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Basudeb Datta MA 231 : Topology

email : dattab@math.iisc.ernet.in August-December, 2014


Exercise 2 (on Connectedness, path connectedness) September 1016

1. Solve Problems 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 in Pages 158 ( 24) in the book Topology by Munkres


2. Solve Problems 1, 3, 5 in Page 162 ( 25) in the book Topology by Munkres.
3. Prove or disprove each of the following :
(i) R3 a plane is connected.
(ii) R3 a straight line is connected.
(iii) S 1 S 1 \ ((S 1 {1}) ({1} S 1 )) is connected.
(iv) (R {0}) {(x, y) R2 : xy = 1, x > 0} R2 is connected.
(v) Let X and Y be path connected spaces and (x, y) X Y . If each X and Y has
more than one elements then X Y \ {(x, y)} is path connected.
(vi) Let f : X Y be continuous and onto. If X is locally connected then Y is also
locally connected.
(vii) For X 6= , the indiscrete space (X, {X, }) is path connected.
4. Let A be a countable set in R2 . Show that R2 \ A is path connected.
5. Show that R2 \ (Q (R \ Q)) is connected in R2 .
6. Let X = {(x, y) : x or y is in Q}. Show that X is connected in R2 .
7. What are the components in R` ?
8. Let c be the cofinite topology on R. What are the components in (R, c )?
9. Let A and B be two subsets of a topological space. If A B 6= , (X \ A) B 6= and
B is connected then show that B (A (X \ A)) 6= .
10. Let (X, ) be a topological space. Define a binary relation on X as x y if there is
a path from x to y. Show that is an equivalence relation. Show that the -classes are
nothing but path components (i.e., C is a -class if and only if C is a path component).
11. Give examples of topological spaces X such that : (i) X is connected but not path
connected, (ii) X is connected but not locally connected, (iii) X is locally connected but
not connected, (iv) X is path connected but not locally path connected and (v) X whose
connected components are not open sets.
12. Let L1 , . . . , Ln be n straight lines through (0, 0, 0) in R3 . Show that R3 \ (L1 Ln )
is path connected.
13. If X has finite number of components then show that each component is both open and
closed. Find a space in which components are not open.
14. Show that S 2 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) R3 : x21 + x22 + x23 = 1} is path connected in R3 .
15. Show that X is locally connected if and only if every component of each open subset of
X is an open set.

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