. You're going to learn a new language. How would you feel
about wanting to be understood anywhere you go in the Arab world by people
who don't speak that language themselves? Is that something you would
aspire too?

For me it's not. The other thing is, for Egyptian for example, you could say if
you learn Modern Standard Arabic, then you can go anywhere in the
Arab world and you'll be fine. People will understand you.

What about Egyptians? Take Egyptians as an example. When they go to a

different country, when they go to Jordan or Morocco, would they suddenly
switch into Modern Standard Arabic and speaking Modern Standard Arabic?

It's possible, they might. You know I worked in Qatar before where you have
Arabs from all over the Middle East and North Africa, and on the whole,
they will speak to each other in their own dialect and it is more or less
mutually intelligible with some exceptions.

I've actually heard of stories of people who have gone abroad to places like
Egypt and Syria and they've done intensive Arabic courses. They've
been studying Modern Standard Arabic for a long time. They've got to a very
good level. Yet they will tell me that when they walk down onto the street and
they ask someone directions to the local cinema or something, that person will
actually turn around and laugh in their face because it's that foreign to them
in terms of something that you would speak on a daily basis. Now obviously
this is an extreme example, but I've heard these anecdotes quite a few times.

When I think about this issue for me, the distinction between Modern
Standard Arabic and the dialect, for me it always comes down to people. Just
like Claudio was saying in the last talk with him, it's all about people and
wants to understand the conversation on the street. For me, this is exactly
what it is for me.

This is Nada. She's one of my best friends in Egypt. She teaches me Arabic as
well. She, for me, is what it means to me to learn Arabic. She's a real person
with a real family, with real friends, with a real life, real job, and her own
share of tragedies in her own personal life as well. When I think of what
language does she speaks, she speaks an Egyptian dialect of Arabic and that's
what I want to learn in order to be able to communicate with my friend.

For me, when I think about this whole issue it is the dialect that I want to
learn to be able to speak every day with the people that are around me. Now
I can't tell you what the right answer is for you, because we will have different
situations. If you have a particular academic interest in Arabic, then it may be
the case that it is better for you to learn classical Arabic or Modern Standard
Arabic.

All I can tell you is from place of this time last year, when I was utterly
confused about what I should be doing, what I should be learning, it has
become very clear now. I see the whole issue quite clearly. It is all about
whatever the people around me are speaking. That's how I approach this now.
That's how I look at it.

Just to put that in perspective, of all of the countries in the Middle East and
North Africa that have Modern Standard Arabic as an official language
and you know what the answer is going to be now, how many people actually
speak it in their daily lives with their friends and family?

None
So I've just given you a little bit of perspective about the distinction between
Modern Standard Arabic and then the dialects and what you might have
to think about if you were to approach learning Arabic. It would be really nice
if it was that simply, if that was the only thing you have to worry about.
Of course, it's not. As a result, of the things that we've been talking about,
there are a lot of other complications as well.

So if Arabic is Modern Standard Arabic, and local dialects are simply the
spoken form, what happens to reading and writing in a dialect? If you were
in Egypt and you're learning Egyptian Arabic, it's the case that you'll almost
never see Egyptian Arabic written down anywhere.

When I am at work for example, and I need to produce an official document

for something in Arabic, I have to produce it Modern Standard Arabic.
Whenever you see writing anywhere around, it's almost always in Modern
Standard Arabic.

If you did want to write Egyptian dialects, and you can't do it, it's only ever an
approximation at best. What people do is they take the writing system form
Modern Standard Arabic and they use that knowledge of the sounds and the
letters and they kind of guess how that would translate into what they
would say in their own dialect. So it's this kind of crazy situation where you
have got people that speak a language every day and yet there's no
standardized form of actually writing it.

Think. As a learner of this language that is almost never written down, what
are the implications for you as a learner of the language?

Lack of resources

There is virtually no good material for learners of Arabic dialects. There are a
couple of textbooks of varying quality, but in general, if you want to have any
kind of authentic material or any kind of resources out there for learning the
language, there's very, very little out there at all. That presents a real problem
for you when you actually set about learning to speak and to read the dialects.

What happens is you get things like this and people start to develop other
ways of actually writing down the language. So you have an Arabic sentence
here, and what happens with the young people, especially now around the
whole Arab world, start to use a different system to write. They use this thing
called
Franco-Arabic Alphabet. So reading from right to left in Arabic and then left
to right with the English transcription. People develop this system because it's
a lot more convenient, not only when they are texting on their phones, but
when they're writing on Facebook and things like that.

As a result, of this general difficulty in writing down your own language, they
developed this different system for communicating. Like this, there are a few
others as well. The Franco-Arabic Alphabet has only certain relations to the
original words themselves.

What happens is you get these kind of questions back like this. People who are
learning Arabic and they come across stuff written in Franco-Arabic or even in
dialect. The say, "Well I can't figure out the original Arabic word." Because
whatever they write down in the Franco-Arabic Alphabet is not accurate. It's
not an accurate transliteration of the original Arabic word.

They also say things like, "Well, I can actually read Arabic, but people online
want to write in the Latin alphabet."

In this context, which Arabic are you referring to? Is it the dialect or MSA?

[Refers to slide with Arabic sentence written out.]

In this particular context, this is actually Egyptian Arabic that is written here.
Which is, again, it is an approximation of what the person wants to say using
the Arabic script.

[Refers to transliterated slide.]

This is exactly the same thing written in the Franco-Arabic Alphabet. Does
that answer your question?

When the person says I can't figure out the Arabic words, it means I can't
figure out the Egyptian words?

Yes, pretty much.

You get these problems coming out. As a learner of the dialect, you're going to
encounter this all the time. If you go onto Facebook, most people are going to
be writing in the Franco-Arabic Alphabet.
In terms of my own case, when I was sort of trying to figure this out when I
was starting to learn Arabic and trying to figure out all these things. Should I
learn Modern Standard Arabic? Should I learn Egyptian dialect? Should I
learn to write with a script or should I use Franco-Arabic? There are all these
incredibly difficult questions and very few answers out there.

What I actually did myself, was when I started learning, I used the Franco-
Arabic Alphabet, because, for me, it's all about the speaking. I want to be
able to sit down and speak with people. As I am sitting down with my tutors
and I'm having these conversations, what I like to do is to write down as much
as possible. I couldn't do it in the Arabic script because I had not learned it
particularly well at that point and it was also very slow.

I started using the Franco-Arabic Alphabet to write down everything and

make sure I had a record of the things that were being said and the things that
I wanted to say. Whenever I used my flashcards, I also used the Franco-Arabic
Alphabet for that. Above all, it was convenience I would say more than
anything
else.

It worked well for me because what it meant was I able to start speaking with
people and I would just be able to actually write stuff down. If any of you have
learned Japanese or Chinese, for example, or another language with a very
different alphabet, you'll be familiar with that issue of wanting to speak with
people, and wanting to write stuff down but not being competent yet in the
script.

It was a really good start for me. What I found was, after I started to be able to
communicate fairly well with people, I kind of reached a ceiling. I realized that
the Franco-Arabic Alphabet, because it is only, again, an approximation,
you're just missing out on a lot of foundation. What I started to do was then I
went back, and I learned to read and write the Arabic script properly. I started
using textbooks as well to try to develop a little bit of a foundation.

It is really, difficult because I was just kind of figuring this out all along. All
the time everyone was saying to me, "Oh, you should just learn
Modern Standard Arabic. What are you learning this dialect for? It doesn't
make sense." People would tell me this day after day.
One of the great byproducts of learning to read and write the Arabic script was
I discovered that I absolutely love the Arabic script. It's one of the
most beautiful things I've ever come across. Both to read by itself but also to
write is incredibly cathartic. I'm left-handed so to write from right to left
is actually is absolutely a revelation. Why couldn't English be like this.

Have you ever seen those pictures of Obama writing with his wrist around like
that. I do the same thing but I find it quite easy to write in Arabic because it's
just perfectly natural. I have just found myself falling in love with the Arabic
script and the different ways of actually representing it. It's been one of the
nicest things actually so far about discovering Arabic for me.

Back to this problem, if you don't have the resources and you don't know how
to write, well how do you actually learn? For me it comes down to this kind
of dichotomy. Are you are learning to speak or are you speaking to learn?
Based on what I've been telling you so far, you ought to be able to guess that
it's this. I found myself speaking to learn.

What I mean by that is it's very difficult to learn to speak because you don't
have those resources to build your foundation. By going out there and actually
speaking, you get feedback, you learn lessons, and you learn vocabulary at
maybe different rates. By actually going out and speaking, this was my way of
creating my own materials.

I honestly don't know why there is such a lack of materials with 320 million
people out there. You might expect someone to have thought, "Well hang
on. Maybe we should put together some decent materials." I think if anyone is
looking to make their fortune in foreign language materials, then Arabic
dialects are certainly something to consider.

It is very difficult for beginners. Textbooks on the whole are very difficult to
use. The ones that do exist generally have no English so you can't even look at
them without the help of a teacher.

This is what I did. I kind of went out there. I just started to kind of track
people down, find people who were interested and willing to talk to me.
There weren't many of them, but I found some of them. I just started to go out
there and have just regular speaking sessions. I tried to organize at least two
or up to three or four sessions in a week. I would just sit down and I would
just talk.
In the beginning, it's painful. It's really, really hard. You don't understand
anything. You know what it's like. You just push through. I'm speaking
as much as possible, and I'm just writing stuff down. You can see here my
efforts to try to write stuff down. You can see these weird mixes of Arabic
script and mostly Franco-Arabic that I'm using here. [Refers to slide with
handwritten page of notes.]

Gradually, by this kind of painful process of having no materials and yet trying
to go out there and create my own and speak with people, I am not sure
I would recommend this process to anyone else, but it does kind of eventually
come together. I always tend to find that after about 6 months of
doing something regularly things do tend to kind of take shake. That's
certainly what I found with Arabic as well.

What would be my main advice for people who want to go out there and learn
Arabic dialects? I don't know if you can see this at the back. It's rather small.
I'll read this out for you.

First of all, I would say that if you have any ambitions of actually wanting to
go to the Arab world and speak with people, then I would say you
absolutely must learn a dialect. I don't see it making much sense at all for
anybody to learn Modern Standard Arabic unless (a) time is no object, and/or
(b) you have a different kind of interest. You are particularly interested in the
script or you have academic, cultural interest and you're studying remotely.

I'd say based on my experience, if I could go back and do it again, I would

learn to read and write from the start. It seems obvious with hindsight
really, but for some reason I didn't. I just went at it and used the Franco-
Arabic Alphabet.

You can learn to read and write Arabic in a few hours actually. It's not that
hard. You might not learn all the rules but you could certainly learn all
the letters and the basic shapes in a matter of hours. Actually, you just got a
very good book on how to read and write Arabic that I use myself and it is
a really good help so maybe she can tell you about later.

I'd also say that you absolutely must speak from the start, from Day 1 because
you will not find the materials out there to help you. A couple of things that
helped me in particular, I would say recording people and transcribing it was
very, very helpful. It kind of became my materials. I would have my speaking
session I would just stick my phone on there and record what was going on.
Sometimes I would be taking a taxi home and taxi drivers always just love
talking to me whether or not I understand a word they're saying. I actually
decided to get in taxis and press the record button on my phone so that I've
got some stuff recorded there. I would take it to my tutor, and I would say look
can you transcribe this for me.

It's a great way to actually start to develop your own materials because it's the
real thing. It's the real language; it's what people are speaking every day. I also
found italki invaluable and without it I don't think I would have gotten
anywhere near as far as I have.

Although I'm actually lucky enough to have quite a few people around me in
Cairo who do actually help me and who I can meet regularly, I actually do
most of my session iTalki because I can just stay in my pyjamas and I don't
have to leave the house. That has been absolutely fantastic.

I would also say if you're starting Arabic, get help with your pronunciation
right from the start. It's not easy, especially for native English
speakers. You've got a lot of difficult sounds to learn to pronounce. It's by no
means impossible, but you do need to make sure right from the start that you
get a good handle on especially the kind of guttural sounds you really need to
get right.

Lastly, I would say, that despite all my advice of actually speaking as much as
possible and using that as your foundation, I think it is a good idea to source a
textbook and start to work through. Because the one thing I've found now that
I'm starting to make progress, is that I'm really kind of lacking that foundation.
I would recommend working through a textbook as well. You're probably
going to need a teacher to work through that textbook because of the way the
Arabic dialect textbooks tend to be.

So in terms of recommending materials, here they are. I'm going to put them
all on a page in my blog so you can track them down if you need to. We've
got the best textbooks. This comes from a very authoritative source. These are
the best textbooks for each of the different dialects:

Egyptian - Kalaam Gameel

Levantine/Jordanian - Diwan Biladna
Iraqi - Modern Iraqi Arabic
 Moroccan - An introduction to Moroccan Arabic and culture
Syrian - syrianarabic.com
Lebanese - Shou Fi Ma Fi
Gulf Arabic - Colloquial

There's a new site. This was just launched recently, which is very interesting. I
think this is going to make life a lot easier for people learning Arabic dialects.
It's called Talk In Arabic. What they've got is content. So they've got recorded
dialogs and videos and scripts and grammar explanations in all the different
dialects. You've got Egyptian Arabic. You've got Iraqi Arabic and you've got
Moroccan. You've got all this stuff there all done very well, very clean, very
easy to access.

I had a word with the creators of this before I came here today, and they've
actually very kindly offered to give everyone here 6 months free to the service.
So if you fancy checking it out, I highly recommend it. Click here to check out
the offer and they're going to give you 6 months free for that. So definitely
check that out.

That's pretty much what I wanted to cover.

If you would like to check out the slides for any of the resources I mentioned,
the tips that I've given you and also the attributions to those images that I
used, then you can find all the slides here:

Click here to download the slides.

It's all there.

Before I finish, if you have any kind of questions about Arabic in the future,
you would like to ask me anything about Arabic, or anything about
languages in general, then I've just launched a new podcast, just put I Will
Teach You a Language Podcast and you can find that on iTunes. There you
can send me any questions you want and I can answer that. If any of you are
interested in Arabic that will be a great place to get in touch and to ask
your questions.

Thank you very much.