EE-394

Digital Signal Processing

TE [EE]
Sec A and Sec B
Spring 2017

Muhammad Omar
 Books
1) Digital Signal Processing- Principles, Algorithms and
Applications
by John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manolakis 3rd or 4th edition.

2) Discrete time Signal Processing

by Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer 2nd edition

3) Understanding Digital Signal Processing

by Richard G. Lyons 2nd edition

4) The Scientist and Engineer's guide to DSP available at DSP

Guide

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Sessional Assessment

Head Marks
Mid-Term Test 20
2 Tests/Quizzes 05
Assignment 10
Attendance 05
Total 40

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 Course Website
https://sites.google.com/site/neddsp1415
Login with Gmail account and type the above URL in your browser

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Course Website Registration

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Course Website

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 Email id

neddsp1415@yahoo.com

In case of any query, please write an email

with a proper subject
For example: Query regarding Sampling

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 What is Digital Signal
Processing[DSP]?
DSP deals with the processing of any real-world signal through Digital computers. Computers can
store, process and transmit information using digital data
DSP is concerned with the arithmetic processing of numerical representations of real world analogue
quantities
Real time performance is necessary, such that processed outputs are produced as fast as input data is
available
DSP algorithms are performed using fast DSP microprocessor arithmetic capabilities to implement
mathematically formulated equations in real time

The processing word includes:

To manipulate
To extract
To modify
To analyze
To transmit

Digital Signal Processing performs signal processing using digital techniques with the aid of digital
hardware and/or some kind of computing device
Signal processing can of course be analog as well, but, for a variety of reasons, we may prefer to
handle the processing digitally
A digital computer or processor that is designed especially for signal processing applications is called
a digital signal processor

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 What is Digital Signal Processing
[DSP]?
Basic idea:

To represent any real world physical quantity (signal) in to numbers which can be saved on
computers and apply mathematical operations (through some software code) on those
numbers to get the desired result in the form of a new sequence of numbers

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Image Processing
Image processing includes variety of functions including image enhancement, image editing, edge
detection, object recognition, image compression etc.

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Image Processing

Original Image Processed Image

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Image Processing
Processed Image Processed Image

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Image Processing
Processed Image Processed Image

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Crossover networks are used in audio systems to ensure that the proper frequencies are channeled to the
appropriate speaker. Although less expensive audio systems have only one speaker to cover the full audio
Range from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. A typical two-band crossover network consist of two speaker drivers:
Tweeter and Woofer
The woofer responds to low frequencies, and the tweeter responds to high frequencies

Analog Crossover Audio System Digital Crossover Audio System

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Analog Crossover Audio System
The incoming analog audio signal is split into
two bands by using an analog lowpass filter
and an analog highpass filter in parallel
The traditional analog crossover systems
(analog filters) are designed using either
active circuits (having Opamps, resistors and
capacitors) or passive circuits (resistors,
inductors and capacitors)
The performance of analog crossover
networks depends upon the hardware circuit
component values
Any change in the circuit component values
cause deviation from the desired frequency
response of designed filters
Digital Crossover Audio System
The incoming digital audio signal is split into
two bands by using a digital lowpass filter and
a digital highpass filter in parallel
We then amplify the separated audio signals
and send them to their respective
corresponding speaker drivers
The digital crossover system provides a cost-
effective solution with programmability,
flexibility, and high quality
The digital filter
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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Equalizer: An equalizer enhances or degrades different frequency sounds as required by listener
It could be an electronic device (analog filter circuit) or computer program (digital filter) which allows the
separate control of the strength and quality of frequency bands in an audio signal

Analog Equalizer Digital Equalizer

Analog equalizers are basically analog filters built
with Opamps, resistors and capacitors
Change in resistance, capacitance value due to
tolerance, different environmental conditions and
temperature constraints cause changes in the desired
output
Using a computer, we can have as many bands of
frequencies as we want
A Digital Equalizer (digital filter) is just a software code
returns filter coefficients
There is no concept of aging effect in DSP systems i.e.
provides consistent performance all the time, because filter
coefficients are just sequence of numbers which are
insensitive to temperature constraints, tolerance issues etc
as in the case of resistors, capacitors

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Analog Audio Recording Digital Audio Recording System
System using Magnetic Tapes using a Personal Computer

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Analog Audio Recording System using Magnetic Tapes
Sound waves impact the microphone, where they are converted to electrical signal
These electrical signals are amplified, then converted to magnetic fields by the recording head
As the magnetic tape moves under the head, the intensity of the magnetic fields is stored on the tape

The playback process is just the inverse of the recording process:

As the magnetic tape moves under the playback head, the magnetic field on the tape is converted to
an electrical signal which is applied to a linear amplifier
The signal is then amplified and sent to the speaker. The speaker converts the amplified signal back
to sound waves. The volume of the reproduced sound waves is controlled by the amplifier

Disadvantages

The amplifiers are subject to gain variation over temperature, humidity, and time
The magnetic tape stretches and shrinks, thus distorting the recorded signal
Variations in the speed of the motor driving the tape cause additional distortion
Each time the signal is passed on to another analog process, the above adverse effects are multiplied
The quality of the recording deteriorates with each additional playback or generation of a copy
It is rare for an analog system to be able to make more than two or three generations of copies
having the same quality
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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Digital Audio Recording System using a Personal Computer
As in the analog case, the sound waves impact the microphone and are converted to electrical
signals. These electrical signals are then amplified to a usable level
The electrical signals are measured or, in other words, they are converted to numbers
These numbers can now be stored or manipulated by a computer just as any other numbers are
To play back the signal, the numbers are simply converted back to electrical signals. As in the analog
case, these signals are then used to drive a speaker

Advantages

The quality of the digital audio is determined by the accuracy of numbers produced by the analog-
to-digital conversion process
Once the audio signal is converted into digital form, it is possible to achieve error free storage,
transmission, and reproduction
Every personal computer has a sound card, which can be used to implement the digital audio
recording system
No loss in quality occurs with repeated playback
The twentieth generation of recording is just as accurate as the first generation

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Analog Audio/Video Audio CDs/ DVDs
SD cards
Cassettes

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Data Compression
A digital data can easily be compressed using compression algorithms for the optimum usage of
memory
For example: MP3 compression provides good compression rate with perceivably high quality
sound
A 700 MB CD can easily store 70 minutes of audio in .wav format (raw format) which is
uncompressed
Using MP3 compression, the same 700 MB CD can easily store 700 minutes of compressed audio
The compressed digital information can also be transmitted efficiently, since compression reduces
the original data rate
Digital voice recorders, digital audio recorders, and MP3 players are products that use compression
techniques

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Elimination of 50-Hz interference in Electrocardiography
[ECG]

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Elimination of 50-Hz interference in Electrocardiography
[ECG]

The ECG signal is produced by the activity of the human heart, thus it can be used for heart rate
detection, fetal monitoring, and diagnostic purposes. A heartbeat signal [ECG] contains information
about the health (and on/off status) of a persons heart
In ECG recording, there often is unwanted 50-Hz interference in the recorded data making it
impossible for a doctor to evaluate patient hearts electrical activity
The analysis shows that the interference comes from the power line characterized by a frequency of
50 Hz and its harmonics
If such interference is severe, the recorded ECG data becomes useless
The 50-Hz eliminator which is a digital notch filter removes the 50-Hz interference and produces the
enhanced ECG signal
With such enhanced ECG recording, doctors in clinics can give accurate diagnoses for patients
This technique can also be applied to remove 50-Hz interferences in audio systems

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Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Electricity Systems: Past, Present and Future

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Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Traditional and Smart Grid

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Smart Grid Model
A smart grid is an electricity network that
uses digital and other advanced technologies to
monitor and manage the transport of electricity
from all generation sources to meet the varying
electricity demands of end-users
The smart grid permits electricity to be fed
into it from many sources and provides digital
management to maximize efficiency
Smart grids co-ordinate the needs and
capabilities of all generators, grid operators,
end-users and electricity market stakeholders
to operate all parts of the system as efficiently
as possible, minimizing costs and
environmental impacts while maximizing
system reliability, resilience and stability

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Power Systems Signal Processing for Smart Grids

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Basic signals and parameters that can be processed and derived

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Measurement, monitoring and Summary of Signal Processing
Signal Processing sequence in Development in Smart Grids
Smart Grids

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 Applications of Digital Signal
Processing [DSP]
Power Systems Signal Processing for Smart Grids

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