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Microelectronic
l t i Circuits
Ci it
Amplifier Basics
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Mi d signal
Mixed i l System
S t design
d i
ADC SubSystem
ADC- S bS t Design
D i
A to D Converter, D to A Converter
Fl h ADC-100
Flash ADC 100 M
Msps
Band width requirement of OPAMP
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DAC
D i
Design iissues
Diff amp,
amp biasing circuit
circuit, CSA
CSA, C (if compensation is
reqd.)
Si
Signals
l
Arbitrary in nature
nature.
g sensors---variations
Obtained through
converted into current or voltage
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Si
Sinusoid
id
Important signal in analysis , design, testing
For an LTI system, if input is sinusoid, output is
also sinusoid with modified amplitude and
phase.
h H
Hence analysis
l i iis easy
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Why amplifier first?
Reasons
F d
Fundamentalt l signal
i l processing
i ffunction
ti
Employed in every electronic system
Easy to understand
Design techniques can be easily extended to
design of complex analog circuits.
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A lifi circuit
Amplifier i it symbol
b l
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Amplifiers
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A l
Analog D
Design
i ttradeoffs
d ff
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G i / ttransfer
Gain/ f characteristics
h t i ti
Voltage Gain
Current gain
Power gain
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VTC
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I f
Information
ti from
f VTC
Highest and Lowest signal amplitude
Gainsteepness of transition
Inverting/ non inverting nature
Single/ dual power supply
Offset
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Measuring Unit---Use of Decibel
unit
The decibel,
decibel or dB
dB, is a means of expressing
either the gain of an active device (such as
an amplifier) or the loss in a passive device
(such as an attenuator or length of cable).
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Input
pu >---- Amp p##1 ---- Ampp#
#2 ------> Ou
Output
pu
A1 = 275, A2 = 55
The total gain factor At = 275 x 55 = 15
15,125.
125
Use llogarithms-
U ith
log (A x B) = log A + log B
log (A/B) = log A - log B
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Invented a unit of gain measurement called a
Bel," named after Alexander Graham Bell
"Bel Bell.
Th defined
They d fi d the
th B Bell as
Gain in Bels = log A = log (Po / Pi )
where A = Power amplification factor
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log 275 = 2
2.4393326
4393326 and
log 55 = 1.7403626,
15,125
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Li
Linearity
it
Amplifier follows a relationship
relationship.--- linear
amplifier
vo(t) = A vi(t)
Any deviation (higher powers of vi) ---
nonlinear
li di
distortion
i
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THD
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Amplifier
p Power Supplies
pp
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N d tto sett DC Bi
Need Bias
Practical VTC is non
linear-- Saturation,
varying slope
--Operate
Operate at a point where
VTC is close to linear-
middle
--Keep input small Bits, pilani
Frequency response-
b d idth
bandwidth
Ideal frequency response
response---gain
gain does not
change with frequency
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Poles, Zeros and Bode Plots
Characterization:
K ( s z1 )( s z 2 ) ... ( s z m )
G (s)
s ( s p1 )( s p 2 ) ... ( s pn )
s s s
( 1)( 1) ... ( 1)
K z1 z 2 z m z1 z2 zm
G (s)
p1 p2 pn s ( s 1)( s 1) ... ( s 1)
p1 p2 pn
K z1 z 2 z m
KB
p1 p2 pn
( z1s 1)( z 2 s 1) ... ( zm s 1)
G (s) K B
s ( p1 s 1)( p 2 s 1) ... ( pn s 1)
(Time Constant Form.)
Characterization:
Ch i i
Considering the transfer function in the time constant form.
we have 4 different types
yp of terms in the time constant form,,
these are:
1 1
KB, , , (s / z 1)
s (s / p 1)
Expressing the transfer function dB:
j
KB ( 1)
G ( jw) z
j
(j )( 1)
0 p
20 log | G ( j ) |
j j
20 log K B 20 log | ( 1) | 20 log | j | 20 log | 1|
z o p
Mechanics: We have 4 distinct terms to consider:
20log|j /0 |
- ----- (Pole at origin if wo=1)
wlg
1 1 1 1 1 1
dB Mag
Phase
(deg)
wlg
(rad/sec)
F
Frequency response plots
l t
Different types of transfer functions---
functions
K
w 1 jw 1
j w 1 jw
wo j wo 1
wo wo
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K constant
t t
Gain in dB
Log w
= 0
Log w
j / o
jw/w
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
wo
Log w
= 90
Log w
-j w/wo = 1/ [jw/wo]
, pole at the origin, jw/w
w0=1 o
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
Log w
wo rad./ sec
Log w
= -90
1+ j (w/w
( / o)
Gain in dB
Corner plot
20 dB/ dec
wo
Log w
Corner frequency
90
45
= tan-1 (w/wo)
0 1 wo
0.1 Log w
~10 wo
M
Magnitude
it d and
d phase
h
jw
1
wo
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1 / [1+ j (w/w
( / o)]
Gain in dB
wo
Log w
20 dB/ dec
= -tan-1 ((w/wo)
~0.1 wo
Log w
-45
-90
~10 wo
Using Matlab For Frequency Response
Instruction: We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
5000 ( s 10) [ 5000s 50000 ]
( s 1) ( s 500) [ s 2 501s 500]
From: U(1)
40
30
20
agnitude (dB))
10
-10
ase (deg); Ma
1 10 100 500
0
-20
Pha
-40
To: Y(1)
-60
100(1 jw / 10)
-80 Bode for: G ( jw)
(1 jw)(1 jw / 500)
-100
10-1 100 101 102 103 104
Frequency
q y ((rad/sec))
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Importance
p of phase,
p , phase
p margin
g
The output signals of all amplifiers exhibit a time delay when compared to their
input signals.
signals This delay causes a phase difference between the amplifier
amplifier's
s input
and output signals. If there are enough stages in the amplifier, at some
frequency, the output signal will lag behind the input signal by one cycle period at
that frequency. In this situation, the amplifier's output signal will be in phase with
its input signal though lagging behind it by 360, i.e., the output will have a phase
angle of 360.
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U 2 portt network
Use t k th
theory
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Z parameter model
+ + +
vi Ri vo
Avvi
- -
-
ii io
+ +
Ri Aivi Ro vo
- -
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Transconductance amplifier
io
+ +
vi Ri Ro vo
Gmvi
- -
Short-Circuit Transconductance
Gm = io/vi |vo=0
Unit (A/V)
Ideal conditions Ri = ; R0 =
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Transresistance amplifier
ii Ro
+
Ri vo
Rmii
-
Open-Circuit Transresistence
Rm = vo/ii |io=0
Unit (V/A)
Ideal
de conditions
co d o s Ri = 0 ; R0 = 0
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Relations between parameters
Av0 = GmRo
Av0 = Rm/Ri
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END
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