ITTC Symbols and Terminology List 1993

ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
International Towing Tank Conference
ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

Version 1993
VWS Mitteilungen Heft 57
_______________________________________
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
International Towing Tank Conference
ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

Version 1993
VWS Mitteilungen Heft 57
_______________________________________
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Berlin
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau

VWS: the Berlin Model Basin
Mueller-Breslau-Strasse (Schleuseninsel)
D-10623 Berlin, Germany
Phone +49-30-311 84-0, Fax +49-30-311 84-200
Bibliographical reference:
ITTC Symbols and Terminology List, Version 1993
Prepared by ITTC Symbols and Terminology Group
Berlin: VWS, Mitteilungen, Heft 57 (1993)
Edited by Michael Schmiechen
Short reference:
ITTC Symbols 1993, VWS Mitt. 57
ITTC Symbols
Contents
Version 1993
iii
Contents
Introduction
0.1
Symbols and Terminology Group
0.1.1 Terms of Reference
0.1.2 Activities
0.1.3 Membership
0.2
List of Symbols
0.2.1 Classification
0.2.2 Structure
0.2.3 Organization
0.3
Principles of Notation
0.3.1 Objects: Quantities
0.3.2 Components: Subscripts
0.3.3 Operators: Superscripts
0.4
Details of Notation
0.4.1 Standard Symbols
0.4.2 Computer Symbols
0.4.3 Names, Definitions, SI-Units
0.5
References
0.5.1 ITTC Documents
0.5.2 Translations
0.5.3 Other References
1
1
1
2
4
5
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
General Mechanics
1.1
Fundamental Concepts
1.1.1 Concepts in General
1.1.1.1 Basic Concepts
1.1.1.2 Balances
1.1.1.3 Remarks
1.1.2 Space Related Concepts
1.1.2.2 Remarks
1.1.3 Time Related Concepts
1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms
1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities
1.1.3.4 Remarks
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes
1.1.4.1 Random Quantities
1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes
1.1.4.3 Probability Operators
1.1.4.4 Remarks
1.2
Solid Body Mechanics
1.2.1 Inertial properties
1.2.1.2 Remarks
1.2.2 Loads
14
14
14
14
16
17
20
20
22
25
25
26
27
27
31
31
32
33
34
35
35
35
36
37
ITTC Symbols
Contents
Version 1993
iv
1.3
1.4
1.2.2.1 External Loads

1.2.2.2 Sectional Loads
1.2.2.3 Remarks
1.2.3 Rigid Body Motions
1.2.3.1 Motions
1.2.3.2 Attitudes
1.2.3.3 Remarks
Fluid Mechanics
1.3.1 Flow Parameters
1.3.1.1 Fluid Properties
1.3.1.2 Flow parameters
1.3.1.3 Boundary conditions
1.3.1.4 Remarks
1.3.2 Flow Fields
1.3.2.1 Velocities etc
1.3.2.2 Circulation etc
1.3.2.3 Remarks
1.3.3 Lifting Surfaces
1.3.3.1 Geometry
1.3.3.2 Sectional coefficients
1.3.4 Boundary Layers
1.3.4.1 Twodimensional Boundary Layers
1.3.4.2 Remarks
1.3.5 Cavitation
1.3.5.2 Flow field
Environmental Mechanics
1.4.1 Waves
1.1.4.1 Periodic waves
1.4.1.2 Irregular waves
1.4.1.3 Time Domain Analysis
1.4.1.4 Frequency Domain Analysis
1.4.1.5 Directional Waves
1.4.1.6 Remarks
1.4.4 Ice Mechanics
Ships in General
2.1
Geometry and Hydrostatics
2.1.1 Hull Geometry
2.1.1.2 Derived concepts
2.1.1.3 Computer Symbols for Attributes
2.1.1.4 Remarks
2.1.2 Propulsor Geometry
2.1.2.1 Screw Propellers
2.1.2.2 Ducts
2.1.3 Appendage Geometry
37
38
38
40
40
41
42
43
43
43
43
44
44
46
46
47
47
49
49
49
51
51
52
53
53
53
55
55
55
56
57
57
58
59
61
62
62
62
62
64
66
67
68
68
70
72
72
ITTC Symbols
Contents
Version 1993
2.2
2.3
2.1.3.2 Identifiers for Appendages

2.1.3.3 Remarks
2.1.4 Hydrostatics
2.1.4.1 Stability levers
2.1.4.2 Various Concepts
2.1.4.3 Remarks
Resistance and Propulsion
2.2.1 Hull Resistance
2.2.1.2 Derived Concepts
2.2.1.3 Computer symbols for attributes
2.2.2 Ship Performance
2.2.2.3 Efficiencies etc
2.2.2.4 Remarks
2.2.3 Propulsor Performance
2.2.3.3 Induced Velocities etc
2.2.3.4 Remarks
2.2.4 Unsteady Propeller Forces
2.2.4.1 Concepts
2.2.4.2 Remarks
Manoeuvring and Seakeeping
2.3.1 Manoeuvring
2.3.1.1 Geometrical Concepts
2.3.1.2 Motions and Attitudes
2.3.1.3 Flow Angles etc
2.3.1.4 Forces and Derivatives
2.3.1.5 Linear Models
2.3.1.6 Turning Circles
2.3.1.7 Zig-Zag Manoeuvres
2.3.1.8 Stopping Manoeuvres
2.3.1.9 Remarks
2.3.2 Seakeeping
2.3.2.1Basic Concepts
2.3.2.2 Remarks
Special Craft
3.1
Ice Going Vessels
3.1.2 Resistance and Propulsion
3.2
Planing Boats
3.2.1 Geometry and Hydrostatics
3.3
Semi-displacement Vessels
73
74
75
75
77
78
79
79
79
80
82
83
83
84
85
86
87
87
88
90
91
92
92
93
94
94
94
94
96
97
98
99
100
101
101
102
102
104
105
105
105
107
107
110
111
111
115
ITTC Symbols
Contents
Version 1993
vi
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Catamarans
3.4.2.1 Resistance Components
3.4.2.2 Power and Resistance Ratios
3.4.2.3 Remarks
SWATH
Hydrofoil Boats
3.6.1 Geometry and Hydostatics
ACV and SES
Sailing Vessels
Computer Symbol Index
121
121
123
123
123
124
125
125
127
127
130
132
132
134
136
136
138
140
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
0.1
Symbols and Terminology Group
0.1.1
Terms of Reference
Introduction
1
In May 1985 the Executive Committee of the 18th International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC)
reorganised the former Information Committee, earlier Presentation Committee, to form a Symbols
and Terminology (SaT) Group in the newly established ITTC Secretariat.
The task of the SaT Group for the 18th ITTC was to carry out Recommendations 1 through 5,
related to the ITTC Standard Symbols, of the Information Committee of the 17th ITTC, which
were:
1. The Information Committee should continue to monitor and co-ordinate the development
of new symbols by the Technical Committees.
2. The Conference should adopt the new symbols for hydrostatics included in Appendix 4
and the Information Committee should then include these in the ITTC Standard Symbols.
3. The Information Committee should restructure the ITTC Standard Symbols according to
the outline Proposal in Appendix 6 and include new symbols agreed by the Technical
Committees.
4. The Information Committee should continue to revise the Dictionary of Ship
Hydrodynamics as required.
5. The Information Committee shoud continue cooperation with other organizations to
achieve a common agreement on symbols and terminology.
The 18th ITTC at Kobe adopted the following Recommendations to the Conference and for the
future work of the SaT Group, respectively, related to Symbols:
Recommendations to the Conference:
1. The Conference should adopt the structure of the ITTC standard Symbols and Terminology List outlined by the Symbols and Terminology Group and used as the basis for the
1987 Draft List distributed at the 18th ITTC in Kobe.
2. The Conference should urge the Technical Committees and individuals to contribute to
the completion of the List of Standard Symbols and should encourage the use of the
symbols and their further development in cooperation with the Symbols and Terminology
Group.
3. The Conference should decide to delay the review and update of the ITTC Dictionary
of Ship Hydodynamics and the official translations of this into principal languages until the
final Symbols and Terminology List is published in 1990.
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
Recommendations for the future work of the Group:

1. The Symbols and Terminology Group should continue cooperation with other
organizations to achieve a common agreement on symbols and terminology.
2. The Symbols and Terminology Group should continue to monitor and coordinate the
development of new symbols and terminology by the Technical Committees of the ITTC.
3. The Symbols and Terminology Group should complete the ITTC Standard Symbols and
Terminology List based on the 1987 Draft distributed at the 18th ITTC and distribute the
final version with Volume 1 at the Proceedings of the 19th ITTC.
Finally the 19th ITTC at Madrid adopted the following recommendations related to symbols:
Recommendations to the Conferences:
The 1990 version of the List of Standard symbols should be used as a working document
without the formal approval of the Conference.
Recommendations for the future work of the Group:
The SaT Group to put the computer compatible symbols on a more rational basis in order
to make them useful for data exchange puposes.
0.1.2
Activities
The SaT Group took up its work immediately after it was established having its first meeting at
Wageningen in October 1985, and coming up with the plan to produce the present draft of a
restructured and enlarged list of the ITTC Standard Symbols 1987. The first raw draft was
discussed at Berkeley in July 1986, the Draft 1987 published at the 18th ITTC in October 1987
at Kobe by the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, having been finalized at Trondheim in June
1987.
Work on various chapters has been continued by the 18th ITTC SaT Group and the results have
been distributed to the Technical Committees at the Kobe Conference together with the printed
Draft 1987.
The SaT Group of the 19th ITTC continued work on the Standard Symbols during meetings at
Genova in March 1988, at the Hague and Berlin in September 1988 and in August 1989 at
Trondheim, the 1990 version being completed at Genova in March 1990.
During this work, new and more rigorous requirements resulting from the proposed use of the
symbols in validation work and in data bases caused a reconsideration of the fundamental aspects.
Duplication of computer symbols had to be carefully traced and avoided, in order to permit
automatic handling of symbols in data bases.
In order to facilitate the handling of the List of Symbols the earlier version was retyped as a series
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
3
of WordPerfect files, which were available much too late for updating and were printed without
even having been proof read! Consequently, the goal of finalizing the symbols list before the 19th
ITTC at Madrid could not be reached. From the document itself it is evident that was less than
a draft.
The SaT Group of the 20th ITTC met at Madrid in September 1990, at Berlin in June 1991, at
Newcastle in May 1992 and at Genova in January 1993. The primary task after many years of
frustrations with the computerized list of symbols was to finally establish a computer implementation permitting direct expert corrections on a PC.
After the previous transscription into the WordPerfect files using the tabulator function the solution
was achieved by transformation to the table format. With the appropriate tools being available after
all the next task tackled was to correct all the misprints and to implement all the improvements
suggested by colleagues of member organisations and members of the SaT Group. The List of
Symbols as printed is now available on a floppy discs using the format of a WordPerfect 5.2
master document with the appropriate subdocuments, being themselves master documents according
to the structure of the list.
The main concern after this still rather traditional approach was to achieve the goal set out in the
Recommendations for the future work of the SaT Group, to put the computer symbols on a more
rational basis. And it soon became evident that the accomplishment of this task could only be
achieved by rigorously following the object oriented paradigma applied earlier in restructuring the
List of Symbols. The basic principles and rules behind this work are outlined in the following
chapters of this preface.
Two problems had to be solved: to maintain the traditional, in many ways inconsistent "Standard"
Symbols as an accepted interim and suggest new consistent symbols as alternatives. Some of these
are already used in computer work and SaT Group feels that due to their efficiency they will
sooner or later completely replace the traditional symbols as has the system of SI-Units the
traditional systems.
In view of the increasing demands concerning quality assurance systems the SaT Group felt that
the ITTC Symbols should no longer be called Standard Symbols as this name implies legal
obligations, which are not existent. The International Standard Organisation and corresponding
national organisations may at a later stage take measures to adopt the ITTC Symbols as a Standard
as was already intended with the earlier version; s. 0.5.3.
During the work to rationalize the computer compatible symbols for use in databases etc the SaT
Group became aware of a number of related efforts on an even more general level, which need to
be taken into account in the further development of the ITTC Symbols. As documented in the
Group Report to the 20th ITTC the development and and application of terminological databases
is dramatically increasing and has lead to a number of specialized workshops and symposia.
In the broadest sense terminological databases are basic for computer aided knowledge and science
engineering, which are developing at a breath taking pace. In order to meet the forthcoming
requirements the ITTC Symbols will have to be further rigorously rationalized. Compared to this
formidable task, which has only been started with the new object oriented structure of the Symbols
List, the transformation from the present table format into one of the rapidly developing
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
terminological database formats appears to be a minor task.

The software systems presently available do still not meet very basic requirements, as did the word
processors up to now, absorbing too much of the energy of the SaT Group which should have been
devoted to the symbols proper. While the problem of producing customized lists of symbols can
be solved rather easily, the much more interesting problem of deriving consistent submodels from
the general models of the complete list needs still much more development work.
At this stage, it is appropriate to acknowledge with thanks the tremendous work done by the former
Presentation and Information Committees and the Technical Committees in their respective fields.
It is only on the basis of their work that the task of the SaT Group could have been undertaken
and can be carried on. Last but not least a word of thanks is due to the great number of typists
who have at all stages contributed to the actual production of the document.
All the ITTC Communnity, the Technical Committees in particular are invited to contribute to the
continuing task of updating and further improvement.
0.1.3
Membership
The membership of the SaT Group as appointed by the 18th ITTC Executive Committee in May
1985 and re-appointed by the 19th ITTC Executive Committee in October 1987 is as follows:
Prof. Bruce Johnson (Chairman)
Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering Department
U.S. Naval Academy
Annapolis, MD 21402
USA
Phone +1 410 267 3871
Fax
+1 410 267 2591
Dr. David Clarke
Department of Marine Technology
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Phone +44 91 222 6721
Fax
+44 91 261 1182
Dr. Norihiro Matsumoto
Electronics Research Center
Nippon Kokan K.K.
1-1 Minamiwatarida-cho, Kawasaki-ku
Kawasaki 210
Japan
Phone +81 44 322 6276
Fax: +81 44 322 6523
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
Prof. Carlo Podenzana-Bonvino (Secretary)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale e Tecnologie
Marine (DINAV), Universita di Genova
Via Montallegro 1
16145 Genova
Italy
Phone +39 10 353 2426/2430
Fax
+39 10 353 2127
Prof. Michael Schmiechen
Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau
Mller-Breslau-Strasse (Schleuseninsel)
10623 Berlin
Germany
Phone +49 30 311 84 270
Fax
+49 30 311 84 200
Most of the members were re-appointed again by the Executive Committee in September 1990, Dr.
Matsumoto being followed by:
Prof. Michio Nakato
4-28-7 Kameyama-Minami
Asa-Kita
Hiroshima 731-02
Japan
Phone +81 82 814 5857
Fax
+81 82 814 7285
and as a new member was appointed:
Dr. Kostadin Yossifov
Bulgarian Ship Hydrodynamics Centre
9000 Varna
Bulgaria
Phone +359 52 776390
Fax
+359 52 772267
0.2
List of Symbols
0.2.1
Classification
The prime concern in setting up a revised and enlarged list of ITTC Standard Symbols was to
design an adequate system for the classification of concepts. As soon as the work started it became
clear that the outline proposed by the Information Committee of the 17th ITTC (Proc. 17th ITTC
(1984) Vol.1, p.56) had to be reconsidered in view of the problems encountered.
Subsequently the following design requirements and goals have been established:
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
6
1. produce a coherent document, meeting the present and possibly the future requirements
of the ITTC community in general and particular user groups
2. establish an open ended matrix structure that can be easily expanded as requirements
arise, without the need of restructuring and repetition or too many explicit cross-references
3. minimize departures from the well established and widely accepted previous list of
symbols
After a series of attempts to meet these requirements the structure as listed in the table of contents
evolved very much in line with the past development of the symbols, for instance by the High
Speed Craft Committee and others. The essential features are the subject areas of rather limited
scope, organized in an hierarchical order. Ideally each subject area represents a complete and
coherent model of that area under consideration, for example rigid body motion, hull geometry,
propulsor performance.
0.2.2
Structure
The concepts related to a given subject area or model are designated by the ITTC Symbol and
called by their Name. Their meaning can in principle only be concluded from the context of the
model, that is by coherent, so called 'implicit' definitions, to be derived from an explicit statement
of the model, ideally an axiomatic system or any equivalent, for example a drawing.
The problem is that traditionally in lists of symbols as in dictionaries these explicit models are
missing for various reasons. One reason is that many subject areas under discussion are far from
being developed and understood to the extent necessary. A consequence of this situation is that the
symbols proposed are not always as coherent as is necessary for advanced and systematic work,
where the explicit models and adequate notations area are a prerequisite.
The problem under discussion is of course the same in national and international standards. In
order to avoid the dilemma indicated, the ITTC Symbols should not only perpetuate past practice
and jargon but try to take the lead and step forward. This is particularly important in view of the
development trends in marine technology. In a rapidly changing world adequate tools are
prerequisite for efficient problem solving.
As expert system and knowledge engineering technologies evolve the importance of adequate
symbols and terminology is more widely acknowledged. The training of scientists working in the
terminology field is being offered by the standards organizations. Some of these activities have
been monitored but are felt to be lacking in clear-cut rules which may be readily understood and
applied in practice.
The original idea to add indices of symbols and names to the document had to be delayed as long
as adequate tools were missing. Now such an undertaking is felt to be still premature at the present
stage, as it requires the resolution of a number of additional problems, such as standardisation of
names.
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
0.2.3
Introduction
7
Organization
As has been emphasized the development of symbols is a continuing process and as the subject
develops, further amendments and additions, as approved by the Conference, will be included in
future editions of the list.
In order to avoid any extra problems the symbols are arranged in alphabetical order in each subject
area as in previous lists. Continuous page numbering was discarded in earlier versions. The idea
was to establish a loose leaf organization as the most appropriate, in view of new drafts to be
incorporated.
In view of the extremely powerful modern word processing systems the whole idea was discarded
and advantage was taken of the indexing cababilities etc. permitting efficient production of real
updates including in future additional explanations and sketches or drawings related to particular
sections where necessary, and as found in national and international standards.
But in view of the tremendous effort which explicit mathematical models, explanations, and
sketches take for their preparation, the present SaT Group has only started to consider guidelines
for these additions and has added only few examples of explanations to the present list. The
Technical Committees and other interested parties are urged to provide further material for review
by the SaT Group and future inclusion into the list.
It has been noted by the SaT Group that some users dislike the disruption of the list of symbols
by lengthly explanations. But the Group feels that the complexity of the subject and the sensible
use of the symbols require such explanations, the more so as the fundamentals of the theory of
science and terminology are not taught to students of naval architecture and marine engineering.
0.3
Principles of Notation
0.3.1
Objects: Quantities
Standard notations have to be adequate for the problems to be dealt with and preferably have to
be operational.
In general there is a body b, e. g. ship S or model M, in space s, referred to coordinates c with
origin o, and time t of which the values q of quantities of certain physical qualities Q are of
interest, i. e.
q = Q (b, s, c, o, t) ,
q is a variable for numerical values of quantities, while Q is a variable for functors constants,
quantities of qualities, e. g. of inertia, momentum, or energy.
In many cases the quantities in question are components of vectorial or tensorial quantities; and
should be denoted accordingly, s. 0.3.2.
Further, quite often various aspects of the same quantity are of interest, for example their spectra
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
8
or aspects of those, in simpler cases just their expectation or estimates of these, e. g. time averages,
all of them to be carefully distinguished; s. 0.3.3.
It should be evident, that the requirements concerning an adequate, operational notation are quite
demanding. At the same time it should be understood that it is worthwhile to create such a
notation, as waste of effort due to confusion of concepts may be reduced drastically.
The question is of course how far one wants to depart from current practice in order to cope with
this situation. The example of the standard notation used in chemistry may serve as a guideline.
In the present context, the typical objects or "elements" referred to are the values of quantities in
time or "signals". Consequently the symbols for the signals should be the primary symbol and
components and transforms should be denoted by sub- and superscripts, respectively.
0.3.2
Components: Subscripts
In view of vector and tensor components, it is felt that it is appropriate to introduce a simple tensor
notation at least for orthogonal coordinates. This helps to limit the number of symbols as it requires
only one symbol for the particular set of components in question. For example the various, say at
least two times thirty six "stability derivatives", i. e. generalized mass and damping, need not and
cannot be introduced individually.
If vector or tensor components, in general matrix components are conveniently denoted by
subscripts, the above situation thus becomes in more general terms
qij = Qij (b, s, c, o, t).

Numerical subscripts are truly operational in most algorithmic languages, which can handle
matrices, usually called one-, two-, or three-dimensional arrays.
0.3.3
Operators: Superscripts
Superscripts are traditionally used for exponentiation but can be generally used to denote operators;
the most satisfactory approach being the inverse Polish notation.
The advantage of this notation is that no brackets are required and operators are listed exactly in
the sequence in which they are applied to the signal. As has been done with the matrix notation
earlier this notation may in future be readily rendered operational in advanced software
environments, object oriented languages in particular.
For convenience the computer symbols and symbols used in data bases should exactly reflect this
notation in order to avoid any extra problems of translation. Consequently the earlier proposed
prefixes in the computer symbols have been changed to suffixes. As an example the real part of
the heave spectrum may be denoted as follows:
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
standard
X SR3
computer
data base
X SR(3) or X _SR(3) or X x SpRe(3) XSR3 or X _SR3 or X x SpRe3
The main problem in any case is to define symbols for operations and not for the results of the
operations. In order to have the most compact notation agreement should be reached concerning
a one character notation, and a corresponding two character notation for the computer symbols, for
well defined operations.
Due to the fact that it has not been possible to define symbols for concepts, qualifiers, operators
etc uniformly in terms of two characters the above example show the presently used techniques
to introduce separators. X and X x denote symbol variables, to be replaced by symbols proper in
any particular application.
If necessary the meaning of a operator symbol may depend on the context, i.e. its position with
respect to others and the object it operates upon. This generic use of symbols is of course very
efficient, but needs special care not to confuse concepts.
It is most important to note that in any case definitions of concepts or operations should not be
confused with operational definitions, i.e. methods for determination or measurement of values.
Separate identifiers have to be introduced in order to avoid confusion. A whole hierarchy of such
operators and qualifiers is necessary.
Some 'operator' symbols are proposed in the following chapter on fundamental concepts. They
concern
1. identifiers of the object being tested, e. g. ship S or model M, or the various bodies
in a multi-body problem,
2. identifiers of coordinate systems and of the reference points, not only forward and aft
perpendicular,
3. the various aspects of complex quantities,
4. the various aspects of spectra and
5. the various aspects of random quantities and stochastic processes.
So far no particular identifiers have been introduced for various estimators. As an example the
power spectra of stationary random processes may be estimated using Fourier techniques, as agreed
upon by the oceanographic institutes world wide, or by autoregressive model techniques, avoiding
systematic i. e. bias errors inherent in the first technique. Another example is the interpretation of
the conceptual frame-work of hull-propeller interaction based on propulsion, hull resistance, and
propeller open water tests or from the results of propulsion tests alone.
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
0.4
Details of Notation
0.4.1
Standard Symbols
10
The symbols in the first column of the tables are primarily intended for use in technical writing
and mathematical expressions. The following notes are relevant:
1. All symbols, their subscripts, and superscripts should be written as shown.
2. In a number of instances alternative symbols are given.
3. In many cases the symbols, their sub- and superscripts denote variables to be replaced
by symbols for any object, component and qualifier or operator, respectively.
4. Where for one reason or another departures from the standard symbols are made, these
departures should be clearly indicated and stated.
0.4.2
Computer Symbols
Wherever possible the symbols in the second column of the tables have been chosen so that their
meaning is readily apparent. They have been constructed from the CCITT International Telegraph
Alphabet, restricted character set. They are therefore suitable for use in a wide range of situations
e. g.: Telex messages, letters, computer printouts etc.
To ensure that the symbols can be used in a wide range of programming languages they currently
have been kept to less than six characters long. The symbols should be used as defined, and, in
accordance with modern programming practice, should have their type explicitly declared before
use. The following rules were applied in the derivation of the symbols:
1. Only upper case letter A - Z and digits 0 - 9 have been used.
2. Formerly Greek letters have been spelled out, if necessary in abbreviated form or with
changed spelling. This practice is considered obsolete.
3. The Froude 'circular' symbols are defined by the prefix CIRC.
4. All symbols start with a letter.
5. Qualifiers and operators, preferably two characters, are currently suffixed to the main
symbol line, without spacing.
6. No one computer compatible symbol should be used for different concepts in a given
context. This goal has not been completely achieved for the whole list. Ad hoc solutions
have been attempted but discarded as unsatisfactory.
7. Since the computer compatible symbols have been proposed as the basis of attribute
names for data exchanges, the above rules will probably be further developed in the near
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
11
future.
A final remark on the Computer Symbols: in the computer, the letter O and figure 0 (zero) have
fundamentally different meanings, but owing to their resemblance they can be easily confused.
Thus it is necessary to distinguish rigorously between them. As a matter of fact there are
contradictory conventions being widely used.
0.4.3
Names, Definitions, SI-Units
The third column in the tables contains the names of the concepts denoted by the symbols in the
first and the second columns, while the fourth column usually contains a definition, or a short
explanation where necessary. The last column gives the SI-Units for the concepts.
The dimensions of dimensionless quantities as well as their units are 1. They are measured in
counts or "absolute units", which sometimes are given names, e.g. rad, rev, but this practice, usual
in natural languages, is found to be not very useful in formal systems.
A number of concepts and their symbols are customarily defined and/or standardized differently
in different fields of application. The SaT Group cannot resolve all of these discrepancies, but
urges that in such cases the definitions and the units used are stated. Only a few examples having
been discussed may be mentioned.
While the SI-Units of angle and velocity are rad and meter/second, respectively, the traditional
units degree and knot are still widely used and clearly this situation will not change in the near
future. In the spectral description of real deterministic or stochastic processes spectra and power
spectra, respectively may be defined as double- or single-sided as functions of frequency or circular
frequency. Any of these difinitions has its particular advantages, but has to be clearly distinguished from the others.
A major step towards an unambiguous definition of the phase angle has been taken by explicitely
distinguishing phase lead and lag of complex quantities. Despite the fact that both have opposite
signs they are confused even in mathematically oriented standard textbooks!
0.5
References
0.5.1
ITTC Documents
1. International Towing Tank Conference, Standard Symbols 1971.

BSRA Technical Memorandum No.400, August 1971.
2. International Towing Tank Conference, Standard Symbols 1976.
BSRA T.M. No.500, 1976.
3. ITTC Dictionary of Ship Hydrodynamics.
RINA Maritime Technology Monograph No.6, 1978.
ITTC Symbols
Introduction
Version 1993
12
4. Translation of Overall Index of Titles of Dictionary of Ship Hydrodynamics.

Vol. 1: CETENA, Genova, 1984,
Vol. 2: University of Tokyo, 1984.
5. Bibliography and Proposed Symbols on Hydrodynamic Technology
as Related Model Tests of High Speed Marine Vehicles.
Prep. by 17th ITTC High-Speed Marine Vehicle Committee.
SPPA Maritime Research and Consulting. Rep. No.101, 1984.
0.5.2
Translations
A number of translations of the List of ITTC Standard Symbols into languages other than English
has been made including French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and Chinese. For
obvious reasons these translations are no longer up-to-date as the present accepted list in English.
1. French Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR).
2. International vereinbarte Buchstabensymbole und Bezeichnungen
auf dem Gebiet der Schiffshydrodynamik. Collatz, G.
Schiff und Hafen 27 (1975) No.10.
3. Italian Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971. Luise E.
Appendix II, Report of Presentation Committee.
Proceedings 14th ITTC, Vol. 4, Ottawa 1975.
4. Japanese Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols.
Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, No.538, April 1974.
5. Russian Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols 1971.
Brodarski Institute Publication No.28, Zagreb 1974.
6. Simbolos Internacionales en Arquitectura Naval.
Asociacion de Investigacion de la Construccion Naval,
Publication 7/75, Juli 1975, Madrid.
7. Report of Information Committee, Proc. 17th ITTC, Gteborg 1984.
8. Chinese Translation of ITTC Standard Symbols.
China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi.
0.5.3
Other References
Apart form the organizations represented on the ITTC these symbols have been recommended for
use in technical writing on naval architecture by a number of organizations concerned with marine
matters including The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, the American Society of Naval
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
Introduction
13
Architects and Marine Engineers and the American, British, Canadian, Australian, and Italian
Navies.
In 1985 the Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 7463 Shipbuilding - Symbols for Computer
Applications - has been published. The symbols are based on the list approved by the ITTC in
Ottawa 1975 and a related list produced by the ISSC in 1974, inconsistencies having been
removed. The ISO/TC8/SC15 has been notified that major changes of the ITTC Symbols are under
discussion. Subsequently processing of ISO/DIS 7463 has not been postponed, but the standard
has been published as ISO 7463 in 1990.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
1.1
1.1.1
Concepts in General
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
14
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
dv / dt
m/s2
s. Remark .1
a, a1
AC, A1
Linear or translatory
acceleration
A, AR,
AREA
Area in general
m2
B, BR
Breadth
C, FF2
FF(2)
Cross force
Force normal to lift and

drag (forces)
D, FF1
FF(1)
Drag (force)
Force opposing translatory

velocity, generally for a
completely immersed
body
d, D
D, DI
Diameter
E, EN
Energy
FC
Friction coefficient
Ratio of tangential force

to normal force between
two sliding bodies
FR
Frequency
1/T
F, F0
F, F0
Force
G, GR
Specific gravity force
DE
Depth
H, HT
Height
I, IN
Moment of inertia
L, LE
Length
m
J
1
Hz
N
W / m,
strength of the earth
gravity field, alias acceleration of gravity
Second order moment of a

mass distribution
m/s2
kg m2
m
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
L, FF3
FF(3)
Lift (force)
Force perpendicular to
translatory velocity
M, MA,
MASS
Mass
M, F1
M1, F1
Moment of forces
MO
Momentum
n, N
FR, N
Frequency of revolution
P, PO
Power
VF
Volume flow rate
r, R
RD
Radius
R, FF1
R, RE, FF(1) Resistance (force)
SP
Length along path
TI
Time
TE
Temperature
TC
Period
U, UN
Undisturbed velocity of a
fluid
v, V1
V, V1
Linear or translatory
velocity of a body
VO
Volume
WD
Weight density, formerly

specific weight
WT
Weight (force), gravity

force acting on a body
MR
Relative mass or weight
15
SIUnit
N
kg
First order moment of a

force distribution
Nm
Ns
Alias RPM!
Hz
W
m3/s
m
Force opposing translatory

velocity
N
m
s
K
Duration of a cycle of a
repeating or periodic, not
necessarily harmonic
process
m/s
ds / dt
m/s
m3
dW / dV
N/m3
N
Mass density of a substance divided by mass

density of distilled water
at 4C
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
16
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
EF, ETA
Efficiency
Ratio of powers,
s. Remark .2
DN, RHO
Mass density
dm / dV
ST, TAU
Tangential stress
SC
Scale ratio
SN, SIGS
Normal stress
FC, OMF
Circular frequency
2f
1/s
, V0
V0, OMN
Angular velocity
2n
rad/s
kg/m3
Pa
Ship dimension divided by

corresponding model
dimension
Pa
1.1.1.2 Balances
s. Remark .3
QQ
QU
Quantity of the quality

under consideration stored
in a control volume
Quality under consideration
QU/s
QC
QCF
Convective flux
QU/s
QD
QDF
Diffusive flux
QU/s
QF
QFL
Total flux across the

surface of the control
volume
QM
QDM
Molocular diffusion
QU/s
QP
QPN
Production of sources in the

control volume
QU/s
QS
QRT
Storage in the control

volume, rate of change of
the quantity stored
QT
QDT
Turbulent diffusion
Inward positive!
dq / dt
QU/s
QU/s
QU/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
17
SIUnit
1.1.1.3 Remarks
.1 Greek Symbols
For traditional reasons the computer symbols of the concepts denoted by Greek ITTC Symbols do
in general not refer to the concepts, but rather to the Greek symbol. This state of affairs is more
than unsatisfactory. The SaT Group feels that at the present stage it may be time for a radical
change.
An example is the efficiency, the universally accepted symbol being the Greek . The computer
symbol should of course be EF, instead of ETA.
Another example is the traditional symbol for circular frequency and angular velocity. Clearly
the computer symbols FC and V0, respectively, or similar would be much more reasonable than the
traditional symbols listed.
.2 Velocities, Forces
In the following sections more general concepts are proposed, which permit an even more rational
approach. Appropriate symbols for the linear and the angular velocity would be v 1 and v0 ,
respectively, in precisely that order! In terms of the generalized velocity v, the complete motion
with six degrees of freedom, the components of the angular velocity are then uniquely denoted by
v0i = v3+i with i = 1, 2, 3 and 'resulting' in the the computer symbols V0(I) = V(3+I), again with
I = 1, 2, 3; s. the following section on space related concepts and the section on rigid body motions.
Concerning the hydrodynamic forces acting on a body due to translatory motion only the rational
computer symbols are given. As a matter of fact this type of notation is used more and more in
various applications. The advantages need not to be elaborated upon.
.3 Efficiencies
The concept of efficiency or factor of merit is that of a ratio of powers, preferably powers proper,
but sometimes virtual powers are considered as well. The most appropriate notation for efficiencies
would therefore be the following with two indices, namely the identifiers of the two powers put into
proportion, i. e.
XY = PX / PY .
This notation together with the computer notation ETX Y would of course greatly improve the data
handling as it is truly operational.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
18
SIUnit
.4 Balances
Traditionally balances of various extensive or socalled "conservative" qualities or properties are

described by ad hoc symbols, disguising the similarities and essentials. For any quality Q enclosed
in a control volume the balance may be written in the format
QS = QF + QP ,
implying, that the net storage of the quality in a given boundary equals the net flux of the quality
across the boundary into the control volume and the net production of sources within the boundary.
The symbol Q is the variable for the symbol of the particular extensive qualitiy under investigation,
e. g. mass, momentum, and energy. QS, QF, and QP are variables for values of the storage, flux, and
production, respectively.
The net storage is nothing else but the net rate of change of the quantity q of the quality Q stored
in the control volume:
QS = dq / dt .
q is the variable for values of the quantity of the quality Q stored in the control volume.
Concerning the flux there are two types to be clearly distinguished according to their mechanisms,
the convective and the diffusive fluxes, i. e.
QF = QC + QD .
The diffusive flux itself may be due to two types of diffusion, the molecular diffusion and the
turbulent diffusion, i. e.
QD = QT + QM .
Traditionally the time rate of change is denoted by a dot, i. e.
dq / dt = q
According to some standards, e. g. the German DIN, fluxes and the productions may be denoted by
symbols with a dot as well, apparently due to the fact, that they have the same dimension as time
rates of change. This usage is misleading and confusing and therefore totally unacceptable.
The concepts of flux and source are fundamental concepts and essentially different, due to the totally
different nature of the mechanisms, from the concept of rate of change of the quantity they cause to
change, although they may each, in the absence of the other, be equal in value and balancing the rate
of change.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Concepts in General
Definition or
Explanation
19
SIUnit
Much more reasonable is to denote rate of change by an operator symbol as well, e. g. by R, as will
be done in this version of the symbols, and write any balance in the format
qR = QS = QC + QT + QM + QP ,
clearly indicating the four totally different physical mechanisms taking part in the change of any
quantities of extensive qualities.
If instead of the object oriented notation the function oriented notation is being used the balance
would e. g. look like
qR = S Q = C Q + TQ + M Q + P Q .
This is not very practical if the quality under consideration is of tensorial character or of even more
complex matrix nature.
QU is the variable for the SI unit of the quality Q under consideration.

It will become evident from this very elementary exposition that precisely the most fundamental
concepts are mostly used extremely carelessly. The concepts "variable", "quantity", and "quality" are
rarely clearly distinguished as they ought to be.
E. g.: momentum is a quality and a body may have stored a certain quantity of it at a given time.
M and MO are variables for vectors of numerical values of the quantity measured in Ns. t and TI
are variables for values of the quantity of the quality time measured in s .
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Space related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
Space Related Concepts
s. Remarks .1and .2
Any scalar quantity

distributed, maybe
singularly, in space
ds
S 0ij
S M0(I,J)
Zeroth order moment of a

scalar quantity
ijds =ijS
S 1ij
S M1(I,J)
First order moment of a

ikjxkds
scalar quantity,
formerly static moments of
a scalar distribution
S 2ij
S M2(I,J)
Second moment of a scalar klixljkm xmds

quantity, formerly moments
of inertia of a scalar
distribution
S uv
S (U,V)
Generalized moment of a
scalar quantity distributed
in space
s. Remark .3
S ij = S 0ij
S i, 3+j = S 1ijT
S 3+i, j = S 1ij
S 3+i, 3+j = S 2ij
T ij
T (I,J)
Tensor in space referred to T ijs + T ija

an orthogonal system of
Cartesian coordinates
fixed in the body
T ijA
T AS(I,J)
Anti-symmetric part of a
tensor
( T ij - T ji ) / 2
T ijS
T SY(I,J)
Symmetric part of a tensor
( T ij + T ji ) / 2
T ijT
T TR(I,J)
Transposed tensor
T ji
T ij v j
Tensor product
T ij v j
20
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.2
Version 1993
General Mechanics
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
ui, v i
U(I), V (I)
Any vector quantities
ui v i
UV PS
Scalar product
uiv i
ui v j
UV PD(I,J)
Diadic product
uiv j
uv
UV PV(I)
Vector product
ijkujv k
V 0i ,V i
V 0(I),V (I)
Zeroth order moments of a dvi

vector quantity distributed
in space, referred to an
orthogonal system of
Cartesian coordinates fixed
in the body
V 1i
V 1(I)
First order moments of a

vector distribution
ijkxjdv k
Vu
V (U)
Generalized vector
V i = V 0i
21
SIUnit
V 3+i = V 1i
x, x1
y, x2
z, x3
X, X(1)
Y, X(2)
Z, X(3)
Body axes and

corresponding Cartesian
coordinates
Right-hand orthogonal
system of coordinates fixed
in the body, s. Remark .2
x0, x01
y0, x02
z0, x03
X0, X0(1)
Y0, X0(2)
Z0, X0(3)
Space axes and

coordinates
in relation to the space, s.
Remark .2
xF, xF1
yF, xF2
zF, xF3
XF, XF(1)
YF, XF(2)
ZF, XF(3)
Flow axes and

coordinates
in relation to the flow, s.
Remark .2
ijk
EPS(I,J,K)
Epsilon operator
+1 : ijk = 123, 231, 312

- 1 : ijk = 321, 213, 132
0 : if otherwise
ij
DEL(I,J)
Delta operator
+1 : ij = 11, 22, 33
0 : if otherwise
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
22
SIUnit
1.1.2.2 Remarks
.1 Notation
The symbols s, S, T, u, v, V denote variables to be replaced by the symbols of the specific

quantities under consideration in any particular application.
The range of the operational indices i, j, k is from 1 to 3, while for the generalized concepts the
operational indices u, v, w range from 1 to 6.
.2 Coordinate systems
Orientation of cordinates
A problem of general interest, the orientation of the axes of coordinate systems, has been treated
extensively in the Report of the 17th ITTC Information Committee. For ready reference the
recommendation is quoted in the following.
"In order to adapt ITTC nomenclature to common practice a proposal for a standard coordinate
system was published in the newsletter No 7, March 1983, to generate discussion. The response was
quite diverse. On the one hand it was suggested that instead of the two orthogonal right handed
systems with the positive x-axis forward and the positive z-axis either up- or downward as proposed
only one system should be selected, in particular the one with the positve z-axis upwards. On the
other hand the attention of the Information Committee was drawn to the fact that in ship flow
calculations neither of the two systems proposed is customary. Normally the x-axis is directed in
the main flow direction, i.e. backwards, the y-axis is taken positive to starboard and the z-axis is
positive upwards. The origin of the co-ordinates in this case is usually in the undisturbed free
surface half way between fore and aft perpendicular.
In view of this state of affairs the Information Committee may offer the following recommendation,
if any:
Axes, coordinates
Preferably, orthogonal right handed systems of Cartesian co-ordinates should be used, orientation
and origin in any particular case should be chosen for convenience.
Body axes (x,y,z)
Coordinate systems fixed in bodies or ships.

For the definition of hull forms, for structural deflections, and exciting forces usually the x-axis
positive forward and parallel to the reference or base line used to describe the body's shape, the y-
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
23
SIUnit
axis positve to port, and the z-axis positive upwards.

For seakeeping and manoeuvring problems usually the x-axis as before the y-axis positive to
starboard, and the z-axis positive downwards, the origin customarily at the centre of mass of the
vehicle or at a geometrically defined position.
For ship flow calculations usually the x-axis positive in the main flow direction, i.e. backwards, the
y-axis positive to starboard,and the z-axis positive upwards, the origin customarily at the
intersection of the plane of the undisturbed free-surface, the centre plane, and the midship section.
Fixed or space axes (x0,y0,z0)
Coordinate systems fixed in relation to the earth or the water. For further references see ISO
Standard 1151/1 ...6: Terms and symbols for flight dynamics.
The Information Committee is aware that there may be other coordinate systems in use and sees
no possibility for the adoption of a single system for all purposes. Any problem requires an
adequate coordinate system and transformations between systems are simple, provided that
orientations and origins are completely and correctly documented for any particular case."
Origins of coordinates
In seakeeping and manoeuvring problems customarily the centre of mass of the vehicle is chosen
as the origin of the coordinates. This is in most cases not necessarily advantageous, as all the
hydrodynamic properties entering the problems are related rather to the geometries of the bodies
under investigation. So any geometrically defined point may be more adequate for the purposes at
hand.
.3 Generalized vector or 6-D notation
Most mechanical problems related to bodies moving in three dimensional space are six dimensional
due to the six degrees of freedom involved. Consequently it is extremely convenient to have an
appropriate notation available. Historically a symbolic 'motor' notation has been proposed and
successfully used by Richard von Mises (1924). Much later the operational notation ready for
computer applications adopted here has been independently developed (Schmiechen, 1962) and used
for the efficient solution of complex problems, including the motions of robots in flows
(Schmiechen, 1989) .
The basic idea is to combine the two vectorial balances for the translational momentum and the
rotational momentum, respectively, into only one 6-D balance of the generalized momentum, and
consequently to deal with generalized forces, i. e. loads, generalized velocities, i. e. motions,
generalized masses, i. e. inertia, etc. The generalized vectors, i. e. von Mises' motors, and the
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
24
SIUnit
generalized tensors are simple matrices of vectors and tensors, respectively. As ordinary vectors and
tensors their genralized counterparts obey certain transformation rules related to changes in the
orientations and the origins of the coordinate systems.
The introduction of this notation at this very early stage is of course in line with the object oriented
approach adopted and permitting an extremely efficient notation not only for the motions of bodies
in general but the seakeeping and manouvring of ships, the notation for which was so far in a quite
unacceptable state.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Time related Concepts
Definition or
Explanation
25
SIUnit
Time Related Concepts
sr, in Laplace variable
ADMP
Damping
FR
Frequency
fC
FC
Basic frequency in
repeating functions
1 / TC
Hz
fS
FS
Frequency of sampling
1 / TS
period in repeating spectra
Hz
Imaginary unit
sqrt(-1)
IM
Imaginary variable
Integer values
- ...+
Complex variable
exp(s TS)
Laurent transform
Complex variable
a + 2 if
Laplace transform
TI
Time
- ... +
tj
TI(J)
Sample time instances
j TS
TC
TC
Period of cycle
1 / fC
duration of cycles in
periodic, repeating
processes
TS
TS
Period of sampling
Duration between samples
Values of real quantities
x (t)
Hz
X (J)
Variables for samples

values of real quantities
Complex variable
1
i
Real "valued" function
xj
1/s
x (tj) = x (t)(t - tj)dt
1/s
s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
1.1.3.2 Complex Transforms
xA
XA
Analytic function
X A(t) = X (t) + iX H(t)
x DF
X DF
Fourier transform of
sampled function
X DF(f) = x jexp(-i2 fjTS)

i.e. periodically repeating
= X (0)/2 + fS X F(f + jfS)
sample theorem: aliasing!
x DL
X DL
Laurent transform
Sampled function
X DL(s) = x jex p(-sjTS)
xF
X FT
Fourier transform
X F(f) = X (t)exp(-i2 ft)dt

inverse form:
= X F(f)exp(-i2 ft)dt
if X (t) = 0 and a = 0 then
X F(f)=X L(f)
x Fj
X FT(J)
periodic function
1/TCX (t)exp(-i2 jt/TC)dt

t = 0 . . TC
X F = xFj(f - j/TC)
inverse form:
X (t) = x Fjexp(-i2 fjTC)
xH
X HT
Hilbert transform
X H(t) = 1/ X ()/(t - )d
x HF
X HF
Hilbert transform
X HF(f) = X F(f)(-i sgn f)

(1/t)F = -i sgn f
xL
X LT
Laplace transform
X L(s) = X (t)exp(-st)dt
if X (t<0) = 0 then
= (X (t)exp(-at))F
xR
X RT
Laurent transform
X R(r) = x jr-j=X DL
xS
XS
Single-sided complex
spectra
X S(f) = X F(f)(1 + sgn f)

= X AF
i.e. = 0 for f < 0
x Sj
X S(J)
Single-sided complex
Fourier series
X Fj(1 + sgn j)
line spectra
26
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
27
SIUnit
1.1.3.3 Complex Quantities
za
Z AM
Amplitude
mod(z ) = sqrt(z r2+z i2)
zc
Z RE
Real or cosine component
z c = real(z ) = z acos(z p)
zi
Z IM
Imaginary or sine
component
imag(z ) = z asin(z p) = z s
zj
Z CJ
Conjugate
z r - iz i
zl
Z LG
(Phase) Lag
- zp
zp
Z PH
Phase
arc(z ) = arctg(z i / z r)
zr
Z RE
Real or cosine component
real(z ) = z acos(z p) = z c
zs
Z IM
Imaginary or sine
component
z s = imag(z ) = z asin(z p)
1.1.3.4 Remarks
.1 Fourier transforms and spectra
The notation proposed has proved to be adequate for "real" problems at hand, these notes giving
some useful background information in the most concise form.
The complex "values" may be quantities of any "complexity", e.g. tensors, matrices, and tensors of
matrices as e.g. encountered in 6-D parameter identification.
The uniform use of the "natural" frequency instead of artifical circular frequency has the advantage
that no factors are occuring in the Fourier transform pair.
.2 Group properties
The Fourier and Hilbert transforms are the unit elements of cyclic groups with the following
properties:
X (t)F = X F(f), X F(f)F = X (-t),
X (-t)F = X F(-f),
X F(-f)F = X (t)
X (t)H = X H(t), X H(t)H = -X (t), -X (t)H = -X H(t), -X H(t)H = X (t) .

Consequently among others the following fundamental relations hold:
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
28
SIUnit
F4 = H4 = 1.
.3 Fourier series
Due to the fact that in most cases only real functions and single-sided spectra are used the usual
format of the Fourier series is
X (t) = real( xSj exp(i2 jt/TC) = xScj cos(2 jt/TC) + xSsj sin(2 jt/TC)
The reason for this step is that the spectra are in fact Fourier transforms not of the real function
being studied but of the corresponding analytic function.
For ready reference the following formulae are given
xS j = xFj (1 + sgn j)
xFc = 1/TC X (t) cos(2 jt/TC)dt
xFs = 1/TC X (t) sin(2 jt/TC)dt
where the integration has to be extended over the cycle TC .
.4 Causal functions
Causal functions, defined by
X (t<0) = 0,
are conveniently expressed as
X (t) = X e(t)(1 + sgn t)

with the even function
X e(t) = (X (t) + X (-T))/2.

Noting the property
X eF = X Fr
the Fourier transform
X F = X eF - iX eFH
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
29
SIUnit
leads to the relations
X Fi = -X FrH, i.e. X FiF(t) = -X FrF(t)(-i sgn t)

and, taking advantage of the group properties,
X Fr = +X FiH, i.e. X FrF(t) = +X FiF(t)(-i sgn t).

These relationships are known under various names and guises, the derivations sometimes obscured
by irrelevant or misleading arguments., the worst being hydrodynamic.
.5 Minimal phase functions
From the format
X F = X Faexp(iX Fp)
the logarithm
ln(X F) = ln(X Fa) + iX Fp
is derived and it can be proved that the relations
X Fp = - (ln(X Fa))H, i.e. X FpF(t) = - (ln(X Fa))F(t)(-i sgn t)

and
ln(X Fa) = +X FpH, i.e. (ln(X Fa))F(t) = +X FpF(t)(-i sgn t)
hold for phase minimal functions; s.e.g. Papoulis, A.: The Fourier Integral and Its Applications.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
.6 Spectral estimates
While for periodic functions the estimation of Fourier transforms, spectra, etc. can be efficiently
performed by fast Fourier algorithms (FFA) the same is not true in general. Due to neccessary
truncation FFT will in general produce results with systematic errors. These are a consequence of
the implied periodic repetition, which in most cases is simply inadequate.
In these cases only autoregressive model techniques lead to unbiased estimates of the transforms.
The reason is that these models provide proper harmonic descriptions of the truncated record; s.e.g.
Childers, D.G.: Modern spectrum analysis. New York: IEEE Press, 1978.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
30
SIUnit
In any case the algorithm used has to be clearly identified, possibly by reference to a full
description or, ideally and unambiguously, a subroutine. At this stage it appears premature to try
and introduce standard symbols for various standard procedures.
So far standard procedures not been agreed upon by the ITTC community, but in the near future
it will be necessary to do so in order to arrive at comparable results. Agreement should not be
reached by "vote", as has been tried by Ocean Engineeering Committee. The standard adopted by
the hydrographic institutes for the estimation of power spectra is in general quite disputable as well.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.1.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Stochastic Processes
Definition or
Explanation
Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes
s. Remark .1 and .2
1.1.4.1 Random Quantities
gE, gM, gMR
GMR
Expected value of a
function of a random
quantity
E(g) = g(x )fx(x )dx

x = - ...
x, y
X, Y
Random quantities
x (), y ()
x i, y i
X (I), Y (I)
Samples of random
quantities
i = 1... n
n : sample size
x mE
X mMR
m-th moment of a random

quantity
x mE
x D, x DR, x
X DR
Standard deviation of a
random quantity
x VR 1/2
x DS, sx
X DS
Sample deviation of a
random quantity
x VS 1/2,
unbiased random estimate
of the standard deviation
xx R, xx MR,
Rxx
X X MR
Auto-correlation of a
random quantity
x xE
xy R, xy MR,
Rxy
X Y MR
Cross-correlation of two
random quantities
x yE
x E, x M , x MR,
x
X MR
Expectation or population E(x )

mean of a random quantity
x A, x MS, mx
X MS
Average or sample mean

of a random quantity
1/n x i , i = 1...n
of the expectation with
x AE = x E
x VSE = x V / n
x PD, fx
X PD
Probability density of a
random quantity
d F x / dx
xy PD, fxy
X Y PD
Joint probability density of 2 Fxy / (x y )

two random quantities
31
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.4
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
32
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
x PF, Fx
X PF
Probability function
(distribution) of a random
quantity
xy PF, Fxy
X Y PF
Joint probability function

(distribution) function of
two random quantities
x V, x VR, xx VR X VR, X X VR Variance of a random

quantity
x2 E - xE 2
x VS, xx VS
X VS, X X VS Sample variance of a

random quantity
1/ (n - 1) (x i - x A)2
i = 1...n
of the variance
x VSE = x V
xy V, xy VR
X Y VR
x yE - xE yE
Variance of two random

quantities
Outcome of a random
"experiment"
1.1.4.2 Stochastic Processes
M(g(t)) = lim(1/T g(t)dt)

t =-T/2 ... +T/2
T =- ... +
gMR
GMR
Mean of a function of a
random quantity
gMS
GMS
Average or sample mean of A(g(t)) = 1/T g(t)dt

a function of a random
t =0 ... +T
quantity
x, y
X, Y
Stationary stochastic
process
x (,t), y (,t)
xx C, xx CR, Cxx X X CR
Auto-covariance of a
(x (t) - x E)(x (t + ) - x E)E
stationary stochastic process
xy C, xy CR, Cxy X Y CR
Cross-covariance of two
stationary stochastic
processes
(x (t) - x E)(y (t + ) - y E)E
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
xx R, xx RR, Rxx X X RR
Name
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
Auto-correlation of a
x (t)x (t + )E = Rxx()
stationary stochastic process
Rxx() = Rxx(-)
if x is ergodic:
Rxx() = x (t)x (t + )MR
Rxx() = Sxx( )cos()d
= 0 ...
xy R, Rxy
X Y RR
Cross-correlation of two
stationary stochastic
processes
x (t)y (t + )E = Rxy()
Ryx() = Rxy(-)
if x , y are ergodic:
Rxy() = x (t)y (t + )MR
xx S, Sxx
X X SR
Power spectrum or
autospectral power density
of a stochastic process
xx RRSR
xy S, Sxy
X Y SR
Cross-power spectrum of
two stationary stochastic
processes
xy RRSR
TICV
Covariance or correlation
time
Outcome of a random
"experiment"
1.1.4.3 Probability Operators
A, MS
MS
Average, sample mean
C, CR
CR
Population covariance
CS
CS
Sample covariance
D, DR
DR
Population deviation
DS
DS
Sample deviation
E, M, MR
MR
Expectation, population
mean
PD
PD
Probability density
33
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
1
1.1
1.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
PF
PF
Probability function
SR
(Power) Spectrum
SS
SS
Sample spectrum
R, RR
RR
Population correlation
RS
RS
Sample correlation
V, VR
VR
Population variance
VS
VS
Sample variance
General Mechanics
Definition or
Explanation
34
SIUnit
1.1.4.4 Remarks
.1 Concepts
An adequate introduction into the conceptual world of "Probability, Random Variables (Quantities!),
and Stochastic Processes" is provided by A. Papoulis in his book with that same title.
.2 Estimates
Apart of the fundamental theory of probability with its concepts outlined here, in practice the
theory of statistics is necessary, providing for the estimation of probabilities and or their parameters,
e.g. expected values. In any case these estimates are at best free of bias, but they are random
variables themselves and as such clearly distinct from the quantities for which they are estimates.
In the solution of real problems it is absolutely mandatory to account for this distinction. As the
most important quantities of this type the sample mean and the sample variance have been
introduced. It is important to note that as a matter of fact the terminology is still not standardized.
The foregoing symbols and terminology are proposed in an attempt to provide tools for the tasks
at hand in sytems identification and in quality assurance.
.3 Sample Variance
It should be noted that in contrast to the practice elsewhere the sample variance is not defined as
average of the squared sample deviations from the sample average. This provides for an unbiased
estimate of the variance and the standard deviation right away. In some text books and some
software packages the definition of the sample variance is different from the one proposed here. So
care is necessary if unbiased estimates for small samples are being determined.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
1.2
1.2.1
Inertial properties
General Mechanics
Properties
Definition or
Explanation
35
SIUnit
s. Remarks
Ix , Ixx ,
m211 ,
m44
IX, IXX,
M2(1,1),
MA(4,4)
Roll moment of inertia

around the principal axis x
kg m2
Iy , Iyy ,
m222 ,
m55
IY, IYY,
M2(2,2),
MA(5,5)
Pitch moment of inertia

around the principal axis y
kg m2
Iz , Izz ,
m233 ,
m66
IZ, IZZ,
M2(3,3),
MA(6,6)
Yaw moment of inertia

around the principal axis z
kg m2
Ixy , I12
Iyz , I23
Izx , I31
IXY, I2(1,2) Real products of inertia in

IYZ, I2(2,3) case of non-principal axes
IZX, I2(3,1)
kg m2
kx, kxx
RDGX
Roll radius of gyration

(Ixx/m)1/2
around the principal axis x
ky, kyy
RDGY
Pitch radius of gyration

(Iyy/m)1/2
around the principal axis y
kz, kzz
RDGZ
Yaw radius of gyration

around the principal axis z
(Izz/m)1/2
MA
mass
kg
m0ij ,
mij
M0(I,J),
MA(I,J)
Zeroth moments of mass,

mij = m ij
i.e. inertia distribution, mass
tensor
kg
m1ij
M1(I,J)
First moments of mass, i.e. Alias static moments of

inertia distribution
mass
kg m
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Properties
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
m2ij ,
Iij
M2(I,J),
IN(I,J)
Second moments of mass,

i.e. inertia distribution
Alias mass moments of

inertia
Muv
MA(U,V)
Generalized mass, i. e.
generalized inertia tensor
of a (rigid) body referred
to a body fixed coordinate
system
Mij = M0ij
Mi, 3+j = M1Tij
M3+i, j = M1ij
M3+i , 3+j = M2ij
36
SIUnit
kg m2
1.2.1.2 Remarks
.1 Notation
The operational indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the indices u, v ,w of the generalized tensors from
1 to 6.
Refer to 1.1.2 Space Related Concepts for definition of generalized concepts.
.2 Reference Points
In any particular case the orientation and the origin of the coordinate system have to be specified and
indicated, if necessary. If the coordinate system coincides with the principal axes system the
generalized tensor has only components in the main diagonal, the first order moments as well as the
real moments of inertia are vanishing.
While this aspect may be of interest in cases, where the translational and rotational motions may be
considered as uncoupled, as in the case of gravitational forces acting alone acting on a solid body,
or for qualitative considerations, where this condition holds at least approximately, it is not at all
important for computational purposes. Quite to the contrary it requires the extra, in general
unnecessary operation of transformation to the principal axes of the inertia tensor. Due to the
hydrodynamic forces the translational and the rotational motions can in general not be considered
from each other in the ordinary way just by construction of a special reference point.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.2.2
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Forces
Name
Definition or
Explanation
37
SIUnit
Loads
s. Remark .1
1.2.2.1 External Loads
s. Remark .2
Fu
F(U)
Force, generalized, load,

in body coordinates
MFu = MMu
Fi = F0i
F3+i = F1i
gu
G(U)
Gravity field strength,

generalized, in body
coordinates
gi = g1i
g3+i = 0
gi
G1(I)
Gravity field strength,

in body coordinates!
m/s2
K, Mx ,
F11 , F4
K, M(1),
F1(1), F(4)
Moment around body axis x
Nm
M, My ,
F12 , F5
M, M(2),
F1(2), F(5)
Moment around body axis y
Nm
N, Mz ,
F13 , F6
N, M(3),
F1(3), F(6)
Moment around body axis z
Nm
X, Fx ,
F01 , F1
X, FX,
F0(1), F(1)
Force in direction of body

axis x
Nm
Y, Fy ,
F02 , F2
Y, FY,
F0(2), F(2)

axis y
Nm
Z, Fz ,
F03 , F3
Z, FZ,
F0(3), F(3)

axis z
Nm
Gu
G(U)
Gravity or weight force,

generalized, in body coordinates!
Gu = muv gv
G 0i , G i
G0(I)
Gravity or weight force

Gi = G0i = m0ij gj
= mgi
G1i
G1(I)
Gravity or weight moment

G3+i = G1i = ikj xk G0j

= m1ij gj
N
Nm
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
UNQ
Load per unit length
WPUL
Weight per unit length
General Mechanics
Forces
Definition or
Explanation
38
SIUnit
N/m
dW / dx1
N/m
1.2.2.2 Sectional Loads
s. Remark .3
FSu
FS(U)
Force or load acting at a

FSi = FS0i
given planar cross-section FS3+i = FS1i = MBi
of the body, generalized, in
section coordinates!
FSi
FS(I)
Shearing force
FT
FT,
FS(1)
Tensioning or normal force FS01
MBi
MB(I)
Bending moment
MT
MT,
MB(1)
Twisting or torsional
moment
FS02 , FS03
FS12 , FS13
FS11
N
Nm
N
N
Nm
Nm
1.2.2.3 Remarks
.1 Operational Indices
The operational vector and tensor indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the corresponding indices u, v
, w for their generalized counterparts range from 1 to 6.
.2 Momentum Balance
For the fundamental balance of quantities of extensive qualities see Section 1.1.1 on Fundamental
Concepts and the Remarks on Balances. For definition of the generalized concepts see Section
1.1.2 on Space Related Concepts.
According to the fundamental balance of extensive quantities applied to momentum two different
types of 'external' forces have to be distinguished, namely the momentum flux across the
boundaries, in the case of solid bodies by molocular diffusion only, i. e. stresses, the socalled
surface forces, and the momentum sources in the volumes of the bodies, the socalled volume forces.
In the usual applications the weight is the only momentum source, while all other forces acting on
a body, distributed over the surface or concentrated, may be considered as surface forces.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Forces
Definition or
Explanation
39
SIUnit
.3 Sectional Loads
Sectional loads are surface loads, i. e. moments of stresses due to molecular momentum fluxes
across the section. Sectional loads are only meaningful relative to the coordinates of the section,
on which they act. If the components are referred to body coordinates as usual, this implies sections
normal to the longitudinal axis. The former terminology referring to horizontal and vertical shear
forces and bending moments is to be considered obsolete even in this context. Lateral and normal
are the appropriate names in the context of body coordinates.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Definition or
Explanation
40
SIUnit
Rigid Body Motions
1.2.3.1 Motions
p , x ,
v01 , v4
P, OMX,
V0(1), V(4)
Angular velocity around

body axis x
rad/s
q , y ,
v02 , v5
Q, OMY,
V0(2), V(5)

body axis y
rad/s
r , z ,
v03 , v6
R, OMZ,
V0(3), V(6)

body axis z
rad/s
u , vx ,
v11 , v1
U, VX,
V1(1), V(1)
Translatory velocity in the

direction of body axis x
m/s
v , vy ,
v12 , v2
V, VY,
V1(2), V(2)

direction of body axis y
m/s
w , vz ,
v13 , v3
W, VZ,
V1(3), V(3)

direction of body axis z
m/s
vu
V(U)
Components of generalized vi = v1i

velocity or motion relative v3+i = v0i
s.Remark .2
to body axes
m/s
rad/s
p
q
r
PR
QR
RR
Rates of change of
components of angular
velocity relative to body
axes
s.Remark .3
rad/s2
u
v
w
UR
VR
WR
Rates of change of
components of linear
velocity relative to body
axes
s. Remark .3
m/s2
AA
Angular acceleration
d /dt
rad/s2
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Name
Definition or
Explanation
41
SIUnit
1.2.3.2 Attitudes
s.Remark .4
AT
ALFA
Angle of attack
The angle of the

longitudinal body axis from
the projection into the
principal plane of symmetry
of the velocity of the origin
of the body axes relative to
the fluid, positive in the
positive sense of rotation
about the y-axis
rad
DR
BET
Angle of drift or side-slip
The angle to the principal

plane of symmetry from the
velocity vector of the origin
of the body axes relative to
the fluid, positive in the
positive sense of rotation
about the z-axis
rad
RO
GAMR
Projected angle of roll or

heel
The angular displacement

about the xo axis of the
principal plane of symmetry
from the vertical, positive
in the sense of rotation
about the xo axis
rad
X(4), RO,
PHIR
Angle of roll, heel or list
Positive starboard side

down
rad
X(5), TR,
TETP
Angle of pitch or trim
Positive bow up
rad
X(6), YA,
PSIY
Angle of yaw, heading or

course
Positive bow to starboard
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.2
1.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Rigid Body Motions
Definition or
Explanation
42
SIUnit
1.2.3.3 Remarks
.1 Operational Indices
The operational vector and tensor indices i, j, k range from 1 to 3, the corresponding indices u, v
, w for their generalized counterparts range from 1 to 6.
.2 Angular Velocities
The operational ("exponential") notation for the linear and angular velocities reflects the fact that
the angular velocity of a rigid body is independent of the reference point, while the linear velocity
changes with the change of reference point.
.3 Time Rates of Change
The computer symbols for the time derivatives have been either DXDT or XDOT, both being very
unsatisfactory. The notation proprosed is X RT etc for "x rate", in full "x time rate of change". See
1.1.1.3 on Balances.
.4 Angles
The proposed computer symbols for the various angles are an attempt to get away from the old
cryptic notation. The Euler angles roll, pitch, and yaw are evidently to be considered as the natural
extension of the position vector to the generalized position vector. It has of course to noted that
contrary to the translatory motion the rotational motion can not directly integrated to obtain the
attitudes in question.
Further, if extreme motions are to be considered the Euler angles may be not adequate for
computational purposes, e. g. in numerical simulations, as the corresponding matrix of the directions
cosines can become singular. This problem can be avoided if Euler parameters (quaternions) are
employed.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
1.3
Fluid Mechanics
1.3.1
Flow Parameters
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Name
Definition or
Explanation
(E / )1/2
43
SIUnit
1.3.1.1 Fluid Properties
CS
Velocity of sound
m/s
EL
Modulus of elasticity
CK
Kinematic capillarity
VI
Viscosity
VK
Kinematic viscosity
DN, RHO
Density
CA
Capillarity
Surface tension per unit

length
Pa
/
m3/s2
kg/ms
m2/s
kg/m3
kg/s2
s. Remark .1
Bn
BN
Boussinesq number
V / (g RH)1/2
Cn
CN
Cauchy number
V / (E / )1/2
Fn
FN
Froude number
V / (g L)1/2
Fnh
FH
Froude depth number
V / (g h)1/2
Fn
FV
Froude displacement
number
V / (g
Mn
MN
Mach number
V/c
Rn
RN
Reynolds number
VL/
Sn
SN
Strouhal number
fL/V
Tn
TN
Thoma number
Wn
WN
Weber number
1/3 1/2
1
V2 L /
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Name
Definition or
Explanation
44
SIUnit
1.3.1.3 Boundary conditions
HK
Roughness height or
magnitude
Roughness height, usually

in terms of some average
ks
SK
Sand roughness
Mean diameter of the

equivalent sand grains
covering a surface,
s. Remark .2
RH
RH
Hydraulic radius
Area of section divided by

wetted perimeter
1.3.1.4 Remarks
.1 Flow parameters
The ITTC notation for the flow parameters is not in accordance with that of Physics in general and
somewhat redundant, but the SaT Group feels that the usage is so established now that there is no
chance for a change.
The flow parameters are the normalised fluid properties, although mostly not written in that way.
E. g. the inverse of the Reynolds number is the normalized viscosity
n = / ( U L ) = 1 / R n ,
with the reference quantities , U and L for steady motion problems. For other problems other
reference quantities may be more appropriate.
The Cauchy number is not identical with the Mach number. The modulus of elasticity entering is not
that of the fluid but that of an elastic structure in the flow.
The search for "characteristic" reference quantities is a matter of physical argument or the evaluation
of experiments, i. e. is a matter either of previous knowledge or a cura posterior. Dimensional
analysis does not provide any apriory arguments!
The usage of scale factor in model testing relates full scale and model scale. A scale factor in
absolute physical terms would be the normalized length
Ln = (Rn / Fn)2/3 = L g1/3 / 2/3 .
.2 Sand roughness
Although still widely used to characterize the roughness of a surface it is now well understood that
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Parameters
Definition or
Explanation
45
SIUnit
sand roughness and the resulting roughness resistance are not typical for technical surfaces, ships'
surfaces in particular.
So far no sound correlation between the surface description and the additional resistance has been
established.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.2
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Name
Definition or
Explanation
46
SIUnit
Flow Fields
1.3.2.1 Velocities etc
s. Remark .1
e
ED
Density of total flow

energy
V2 / 2 + p + g h
fi
FS(I)
Mass specific force
Strength of force fields,

usually only gravity field gi
m/s2
HS
Static pressure head
z0 ,
z0-axis positive vertical up!
HT
Total head
e / w = h +p/w +q/w
PR, ES
Pressure, density of static

flow energy
Pa
p0
P0
Ambient pressure in
undisturbed flow
Pa
PD, EK
Density of kinetic flow

energy, dynamic pressure
V2 / 2
QF,
QFLOW
Rate of flow
Volume passing across a

control surface in time unit
sRij
SR(I,J)
Turbulent or Reynolds
stress
vivjCR
Pa
sij
ST(I,J)
Total stress tensor
Density of total diffusive

momentum flux due to
molecular and turbulent
exchange
Pa
sVij
SV(I,J)
Viscous stress
u, vx ,v1
v,vy ,v2
w,vz ,v3
VX, V1
VY, V2
VZ, V3
Velocity component in
direction of x, y, z axes
m/s
vi
V(I)
Velocity
m/s
VA
Velocity
V0
V0
Velocity of undisturbed
flow
Pa
Pa
m3/s
Pa
V = vivi1/2
m/s
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Name
Definition or
Explanation
47
SIUnit
1.3.2.2 Circulation etc

n
CN
Nomalized circulation
/ ( D V)
is frequently omitted
ID
Induction factor
Ratio between velocities

induced by helicoidal and
by straight line vortices
VD
Vortex density
Strength per length or per

area of vortex distribution
m/s
CC
Circulation
V ds
along a closed line
PO
Potential function
SF
Stream function
m2/s
m2/s
= const
m3/s
is the equation of a stream

surface
1.3.2.3 Remarks
.1 Equation of Motion
The universal equation of motion for any continuum in space is the balance of mass specific
momentum vi , the Cauchy equation, in Cartesian coordinates,
dt vi = (t +vj j) vi = (t vi +vj j vi) = j sji + fi ,
which can be derived if the balance of mass density , the equation of continuity
d t = ( t + v j j ) = t + v j j = - j v j
is taken into account.
The notation used for differentiation is evidently
dt = d / dt ,
t = / t ,
i = / xi .
Further Einstein's summing convention is conveniently implied:
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
x i y i = i x i y i ,
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Flow Fields
Definition or
Explanation
48
SIUnit
i = 1, 2, 3 .
In hydrodynamics incompressibility is a further adequate idealisation and consequently the universal

equations reduce to the two equations
dt vi = (t vi + vj j vi) = j sji + fi ,
j vj = 0 .
In addition the balance of moments requires that the stress tensor is symmetric
sji = sij ,
(Boltzmann's axiom). The stress consists of three constituents: the pressure term, the stress proper,
and the Reynolds stress:
sji = - p ji +sVij + vjviCR .
The first two terms represent the molecular diffusion of momentum, the last term the turbulent
diffusion.
.2 Constitutive Laws
Only at this stage the individual properties of fluids have to be introduced through constitutive laws,
i. e. the laws for the stress tensor s. Newtonian fluids, i. e. incompressible linear viscous fluids, are
defined by the law
sVij = i vjS = (i vj + j vi) / 2 .
Introducing the stress terms with the constitutive law into the universal Cauchy's equation results in
the "Reynolds averaged" Navier-Stokes equation (RANSE) in its kinematic form
dt vi = tvi + vj j vi = - i p/ + j j vi + j vjviCR + gi .
Apart of the equation of continuity the closure of the problem requires further "constitutive"
equations for the turbulent Reynolds stresses, the socalled turbulence models and, even worse,
boundary conditions including details of the surface structure, i. e. roughness.
A very popular turbulence model is the k- model, with two balances for the density of the turbulent
energy k and its dissipation , respectively. There are fundamental investigations under way to
construct more advanced models in accordance with the rational theory of constitutive laws.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.3
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Lifting Surfaces
Name
Definition or
Explanation
b cm
49
SIUnit
Lifting Surfaces
1.3.3.1 Geometry
m2
AP
Planform area
SP
Wing span
cm
CHME
Mean chord length
ct
CHTP
Tip chord length
cr
CHRT
Root chord length
ANFL
Flap deflection angle
rad
ANSL
Slat deflection angle
rad
ANSW
Sweep angle
rad
TA
Taper ratio
ct / cr
AS
Aspect ratio
b2 / A
m
A/b
1.3.3.2 Sectional coefficients
CD
CDSE
Section drag coefficient
CDI
CDSE
Section induced drag

coefficient
CL
CLSE
Section lift coefficient
CM
CMSE
Section moment coefficient
1.3.3.3 Flow angles etc
vI
VI
Induced velocity
m/s
VT
VT
Resultant velocity of
flow approaching a
hydrofoil
Taking vortex induced

velocities into account
m/s
AA,
ALFA
Angle of attack or incidence
Angle between the direction

of undisturbed relative flow
and the chord line
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.3
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Lifting Surfaces
50
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
AAEF,
ALFE
Effective angle of attack

or incidence
The angle of attack relative

to the chord line including
the effect of induced
velocities
rad
AAGE,
ALFG
Geometric angle of
attack or incidence
The angle of attack relative

to the chord line neglecting
the effect of induced
velocities
rad
AAHY,
ALFI
Hydrodynamic angle
of attack
In relation to the position at

zero lift
rad
AAID,
ALFS
Ideal angle of attack
For thin airfoil or hydrofoil,

angle of attack for which
the streamlines are tangent
to the mean line at the
leading edge. This condition
is usually referred to as
"shock-free" entry or
"smooth"
rad
AAZL
ALF0
Angle of zero lift
Angle of attack or incidence

at zero lift
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Boundary Layers
Definition or
Explanation
51
SIUnit
Boundary Layers
s. Remark .1
1.3.4.1 Twodimensional Boundary Layers
Cf
CFL
Skin friction coefficient
/ ( Ue2 / 2)
CQF
Entrainment factor
1 / (Ue dQ / dx)
HBL
Boundary layer shape

parameter
* /
HE
HQF
Entrainment shape
parameter
( - *) /
PR
Static pressure
Pa
PT
Total pressure
Pa
QF
Entrainment
b
U dy
a
R *
RDELS
Reynolds number based

on displacement thickness
U * / or Ue * /
RTHETA
Reynolds number based

on momentum thickness
U / or Ue /
UFL
Velocity fluctuations in
boundary layer
m/s
us
UFLS
Root mean square value

of velocity fluctuations
m/s
u+
UPLUS
UTAU
Shear (friction) velocity
Um
UMR
Time mean of velocity in

boundary layer
m/s
Ui
UIN
Instantaneous velocity
m/s
UFS
Free-stream velocity far

from the model
m/s
Ue
UE
Velocity at the edge of the

boundary layer at y=995
m/s
U / u
( / )1/2
m2/s
1
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.4
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Boundary Layers
Definition or
Explanation
52
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
UDEF
Velocity defect in boundary (Ue- U) / u

layer
y+
YPLUS
BETE
Equilibrium parameter
995
DEL
Thickness of a boundary
layer at U=0.995Ue
*, 1
DELS
Displacement thickness of
boundary layer
(Ue- U) / Ue dy
CD
Clauser thickness
(Ue- U) / u dy
Von Karman constant
0.41
PRGR
Pressure gradient parameter 99 / ( dUe / dx)
*, **
ENTH
Energy thickness
(U / Ue) (1 - U2 / Ue2)dy
THETA
Momentum thickness
(U / Ue) (1 - U / Ue)dy
TAUW
Shear stress at a wall
(U / y)y=0
Pa
y u /
* / (w dp / dx)
1
m
1.3.4.2 Remarks
.1 Future work
In future the section should have an additional subsection on threedimensional boundary layers. And
both subsections should be structured as follows:
Basic Concepts,
Differential Formulation,
Integral Formulation.
The Restistance and Flow Committee is strongly urged to provide a complete revision of the whole
chapter along this line and accordance with the general concepts put forward.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.5
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.3.5
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Cavitation
Name
Definition or
Explanation
53
SIUnit
Cavitation
as
GR
Gas content ratio
/ S
GC
Gas content
Actual amount of solved

and undissolved gas in a
liquid
ppm
GS
Gas content of saturated

liquid
Maximum amount of gas

solved in a liquid at a given
temperature
ppm
CNPC
Cavitation number
(pA - pC) / q
CNPV
Vapor cavitation number
(pA - pV) / q
1.3.5.2 Flow field
DC
DC
Cavity drag
lC
LC
Cavity length
pA
PA
Ambient pressure
pAC
PACO
Collapse pressure
Absolute ambient pressure

at which cavitaties collapse
Pa
pAI
PAIC
Critical pressure
Absolute ambient pressure

at which cavitation
inception takes place
Pa
pC
PC
Cavity pressure
Pressure within a steady or

quasi-steady cavity
Pa
pCI
PCIN
Initial cavity pressure
Pressure, maybe negative,

i. e. tensile strength,
necessary to create a cavity
Pa
pV
PV
Vapor pressure of water
At a given temperature!
Pa
UI
UNIN
Critical velocity
Free stream velocity at

which cavitation inception
takes place
Streamwise dimension of a
fully-developed cavitating
region
Pa
m/s
ITTC Symbols
1
1.3
1.3.5
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Cavitation
54
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
VL
VOLS
Volume loss
WL / w
m3
WL
WTLS
Weight loss
Weight of material eroded

from a specimen during a
specified time
HC
Cavity height or thickness
Maximum height of a fullydeveloped cavity, normal to

the surface and the streamwise direction of the cavity
HN
HTNT
Net useful head of turboengines
HU
HTUS
Total head upstream of

turbo-engines
Tn
TN
Thoma number
N/s
1.3.5.3 Pumps
(HU - pV / w) / HN
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
1.4
1.4.1
Waves
General Mechanics
Waves
55
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
s. Remark .1
1.1.4.1 Periodic waves
s. Remark .2
cW
VP
Wave phase velocity or

celerity
LW / TW
m/s
cWi
VP(I)
Wave phase velocity of

harmonic components of a
periodic wave
const = cW
for periodic waves
m/s
cG
VG
Wave group velocity or

celerity
fW
FW
Basic wave frequency
1 / TW
Hz
fWi
FW(I)
Frequencies of harmonic
components of a periodic
wave
i fW
Hz
HW
HW
Wave height
C - T
LW , W
LW
Wave length
Measured in the direction of

wave propagation
TW
TW
Basic wave period
1 / fW
WD
Wave direction
EW
Instantaneous wave
elevation at a given
location
z-axis positive vertical up,

zero at mean water level;
s. Remark .3
ai
EWAM(I)
Amplitudes of harmonic
wave
FSa
pi
EWPH(I)
Phases of harmonic
wave
FSp
rad
EC
Wave crest elevation
m/s
s
rad
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Waves
56
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
ET
Wave trough elevation
Negative values!
WN
Wave number
2 / LW
W , LW
LW
Wave length
Measured in the direction of

wave propagation
DW
Instantaneous wave
depression
z-axis positive vertical

down, zero at mean water
level
FC
Circular wave frequency
2 fW = 2 / T W
m
1/m
1/s
1.4.1.2 Irregular waves
s. Remark .3
Hd
HD
Wave height by zero downcrossing
Hu
HU
Wave height by zero upcrossing
Td
TD
Wave periods by zero

downcrossing
Tu
TU
Wave periods by zero upcrossing
EC
Maximum of elevations of
wave crests in a record
ET
Elevations of wave troughs Negative values!

in a record
LD
Wave length by zero downcrossing
LU
Wave length by zero upcrossing
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
57
SIUnit
1.4.1.3 Time Domain Analysis
HV
HV
Wave height estimated from

visual observation
TR
TR
Duration of record
1 / fR
TS
TS
Sample interval
1 / fS ,
time between two
successive samples
TV
TV
Wave period estimated from

visual observation
1.4.1.4 Frequency Domain Analysis
Bandwidth of spectral
revolution
Sampling frequency divided

by the number of transform
points
Hz
Cr
CRA
Average reflection
coefficient
Cr(f)
CRF
Reflection coefficient
function
fP
FRPK
Spectral peak in frequency
Frequency at which the

spetrum has its maximum
Hz
fR
FRRC
Frequency resolution
1 / TR
Hz
fS
FRSA
Sample frequency
1 / TS
Hz
Hmo
HMO
Significant wave height

based on zeroth moment
4 (m0)1/4
H1/3d
H13D
Zero downcrossing
significant wave height
Average of the highest one

third zero downcrossing
wave heights
H1/3u
H13U
Zero upcrossing significant Average of the highest one

wave height
third zero upcrossing wave
heights
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
General Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
58
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
HWDS
Estimate of significant wave

height from sample
deviation of wave elevation
record
mn
Mn
n-th moment of wave

power spectral density
Si(f),
S i ( )
EISF,
EISC
Incident wave power

spectral density
m2/Hz
Sr(f),
S r( )
ERSF,
ERSC
Reflected wave power

spectral density
m2/Hz
S(f),
S ( )
EWSF,
EWSC
Wave power spectral

density
m2/Hz
T0,1
T1
Average period from zeroth m0/m1

and first moment
T0,2
T2
Average period from zeroth (m0/m2)1/2

and second moment
WD
Wave direction
fn S(f)df
m2/ sn
rad
1.4.1.5 Directional Waves
D(f, ),
D( ,)
DIRSF
FR
Frequency
S( ,)
S ( ,)
etc.
S2ZET
S2TET
etc.
Two dimensional spectral

density
S(f, )
S( ,)
STHETA
Directional spectral density
m2/Hz/
rad
Component wave direction
rad
Directional spreading
function
S(f, )=S(f)D(f, )
rad
2
D(f, )d =1
0
Hz
1
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
59
SIUnit
1.4.1.6 Remarks
.1 General
This section is of course in many ways related to the Sections 1.1.3 Time Related Concepts and
1.1.4 Random Quantities and Stochastic Processes. In terms of the object oriented paradigma only
the time function, the wave elevation at a given location, denoted by and EW, respectively, has
to be introduced and the operations defined earlier along with the corresponding notation may be
applied without modification and repetition.
.2 Periodic waves
The basic concepts on waves are derived from the model of periodic, not necessarily harmonic
waves, but which may be considered as composed of harmonic components. Even periodic waves
may be considered as samples of stochastic processes. In this case the wave parameters are
random quantities with given joint probability functions. In practice only samples of such
processes will be available and consequently only random sample estimates of the parameters can
be obtained.
.3 Irregular waves
In the section on non-priodic waves only random quantities have been introduced as e. g. the
crest height, to which all the probabilty concepts and parameters can be applied as defined earlier
in Section 1.1.4., e. g. the population mean and variance of the crest height.
If waves are not periodic any individual infinite record may be considered as a random sample of
stationary stochastic process, which is usually assumed to be ergodic, thus permitting to replace
population means by appropriate time means. In future ergodicity may be required to be checked
at least for research and quality assurance purposes.
.4 Finite records
In practice only records of finite duration are available of the hypothetical stochastic processes for
the estimation of the population parameters. This should be reflected in the symbols and
terminology, e. g. in the case of the wave crest only the random sample mean CA (ECMS) may
be determined. And as long as in most cases no agreement has been reached on the optimum
estimators to be used the symbols and terminology should even indicate the special estimators
used in order to avoid confusion.
.5 Sampled values
Usually not even finite records are available for the estimation of spectra etc, but only finite sets
of sampled values, namely i or EW(I).
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
General Mechanics
Waves
Definition or
Explanation
60
SIUnit
.6 Research Parameters
Currently discussed research parameters may be found in the IAHR/PIANC List of Sea State
Parameters, Supplement to Bulletin No 52, January 1986.
ITTC Symbols
1
1.4
1.4.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
1.4.4
Computer
Symbol
General Mechanics
Ice Mechanics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
61
SIUnit
Ice Mechanics
SI
SAIC
Salinity of ice
Weight of salt per unit

weight of ice
SW
SAWA
Salinity of water
Weight of dissolved salt per

unit weight of saline water
tA
TEAI
Temperature of air
tI
TEIC
Local temperature of ice
tW
TEWA
Temperature of water
ELIC
Deflection of ice sheet
Vertical elevation of ice

surface
STIC
Ice strain
Elongation per unit length
STRTIC
Ice strain rate
POIIC
Poisson's ratio of ice
POAI
Relative volume of air
Volume of gas pores per

unit volume of ice
POBR
Relative volume of brine
Volume of liquid phase per

unit volume of ice
POIC
Total porosity of ice
O = A + B
DNIC
Mass density of ice
Mass of ice per unit volume
kg/m3
SN
DNSN
Mass density of snow
Mass of snow per unit

volume
kg/m3
DNWA
Mass density of water
DNWI
Density difference
CI
SCIC
Compressive strength of ice
Pa
FI
SFIC
Flexural strength of ice
Pa
TI
SNIC
Tensile strength of ice
Pa
SI
STIC
Shear strength of ice
Pa
1/s
kg/m3
= W - I
kg/m3
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
2.1
2.1.1
Hull Geometry
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
62
SIUnit
ABL
ABL
Area of bulbous bow in

longitudinal plane
The area of the ram

projected on the middle line
plane forward of the fore
perpendicular; s. Remark .1
m2
ABT
ABT
Area of transverse crosssection of a bulbous bow

(full area port and starboard)
The cross sectional area at

the fore perpendicular.
Where the water lines are
rounded so as to terminate
on the forward perpendicular ABT is measured by
continuing the area curve
forward to the perpendicular, ignoring the final
rounding; s. Remark .1
m2
AM
AM
Area of midship section
Midway between fore and

aft perpendiculars
m2
AT
ATR
Area of transom (full area

port and starboard)
Cross-sectional area of
transom stern below the
load waterline
m2
AV
AV
Area exposed to wind
Area of portion of ship

above waterline projected
normally to the direction of
relative wind
m2
AW
AW
Area of water-plane
m2
AWA
AWA
Area of water-plane aft of

midship
m2
AWF
AWF
area of water-plane forward

of midship
m2
AX
AX
Area of maximum
transverse section
m2
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
63
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Beam or breadth, moulded,

of ships hull
DEP
Depth, moulded, of a ship

hull
iE
ANEN
Angle of entrance, half
Angle of waterline at the

bow with reference to
centerplane, neglecting local
shape at stem
rad
iR
ANRU
Angle of run, half
Angle of waterline at the

stern with reference to the
center-plane, neglecting
local shape of stern frame
rad
IL
IL
Longitudinal moment of
inertia of water-plane
About transverse axis

through center of floatation
m4
IT
IT
Transverse moment of
inertia of water-plane
About longitudinal axis

through center of floatation
m4
Length of ship
Reference length of ship

(generally length between
the perpendiculars)
LE
LEN
Length of entrance
From the forward

perpendicular to the forward
end of parallel middle body,
or maximum section
LOA
LOA
Length, overall
LOS
LOS
Length, overall submerged
LP
LP
Length of parallel middle

body
LPP
LPP
Length between
perpendiculars
LR
LRU
Length of run
LWL
LWL
Length of waterline
Length of constant
transverse section
SIUnit
m
m
From section of maximum

area or after end of parallel
middle body to waterline
termination or other
designated point of the stern
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
64
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
LFS
LFS
Frame spacing
LSS
LSS
Station spacing
S, AWS
Area of wetted surface
m2
TT
Taylor tangent of the area

curve
T, d
Draft, moulded, of ship hull
TA, da
TA, TAP
Draft at aft perpendicular
TF, df
TF, TFP
Draft at forward
perpendicular
TM, dm
TM, TMS
Draft at midship
, V
DISV
Displacement volume
/ ( g)
SC
Linear scale of ship model
= LS / L M = B S / B M
The intercept of the tangent

to the sectional area curve
at the bow on the midship
ordinate
SIUnit
m3
1
= TS / TM
PMVO
Volumetric permeability
The ratio of the volume of

water entering a
compartment to the volume
of the compartment
CIRCB
R.E. Froude's breadth

coefficient
B / 1/3
CB
CB
Block coefficient
/ (L B T)
CIL
CWIL
Coefficient of inertia of
waterplane, longitudinal
12 IL / ( B L3)
CIT
CWIT
Coefficient of inertia of
waterplane, transverse
12 IT / (B3 L)
CM
CMS
Midship section coefficient AM / (B T)

(midway between forward
and aft perpendiculars)
2.1.1.2 Derived concepts
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
65
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CP
CPL
Longitudinal prismatic
coefficient
/ (AX L) or / (AM L)
CPA
CPA
Prismatic coefficient,
afterbody
A / (AX L / 2) or
A / (AM L / 2)
CPE
CPE
Prismatic coefficient,
entrance
E / (AX LE) or
E / (AM LE)
CPF
CPF
Prismatic coefficient
forebody
F / (AX L / 2) or
F / (AM L / 2)
CPR
CPR
Prismatic coefficient, run

s. Remark .2
R / (AX LR) or
R / (AM LR)
CS
CS
Wetted surface coefficient
S / ( L)1/2
CVP
CVP
vertical
/ (AW T)
CWA
CWA
Aft water plane

coefficient
AWA / (B L / 2)
CWF
CWF
Forward water plane area

coefficient
AWF /(B L / 2)
CWP
CW
Water-plane area
coefficient
AW /(L B)
CX
CX
Maximum transverse
section coefficient
AX / (B T)
where B and T are
measured at the position of
maximum area
CVOL
Volumetric coefficient
/ L3
fBL
CABL
Area coefficient for bulbous bow
ABL / (L T)
fBT
CABT
Taylor sectional area

ABT / AX
coefficient for bulbous bow
fT
CATR
Sectional area coefficient

for transom stern
area
AT / AX
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
66
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CIRCM
R.E. Froude's length

coefficient, or lengthdisplacement ratio
L / 1/3
CIRCS
R.E. Froude's wetted

surface area coefficient
S / 2/3
CIRCT
R.E. Froude's draft

coefficient
T / 1/3
2.1.1.3 Computer Symbols for Attributes
AB
After body
AP
After perpendicular
BH
Bare hull
DW
Design waterline
EN
Entry
FB
Fore body
FP
Fore perpendicular
FS
Frame spacing
LP
Based on LPP
LW
Based on LWL
MS
Midships
PB
Parallel body
RU
Run
SS
Station spacing
WP
Water plane
WS
Wetted surface
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Hull Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
67
SIUnit
2.1.1.4 Remarks
.1 Bulbous Bows
Below the load water line the stem contour sometimes recedes aft of the fore perpendicular before
projecting forward to define the outline of the ram or the fore end of the bulb. In such instances this
area should be calculated using as datum the aftermost vertical tangent to the contour instead of the
fore perpendicular.
.2 Reference Quantities
The prismatic coefficient should generally be based upon maximum section area rather than on
midsection area, as in the 1960 Committee Report, but it should be clearly stated which area has been
used. Whatever ship length considered appropriate may be used for this end and another coefficient,
but this length should be clearly indicated and stated.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Propulsor Geometry
Name
Definition or
Explanation
68
SIUnit
Propulsor Geometry
2.1.2.1 Screw Propellers
AD
AD
Developed blade area
Developed blade area of a

screw propeller outside the
boss or hub
m2
AE
AE
Expanded blade area
Expanded blade area of a

boss or hub
m2
AO
AO
Disc Area
D2 / 4
m2
Ap
AP
Projected blade area
Projected blade area of a

boss or hub
m2
LCH
Chord length
cm
CHME
Mean chord length
The expanded or developed

area of a propeller blade
divided by the span from
the hub to the tip
cS
CS
Skew displacement
The displacement between

middle of chord and the
blade reference line.
Positive when middle chord
is at the trailing side
regarding the blade
reference line
DH
Boss or hub diameter
DP
Propeller diameter
FBP
Camber of blade profile
GZ
GAP
Gap between the propeller

blades
2 r sin ( / z)
h0
HO
Immersion
The depth of submergence

of the propeller measured
vertically from the shaft
axis to the free surface
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Propulsor Geometry
69
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
iG
RAKG
Rake
The displacement from the

propeller plane to the
generator line in the
direction of the shaft axis.
Aft displacement is
considerate positive rake
iS
RAKS
Axial displacement, skewinduced
The axial displacement of a

blade section which occurs
when the propeller is
skewed. Aft displacement
is considered positive rake
iT
RAKT
Axial displacement, total
The axial displacement of

the blade reference line
from the propeller plane
iG + iS . Positive direction is
aft.
PITCH
Propeller pitch in general
RL
Blade section radius
rn
RR
Relative radius ratio
rh
RH
Hub radius
RDP
Propeller radius
TM
Blade section thickness
t0
TO
Thickness on axis of
propeller blade
Thickness of propeller blade

as extended down to
propeller axis
xp
XP
Longitudinal propeller
position
Distance of propeller center

forward of the after
perpendicular
yp
YP
Lateral propeller position
Transverse distance of wing

propeller center from
middle line
NPB
Number of propeller blades
zp
ZP
Vertical propeller position
r/R
SIUnit
1
Height of propeller center
above base line
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Propulsor Geometry
70
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
TETS
Skew angle
The angular displacement

about the shaft axis of the
reference point of any blade
section relative to the
generator line measured in
the plane of rotation. It is
positive when opposite to
the direction of ahead
rotation
RAKA
Angle of rake
EXT
TEMX
Skew angle extent
The difference between

maximum and minimum
local skew angle
PHIP
Pitch angle of screw

propeller
arctg (P / (2 R))
PHIF
Pitch angle of screw

propeller measured to the
face line
PSI
Propeller axis angle
ADEN
ADEN
Duct entry area
m2
ADEX
ADEX
Duct exit area
m2
dD
CLEARD
Propeller tip clearance
fD
FD
Camber of duct profile
LD
LD
Duct length
LDEN
LDEN
Duct entry part length
rad
rad
rad
1
1
Angle between horizontal

plane and propeller shaft
axis
rad
2.1.2.2 Ducts
Clearance between propeller

tip and inner surface of duct
Axial distance between

leading edge of duct and
propeller plane
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Propulsor Geometry
71
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
LDEX
LDEX
Duct exit length
Axial distance between

leading edge of duct and
propeller plane
tD
TD
Thickness of duct profile
AD
Duct profile-shaft axis angle Angle between nose-tail

line of duct profile and
propeller shaft
rad
BD
Diffuser angle of duct
rad
Angle between inner duct

tail line and propeller shaft
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Appendage Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
72
SIUnit
Appendage Geometry
s. Remark .1
AFB
AFB
Area of bow fin
m2
AC
AC
Area under cut-up
m2
ARF
AF
Flap area
m2
AR
ARU
Rudder area
ARX
ARX
Area of the fixed part of

rudder
m2
ARP
ARP
Area of rudder in the

propeller race
m2
ART
ART
Total rudder area
AFS
AFS
Area of stern fin
m2
ASK
ASK
Skeg area
m2
AWBK
AWBK
Wetted surface area of bilge

keels
m2
CH
Chord length of an aerofoil

or a hydrofoil
cm
CHME
Mean chord length
cr
CHRT
Chord length at the root
ct
CHTP
Chord length at the tip
FM
Camber of an aerofoil or a
hydrofoil
Maximum separation of
median and nose-tail line
TMX
Maximum thickness of an
aerofoil or a hydrofoil
Measured normal to mean

line
FB
ANFB
Bow fin angle
s. Remark .2
rad
FS
ANFS
Stern fin angle
s. Remark .2
rad
FR
ANFR
Flanking rudder angle
s. Remark .2
rad
Area of the rudder,

including flap
ARX + ARF
ART / S
m2
m2
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
Appendage Geometry
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
FRin
ANFRIN
Assembly angle of flanking Initial angle set up during

rudders
the assembly as zero angle
of flanking rudders
rad
ANRU
Rudder angle
s. Remark .2
rad
RF
ANRF
Rudder-flap angle
s. Remark .2
rad
TARU
Rudder taper
c t / cr
FR
TAFR
Flanking rudder taper
ASRU
Rudder aspect ratio
FR
ASRF
Flanking rudder aspect ratio
2.1.3.2 Identifiers for Appendages
BK
Bilge keel
BS
Bossing
FB
Bow foil
FR
Flanking rudder
FS
Stern foil
KL
Sail yacht keel
RU
Rudder
RF
Rudder flap
SA
Stabilizer
SH
Shafting
SK
Skeg
ST
Strut
TH
Thruster
WG
Wedge
Definition or
Explanation
73
SIUnit
1
1
S2 / ART
1
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Appendage Geometry
Definition or
Explanation
74
SIUnit
2.1.3.3 Remarks
.1 Related Information
Related information may be found in Section 1.3.3 on Lifting Surfaces.

.2 Sign Convention
Positive angles are defined as clockwise when viewed from the center of axes along the appropriate
body axis, i. e. nose-up fin angles and port rudder angles are positive.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.1.4
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Hydrostatics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
Distance of center of
buoyancy from aft
perpendicular
75
SIUnit
Hydrostatics
2.1.4.1 Stability levers
AB
XAB
Longitudinal center of
buoyancy from aft
perpendicular
AF
XAF
flotation from after
perpendicular
AG
XAG
gravity from aft
perpendicular
gravity from aft
perpendicular
BM
ZBM
Transverse metacenter
above center of buoyancy
Distance from the center of

buoyancy B to the
transverse metacenter M
KM - KB
BM
ZBML
L
Longitudinal metacenter
above center of buoyancy
KM L - KB
FB
XFB
buoyancy from forward
perpendicular
buoyancy from forward
perpendicular
FG
XFG
gravity from forward
perpendicular
gravity from forward
perpendicular
GM
GM
Transverse metacentric
height
gravity to the metacenter
KM - KG
GM
GML
L
metacentric height

gravity G to the
longitudinal metacenter ML
KM L - KG
KA
ZKA
Assumed center of gravity

above moulded base or
keel
Distance from the assumed

center of gravity A to the
moulded base or keel K
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hydrostatics
76
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
KB
ZKB
Center of buoyancy above

moulded base or keel

buoyancy B to the moulded
base or keel K
KM
ZKM
Transverse metacenter
Distance from the
above moulded base or keel transverse metacenter M to
the moulded base or keel K
ZKML
Longitudinal metacenter
Longitudinal ML
above moulded base or keel
YAG
Transverse distance from

assumed center of gravity
A, to actual centre of
gravity G
ZAG
Vertical distance from

A, to actual center of
gravity G
YAZ
Righting arm based on

horizontal distance from
A, to Z
KM
AG
AG
AZ
b
FF
SIUnit
Mean center of floatation of

added buoyant layer
XFF
floatation from forward
perpendicular
floatation from forward
perpendicular
Center of gravity of an
added or removed weight
(mass)
GZ
GZ
Righting arm or lever
AZ - ( AG V + AG T) sin
KG
ZKG
Center of gravity above

moulded base or keel
Distance from center of

gravity G to the moulded
base or keel K
Kg
ZKAG
Vertical center of gravity of Distance from center of

added or removed weight
gravity, g, to the moulded
above moulded base or
base or keel K
keel
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Hydrostatics
Name
Definition or
Explanation
77
SIUnit
2.1.4.2 Various Concepts
CMTL
CMTL
Longitudinal trimming
coefficient
B ML / L
or trimming moment
divided by trim
FREB
Freeboard
From the freeboard

markings to the freeboard
deck, according to official
rules
XTA
Longitudinal trimming arm xcb - xcg
MS
MS
Moment of ship stability

in general
Other moments such as

those of capsizing, heeling,
etc. will be represented by
MS with additional
subscripts as appropriate
MA
Ship mass
w/g
MTC
MTC
Moment to change trim one

centimeter
MTM
MTM
Moment to trim one meter
YHA
Transverse heeling arm
xcb
XACB
Longitudinal mean center

of floatation of added
buoyant layer
Longitudinal distance from

a midship to the center of
the added buoyant layer
xCB
XCB
buoyancy

buoyancy, B
xCF
XCF
flotation

flotation, F
xcg
XACG
gravity of added weight
(mass)

gravity,g, of an added or
removed weight (mass)
m
NM
kg
Nm/cm
CMTL
Nm/m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.1
2.1.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hydrostatics
78
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
xCG
XCG
longitudinal center of
gravity

gravity, G
TR
Trim
TA - TF
WT
Displacement weight, ship

weight
mg
Finite increment in...
DTR
Change in trim
TPS
DTPS
Parallel sinkage
Added weight in tons

divided by tons per unit
immersion
DISF
Displacement force
(buoyancy)
DISV
Displacement volume
/ (g )
Prefix to other symbol

m
m3
2.1.4.3 Remarks
.1 Other Notation
Alternatively, the position of the center of buoyancy B may be expressed in terms of the
coordinate axes with the appropriate suffix e.g. XB,YB,ZB the position of other items such as the
center of gravity, G, metacenter M and center of floatation F could also be treated in the same
way.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
2.2
2.2.1
Hull Resistance
Ships in General
Hull Resistance
Definition or
Explanation
79
SIUnit
RA
RA
Model-ship correlation
allowance
Incremental resistance to be
added to the smooth ship
resistance to complete the
model-ship prediction
RAA
RAA
Air or wind resistance
RAP
RAP
Appendage resistance
RAR
RAR
Roughness resistance
BLCK
Blockage parameter
Maximum transverse area

of model ship divided by
tank cross section area
RC
RC
Resistance corrected for

difference in temperature
between resistance and
selfpropulsion tests
((1 + k) (CFMC) + CR) / /

((1 + k) (CFM) + CR)) * *
RTM
where CFMC is the frictional

coefficient at the
temperature of the self
propulsion test
RF
RF
Frictional resistance of a
body
Due to fluid friction on the

surface of the body
RFO
RFO
Frictional resistance of a
plate
RP
RP
Pressure resistance
RPV
RPV
Viscous pressure resistance Due to normal stress related

to viscosity and turbulence
RR
RR
Residuary resistance
RT - RF or RT - RFO
RS
RS
Spray resistance
Due to generation of spray
RT
RT
Total resistance
Total towed resistance
RV
RV
Total viscous resistance
RF + RPV
N
Due to the normal stresses
over the surface of a body
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hull Resistance
80
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
RW
RW
Wavemaking resistance
Due to formation of surface

waves
RWB
RWB
Wavebreaking resistance
Associated with the break

down of the bow wave
SH
THL
Total head loss
CF
DELCF
Roughness allowance
Speed of the model or the

ship
m/s
VR
VR
Wind velocity, relative
m/s
LSF
Local skin friction
m
(obsolete, see CA)
N/ m2
CA
CA
Incremental resistance
coefficient for model ship
correlation
RA / (S q)
CAA
CAA
Air or wind resistance

coefficient
RAA / (AV qR)
CD
CD
Drag coefficient
D / (S q)
CF
CF
Frictional resistance
coefficient of a body
RF / (S q)
CFO
CFO
coefficient of a
corresponding plate
RFO / (S q)
Cp
CP
Local pressure coefficient
CPR
CPR
Pressure resistance
coefficient, including wave
effect
CPV
CPV
Viscous pressure resistance RPV / (S q)

coefficient
CR
CR
coefficient
RR / (S q)
CS
CSR
Spray resistance coefficient RS / (S q)
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Hull Resistance
81
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
CT
CT
Total resistance coefficient
RT / (S q)
CTL
CTLT
Telfer's resistance
coefficient
g R L / ( V2)
CTQ
CTQ
Qualified resistance
coefficient
CT / ( H R)
CT
CTVOL
Resistance displacement
RT / ( 2/3 q)
CV
CV
Total viscous resistance

coefficient
RV / (S q)
CW
CW
Wavemaking resistance
coefficient
RW / (S q)
CWP
CWP
Wave pattern resistance

coefficient, by wave
analysis
CIRCC
R.E. Froude's resistance

coefficient
CFUL
Local friction coefficient

C = W / ( U2 / 2)
based on velocity at the
edge of the boundary layer
at y=
DJWS
Jones wake strength
CIRCF
R.E. Froude's frictional

resistance coefficient
1000RF / ( K2)
Three dimensional form

factor on flat plate friction
(CV - CFO) / CFO
CIRCK
R.E. Froude's speed

displacement coefficient
(4 Fn )1/2
KR
KR
Resistance coefficient
corresponding to KQ,KT
R / ( D4 n2)
cSf
CSF
Sinkage coefficient at FP
TF / L
cSa
CSA
Sinkage coefficient at AP
TA / L
cS
CSNK
Sinkage coefficient
( TF + TA) / L
CTRIM
Trim coefficient
( TA - TF) / L
F
K
K
SIUnit
1000 R / K3
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
2.2.1.3 Computer symbols for attributes
FW
Fresh water
MF
Faired model data
MR
Raw model data
OW
Open water
SF
Faired full scale data
SR
Raw full scale data
SW
Salt water
Ships in General
Hull Resistance
Definition or
Explanation
82
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Ship Performance
Name
Definition or
Explanation
Towing force applied to the

model in a self propulsion
test carried out at the ship
self-propulsion point
83
SIUnit
Ship Performance
FD
FDT
Drag reduction
FP
FP
Force pulling or towing

a ship
FPO
FPO
Pull during bollard test
Frequency, commonly rate

of revolution
Hz
PB
PB
Brake power
PD , PP
PD,PP
Delivered power,
propeller power
PE , PR
PE,PR
Effective power,
resistance power
RV
Pi
PI
Indicated power
Determined from pressure

measured by indicator
PS
PS
Shaft power
Power measured on the

shaft
PT
PTH
Thrust power
T VA
Torque
PD /
Nm
Ship speed
VA
VA
Propeller advance speed
zV
ZV
Sinkage of model or ship

due to forward speed
V0,OMN
Angular shaft velocity
m/s
Equivalent propeller open
water speed based on thrust
or torque identity
m/s
m
2n
rad/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
84
SIUnit
RAUG
Resistance augment fraction (T + Fp) / RT - 1
CD
CDVOL
Power-displacement
coefficient
CN
CN
Trial correction for

nT / nS
propeller rate of revolution
at speed identity
CNP
CNP

PDT / PDS
propeller rate of revolution
at power identity
CP
CP

delivered power
K1
C1
Ship model correlation

factor for propulsive
efficiency
DS / DM
K2
C2
Ship model correlation

factor for propeller rate
revolution
nS / nM
CADM
CADM
Admiralty coefficient
2/3 V3 / PS
SINK
Sinkage, dynamic
Change of draft, fore and

aft, divided by length
TRIM
Trim, dynamic
Change of the trim due to

dynamic condition, divided
by length
THDF
Thrust deduction fraction
1 - (RT - FP) / T
WFT
Taylor wake fraction in

general
(V - VA) / V
wF
WFF
Froude wake fraction
(V - VA) / VA
wQ
WFTQ
Taylor torque wake fraction Propeller speed VA

determined from torque
identity
PD / ( V3 2/3 / 2)
1
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
85
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
wT
WFTT
Taylor thrust wake fraction Propeller speed VA

determined from thrust
identity
DELWC
Ship-model correlation
factor for wake fraction
Wc
DELWC
Ship-model correlation
factor with respect to WT,s
method formula of ITTC
1978 method
XLO
Load fraction in power

prediction
D PD / PE - 1
APSF
Appendage scale effect

factor
Ship appendage resistance

divided by model
appendage resistance
WT,M - WT,S
SIUnit
2.2.2.3 Efficiencies etc

B
ETAB,
EFTP
Propeller efficiency behind PT / PD = T VA / (Q )

ship
ETAD,
EFRP
Propulsive efficiency or
PE / PD = PR / PP
quasi-propulsive coefficient
ETAG,
EFGP
Gearing efficiency
ETAH,
EFRT
Hull efficiency
PE / P T = P R / P T
= (1 - t) / (1 - w)
ETAM,
EFSI
Mechanical efficiency
PS / P1 or PB / P1
ETAO
Propeller open water

efficiency
ETAR,
EFRO
Relative rotative efficiency B / O
ETAS,
EFPS
Shafting efficiency
P D / PS = PP / PS
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Ship Performance
Definition or
Explanation
86
SIUnit
2.2.2.4 Remarks
.1 Basic Concepts
Traditionally the basic concepts resistance and propeller advance speed are implicitely understood
to have certain traditional operational, i. e. experimental interpretations, namely in terms of hull
towing and propeller open water tests, respectively. Very clearly these are not the only possible
interpretations. In many cases, where the traditional interpretations are not possible, as in the case
of full scale ships under service conditions, or where they are not meaningful, as e. g. in the case of
wake adapted propellers, more adequate conventional interpretations have to be agreed upon.
The traditional set of basic concepts for the ship performance analysis is incomplete. It does e. g. not
allow for the separation of displacement and energy wakes, fundamental for the analysis of hullpropeller interaction.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Propulsor Performance
Definition or
Explanation
87
SIUnit

D2 / 4
m2
AO
AO
Propeller disc area
DP
Propeller diameter
FR
Propeller frequency of
revolution
Hz
kS
KS
Roughness height of
propeller blade surface
qA
QA
Dynamic pressure based on VA2 / 2

advance speed
s. Remark .1
Pa
qS
QS
Dynamic pressure based on VS2 / 2

advance speed
Pa
QS
QSP
Spindle torque
QSC
QSPC
Centrifugal spindle torque
Nm
QSH
QSPH
Hydrodynamic spindle
torque
Nm
TH
Propeller thrust
TD
THDU
Duct thrust
TP
THP
Ducted propeller thrust
TT
THT
Total thrust of a ducted

propeller unit
VA
VA
Advance speed of propeller
m/s
VP
VP
Mean axial velocity at

propeller plane of ducted
propeller
m/s
VS
VS
Section advance speed

at 0.7 R
DNP
Propeller mass density
V0P
Propeller angular velocity
About spindle axis of

controllable pitch propeller
QS=QSC+ QSH
positive if it increases pitch
(VA2+ (0.7 R )2)1/2

s. Remark .2
Nm
m/s
kg/m3
2n
1/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Name
Definition or
Explanation
88
SIUnit
BP
BP
Taylor's propeller
coefficient base on
delivered horse power
n PD / VA2.5
with n is revs/min,
PD in horsepower,and
VA in knots
(obsolete)
BU
BU
Taylor's propeller
coefficient based on thrust
horsepower
n PT / VA2.5
with n is revs/min,
PT in horsepower,and
VA in knots
(obsolete)
CP
CPD
Power loading coefficient
PD / (AP qA VA)
CQ*
CQS
Torque index
Q / (AP qS)
CTh
CTH
Thrust loading coefficient,

energy loading coefficient
T / (AP qA)
= (TP / AP) / qA
CT*
CTHS
Thrust index
T / (AP qS)
J , JP
JEI, JP
Propeller advance ratio
VA / (D n) = VP / (D n)
JA , JH
JA, JH
Apparent or hull advance

ratio
V / (D n) = VH / (D n)
JT , JPT
JT, JPT
Advance ratio of propeller

identity
JQ , JPQ
JQ, JPQ
Advance ratio of propeller

determined from torque
identity
KP
KP
Delivered power coefficient PD / ( n3 D5) = 2 KQ
KQ
KQ
Torque coefficient
Q / ( n2 D5)
KSC
KSC
Centrifugal spindle torque

coefficient
QSC / ( P n2 D5)
KSH
KSH
Hydrodynamic spindle
torque coefficient
QSH / ( n2 D5)
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
89
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
KT
KT
Thrust coefficient
T / ( n2 D4)
KTD
KTD
Duct thrust coefficient
TD / ( n2 D4)
KTP
KTP
Ducted propeller thrust

coefficient
TP / ( n2 D4)
KTT
KTT
Total thrust coefficient for

a ducted propeller unit
KTP+ KTD
KQO
KQO
Torque coefficient of
propeller converted from
behind to open water
condition
KQ. R
KQT
KQ
Torque coefficient of
propeller determined from
thrust coefficient identity
PJ
PJ
Propeller jet power
TJ T VA
SA
SRA
Apparent slip ratio
1 - V / (n P)
SR
SRR
Real slip ratio
1 - VA / (n P)
ADCT
Taylors's advance
coefficient
n D / VA
with n in revs/min,
D in feet, VA in knots
(obsolete)
JP
EFJP
Propeller pump or hydraulic PJ / PD = PJ / PP

efficiency
JP0
ZETO,
EFJPO
Propeller pump efficiency at T / ( / 2)1/3 / (PD D)2/3

zero advance speed,
alias static thrust coefficient
EFID
Ideal propeller efficiency
Efficiency in non-viscous
fluid
TJ
EFTJ
Propeller jet efficiency
2 / (1 + (1 + CTh)1/2)
O , TPO
ETAO,
EFTPO
Propeller efficiency in open PT / PD = T VA / (Q ) all

water
quantities measured in open
water tests
ADR
Advance ratio of a propeller VA / (n D) / = J /
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
Ships in General
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
TMR
Ratio between propeller

thrust and total thrust of
ducted propeller
TP / TT
90
SIUnit
2.2.3.3 Induced Velocities etc
UA
UA
Axial velocity induced by

propeller
m/s
UAD
UADU

duct of ducted propeller
m/s
URP
URP
Radial velocity induced by

propeller of ducted
propeller
m/s
URD
URDU

duct of ducted propeller
m/s
UAP
UAP

propeller of ducted
propeller
m/s
UR
UR

propeller
m/s
UTD
UTDU
Tangential velocity induced

by duct of ducted propeller
m/s
UTP
UTP

by propeller of ducted
propeller
m/s
UT
UT

by propeller
m/s
BETB
Advance angle of a
propeller blade section
BET1
Hydrodynamic flow angle Flow angle taking into

of a propeller blade section account induced velocity
BETS
Effective advance angle
arctg (VA / (R ))
arctg (VA/ (0.7 R ))
rad
rad
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.3
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Definition or
Explanation
91
SIUnit
2.2.3.4 Remarks
.1 Dynamic Pressure
It has become bad practice to write

q = /2 V2
for the dynamic pressure. This is not meaningful and should be avoided.
.2 Section Advance Speed
In the earlier versions of this list the notation for the concept of section advance speed deteriorated
to the completely meaningless form
VS = (VA2+ (0.7 n D)2)1/2 ,
hiding the very simple meaning of the concept.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.4
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.2.4
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Unsteady Propeller Forces
Definition or
Explanation
92
SIUnit
2.2.4.1 Concepts
Cuv
SI(U,V)
Generalized stiffness
s. Remark .1
Duv
DA(U,V)
Generalized damping
s. Remark .1
Fu
FG(I)
Generalized vibratory
force
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: force
u = 4, 5, 6: moment
Fi
F(I)
Vibratory force
i = 1, 2, 3
KFu
KF(U)
force coefficients
According to definitions of
KFi and KMi
KFi
KF(I)
Vibratory force
coefficients
Fi / ( n2 D4)
KMi
KM(I)
Vibratory moment
coefficients
Mi / ( n2 D5)
Kp
KPR
Pressure coefficient
p / ( n2 D2)
Mi
M(I)
Vibratory moment
i = 1, 2, 3
Muv
MA(U,V)
Generalized mass
s. Remark .1
PR
Pressure
Ru
R(U)
bearing reaction
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: force
u = 4, 5, 6: moment
N
N
Nm
Vi
V(I)
Velocity field of the wake
i = 1, 2, 3
m/s
x
y
z
X
Y
Z
Cartesian coordinates
Origin O coinciding with

the centre of the propeller.
The longitudinal x-axis
coin-cides with the shaft
axis, positive forward; the
trans-verse y-axis, positive
to port; the third, z-axis,
positive upward
N
N
Nm
Nm
Pa
m
m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.2
2.2.4
Version 1993
Ships in General
93
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
x
a
r
X
ATT
R
Cylindrical coordinates
Cylindrical system with

origin O and longitudinal xaxis as defined before;
angular a-(attitude)coordinate , zero at 12
o'clock position, positive
clockwise looking forward,
r distance measured from
the x-axis
DP(U)
displacement
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
u = 4, 5, 6: angular
m
m
rad
DPVL(U)
velocity
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
m/s
m/s
rad/s
DPAC(U)
acceleration
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3: linear
m/s2
m/s2
rad/s2
m
1
m
2.2.4.2 Remarks
.1 General concepts
The generalized concepts have been introduced in Section 1. General Mechanics.

.2 Equation of motion
In terms of the notation introduced the linear equation of motions may be rendered in the concise
form
Muv
+Duv
+ Cuv
= Fu .
In spectral terms it is just as simple

(Muv (i )2 +Duv i + Cuv)
S
v
= FSu .
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.3
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
94
SIUnit
s. Remark .1
2.3.1
Manoeuvring
2.3.1.1 Geometrical Concepts
AFB
AFBO
Area of bow fins
m2
AFS
AFST
Area of stern fins
m2
AHL
AHLT
Lateral area of the hull
ALV
AHLV
Lateral area of hull above

water
m2
AR
ARU
Total lateral area of rudder
m2
ARmov
ARMV
Movable area of rudder
m2
ARN
ARNO
Nominal area of rudder
bR
SPRU
Rudder span
bRM
SPRUME
Mean span of rudder
CAL
CAHL
Coefficient of lateral area of AHL / (L T)

ship
DE
Water depth
hM
DEME
Mean water depth
xR
XRU
Longitudinal position of
rudder axis
ASRU
Aspect ratio of rudder
The area of the profile of

the underwater hull of a
ship when projected
normally upon the longitudinal centre plane
(AR + ARmov) / 2
bR2 / AR
m2
m2
2.3.1.2 Motions and Attitudes
OX, P
Roll velocity, angular

velocity about body x-axis
1/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
95
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
OY, Q
Pitch velocity, angular

velocity about body y-axis
1/s
OZ, R
Yaw velocity, angular

velocity about body z-axis
1/s
OXRT, PR
Roll acceleration, angular

acceleration about body xaxis
dp / dt
1/s2
OYRT, QR
Pitch acceleration, angular

acceleration about body yaxis
dq / dt
1/s2
OZRT, RR
Yaw acceleration, angular

acceleration about body zaxis
dr / dt
1/s2
VX, U
Surge velocity, linear

velocity along body x-axis
m/s
VY, V
Sway velocity, linear

velocity along body y-axis
m/s
VZ, W
Heave velocity, linear

velocity along body z-axis
m/s
VXRT, UR
Surge acceleration, linear

acceleration along body xaxis
du / dt
m/s2
VYRT, VR
Sway acceleration, linear

acceleration along body yaxis
dv / dt
m/s2
VZRT, WR
Heave acceleration, linear

acceleration along body zaxis
dw / dt
m/s2
Linear velocity of origin in

body axes
m/s
VA,VO
VA, VO
Approach speed
m/s
Vu
V(U)
Generalized velocity
Vu
V(U)
Generalized acceleration
VF
VF
Flow or current velocity
m/s
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
96
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
VWR
VWRL
Relative wind velocity
m/s
VWT
VWAB
True wind velocity
m/s
YA
Yaw or course angle
rad
YART
Rate of change of course
YAOR
Original course
rad
PI
Pitch angle
rad
RO
Roll angle
rad
rad/s
2.3.1.3 Flow Angles etc
AAPI
Pitch angle
Angle of attack in pitch on

the hull
rad
AADR
Drift angle
Angle of attack in yaw on

the hull
rad
WR
ANWIRL
Angle of attack of relative

wind
eff
ANRUEF
Effective rudder inflow

angle
ANRU0
Neutral rudder angle
ANFB
Bow fin angle
rad
ANFS
Stern fin angle
rad
ANRU
Rudder angle
R0
ANRUOR
Rudder angle, ordered
COCU
Course of current velocity
WA
COWIAB
Absolute wind direction
rad
WR
COWIRL
Relative wind direction
rad
1
rad
1
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
97
SIUnit
2.3.1.4 Forces and Derivatives
s. Remark .2
Fhu / Vv
Dhuv
DH(U,V)
Generalized hydrodynamic
damping
Fhu
FH(U)
Generalized hydrodynamic
force
Ihuv
IH(U,V)
Genralized hydrodynamic
inertia
MX
Roll moment on body,

moment about body x-axis
Nm
MY
Pitch moment on body,

moment about body y-axis
Nm
MZ
Yaw moment on body,

moment about body z-axis
Nm
Nr
NR
Derivative of yaw moment N / r

with respect to yaw velocity
Nms
Nr
NRRT
Derivative of yaw moment

with respect to yaw
acceleration
N / r
Nms2
Nv
NV

with respect to sway
velocity
N / v
Ns
Nv
NVRT

acceleration
N / v
Nms2
ND
Derivative of yaw moment N /

with respect to rudder angle
Nm
QFB
QFB
Torque of bow fin
Nm
QR
QRU
Torque about rudder stock
Nm
QFS
QFS
Torque of stern fin
Nm
FX
Surge force on body, force

along body x-axis
XR
XRU
Longitudinal rudder force
Fhu / V v
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
98
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
Xu
XU
Derivative of surge force

with respect to surge
velocity
X / u
Ns/m
Xu
XURT
Derivative of surge force

with respect to surge
acceleration
X / u
Ns2/m
FY
Sway force on body, force

along body y-axis
Yr
YR
Derivative of sway force

Y / r
with respect to yaw velocity
YR
YRU
Transverse rudder force
Yr
YRRT

with respect to yaw
acceleration
Y / r
Ns2
Yv
YV

velocity
Y / v
Ns/m
Yv
YVRT

acceleration
Y / v
Ns2/m
YD

with respect to rudder
angle
Y /
FZ
Heave force on body, force

along body z-axis
N
Ns
N
2.3.1.5 Linear Models
N2s2
Cr
CRDS
Directional stability
criterion
Yv (Nr - muxG) - Nv (Yr - mu)
Lb
LSB
Static stability lever
N v / Yv
Ld
LSR
Damping stability lever
(Nr - muxG) / (Yr - mu)
TIC
Time constant of the 1st

order manoeuvring equation
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
99
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
T1
TIC1
First time constant of

manoeuvring equation
T2
TIC2
Second time constant of

T3
TIC3
Third time constant of

KS
Gain factor in linear

1/s
Pn
PN
P-number, heading change

per unit rudder angle in one
ship length
2.3.1.6 Turning Circles
DC
DC
Steady turning diameter
DC
DCNO
Non-dimensional steady
turning diameter
D0
DC0
Inherent steady turning

diameter R = 0
D0
DC0N
Non-dimensional inherent
steady turning diameter
lr
LHRD
Loop height of r- curve

for unstable ship
LWRD
Loop width of r- curve for

unstable ship
rC
OZCI
Steady turning rate
rC
OZCINO
Non-dimensional steady
turning rate
RC
RC
Steady turning radius
t90
TI90
Time to reach 90 degree

change of heading
t180
TI180
Time to reach 180 degree

change of heading
DC / LPP
1
m
D0 / LPP
1
1/s
1
1/s
rC LPP / UC or 2 LPP / DC
m
m
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
100
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
UC
UC
Speed in steady turn
x090
X090
Advance at 90 change of
heading
x0180
X0180
Advance at 180 change of

heading
x0max
XMX
Maximum advance
y090
Y090
Transfer at 90 change of
heading
y0180
Y0180
Transfer at 180 change of

heading, tactical diameter
y0max
Y0MX
Maximum transfer
DRCI
Drift angle at steady turning
m/s
rad
2.3.1.7 Zig-Zag Manoeuvres
ta
TIA
Initial turning time
tc1
TIC1
First time to check yaw

(starboard)
tc2
TIC2
Second time to check yaw

(port)
thc
TCHC
Period of changes in
heading
tr
TIR
Reach time
y0max
Y0MX
Maximum transverse
deviation
max
ANRUMX
Maximum value of rudder

angle
rad
PSIS
Switching value of course

angle
rad
01
PSI01
First overshoot angle
rad
02
PSI02
Second overshoot angle
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Manoeuvring
Definition or
Explanation
101
SIUnit
2.3.1.8 Stopping Manoeuvres
sF
SPF
Distance along track,

track reach
x0F
X0F
Head reach
y0F
Y0F
Lateral deviation
tF
TIF
Stopping time
2.3.1.9 Remarks
.1 Solid Body Motions
The whole Chapter 2.3 on Manoeuvring and Seakeeping relies heavily on the Section 1 on General
Mechanics, Chapter 1.2 on Solid Body Mechanics in particular. Members of the Manoeuvring
Committee are strongly urged to try and finalize the work that has been started for them.
.2 Derivatives
The traditional notation for the "stability" derivatives is not very efficient and not in accordance with
the notation outlined in Section 1 on General Mechanics. Instead of completely denoting the concepts
of generalized hydrodynamic damping and inertia, respectively, by adequate symbols, the traditional
symbols indicate some measuring procedures for the components.
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
2.3.2
Computer
Symbol
Ships in General
Seakeeping
Name
Definition or
Explanation
102
SIUnit
Seakeeping
2.3.2.1Basic Concepts
s. Remark .1
ai
AT(I)
Attitudes of the floating

system
i = 1, 2, 3, e. g. Euler
angles roll, pich, and yaw,
respectively
rad
FR
Frequency
1/T
Hz
fe
FE
Frequency of wave
encounter
1 / Te
Hz
fz
Natural frequency of heave 1 / Tz
Hz
Natural frequency of pitch
1 / T
Hz
Natural frequency of roll
1 / T
Hz
Alias horizontal!
s. Remark .2
FL
FS(2)
Wave excited lateral shear

force
FN
FS(3)
Wave excited normal shear Alias vertical!

force
s. Remark .2
ML
MB(3),
FS(6)
Wave excited lateral

bending moment
Alias horizontal!
s. Remark .2
Nm
MN
MB(2),
FS(5)
Wave excited normal

bending moment
Alias vertical!
s. Remark .2
Nm
MT
MT(1),
FS(4)
Wave excited torsional

moment
nAW
NAW
Mean increase of rate of

revolution in waves
1/s
PAW
PAW
Mean power increase in

waves
QAW
QAW
Mean torque increase in

waves
Nm
RAW
RAW
Mean resistance increase in

waves
Nm
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
Ships in General
Seakeeping
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
S(f),
S(f),
S( ),
S( )
EWSF,
Wave elevation auto

spectral density
xi
X(I)
Absolute displacement of
the ship at the reference
point
u = 1, 2, 3 :surge, sway,
and heave respectively
xu
X(U)
Generalized absolute
displacement of the ship
at the reference point
u = 1,.., 6
u = 1, 2, 3 : diplacements
u = 4, 5, 6 : attitudes,e. g.
Euler angles
103
SIUnit
m2s
EWSC
m
m
rad
TAW
TAW
Mean thrust increase in

waves
TC
Wave period
Te
TE
Wave encounter period
Tz
TNHE
Natural period of heave
TNPI
Natural period of pitch
TNRO
Natural period of roll
Yz( ),
A z ( )
Amplitude of frequency
response function for
translatory motions
z a ( ) / a ( )
Y( ),
A( )
Amplitude of frequency
a( ) / a( ) or
response function for rotary a( ) / ( 2/ (ga( )))
motions
Wave encounter angle
Angle between ship positive

x axis and positive direction
of waves (long crested) or
dominant wave direction
(short crested)
rad
ITTC Symbols
2
2.3
2.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Ships in General
Seakeeping
Definition or
Explanation
104
SIUnit
2.3.2.2 Remarks
.1 Related Information
Related information is to be found in Chapter 1 on General Mechanics, in Sections 1.1.3 on Time

Related Concepts, 1.1.4 on Stochastic Processes, 1.2 on Solid Body Mechanics, and 1.4.1 on
Waves.
Evidently this whole chapter has not reached a final state in any sense. Therefore the Seakeeping
and Ocean Engineering Committees are strongly urged to come up with a detailed draft for
consideration by the SaT Group and inclusion into a future version of the SaT List.
.2 Sectional Loads
Sectional loads are meaningful only referred to body fixed coordinates. The traditional
terminology speaking of horizontal and vertical forces and moments, referring to space fixed
coordinates, is adequate only for very special conditions of little interest for the sectional loads
and should consequently be avoided as obsolete.
ITTC Symbols
3
3.1
3.1.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
3.1
Ice Going Vessels
3.1.2
Special Craft
Ice going Vessels
Definition or
Explanation
105
SIUnit
CI
CI
Coefficient of net ice

resistance
RI / ( I g h2 B)
CIW
CIW
Coefficient of water
resistance in the presence
of ice
RIW / (S qIW)
FIN
FNIC
Normal ice force on a body Projection of hull-ice

interaction force on the
external normal
FIT
FTIC
Tangential ice force on a

body
FnI
FNIC
Froude number based on ice V / (g hI)1/2

thickness
FXI
FYI
FZI
FXIC
FYIC
FZIC
Components of the local

ice force
N
N
N
fID
CFRD
Coefficient of friction
between surface of body
and ice (dynamic)
Ratio of tangential force to

normal force between two
bodies (dynamic condition)
fIS
CFRS
Coefficient of friction
between surface of body
and ice (static)
The same as above (static

condition)
hI
HTIC
Thickness of ice
hSN
HTSN
Thickness of snow cover
KQIA
KQICMS
Average coefficient of
torque in ice
QIA / ( W nIA2 D5)
KTIA
KTICMS
Average coefficient of
thrust in ice
TIA / ( W nIA2 D4)
nIA
FRICMS
Average rate of propeller

revolution in ice
Projection of the hull ice

interaction force on the
direction of motion
Hz
ITTC Symbols
3
3.1
3.1.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Ice going Vessels
106
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
PDI
PDI
Delivered power at
propeller in ice
2 QIA nIA
QIA
QIMS
Average torque in ice
RI
RI
Net ice resistance
RIT - RIW
RIT
RIT
Total resistance in ice
Ship towing resistance in

ice
RIW
RIW
Hydrodynamic resistance
in presence of ice
Total water resistance of

ship in ice
TIA
TIMS
Average total thrust in ice
ICE
ERIC
Relative propulsive
efficiency in ice
ID
EFDIC
Propulsive efficiency in ice RIT V / (2 nIA QIA)
W
Nm
N
ID / D
1
1
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.2
Planing Boats
3.2.1
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Definition or
Explanation
107
SIUnit
m2
APB
APB
Planing bottom area
Horizontally projected
planing bottom area (at
rest), excluding area of
external spray strips
LCG
BLCG
Beam at LCG
Breadth over spray strips at

LCG
BC
Beam over chines
Beam over chines,

excluding external spray
strips
PA
BPA
Mean breadth over chines
APB / LPR
PTR
BPTR
Transom breadth
Breadth over chines at

transom, excluding external
spray strips
PX
BPX
Maximum breadth over

chines
Maximum breadth over

chines, excluding external
spray strips
dTR
DTRA
Immersion of transom
Vertical depth of trailing

edge of boat at keel below
water surface level
EN
Lever of bottom normal

force N
Distance between N and

center of gravity (measured
normally to N)
eAP
ENA
Lever of appendage lift

force NAP
Distance between NAP and

normally to NAP)
eF
ENF
Lever of propeller normal

force FZ
Distance between propeller

centerline and center of
gravity (measured along
shaft line)
eP
ENP
Lever of resultant of
propeller pressure forces
NP
Distance between NP and

normally to NP)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Definition or
Explanation
108
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
eR
ENPR
Lever of resultant of rudder Distance between NPR and

pressure forces NPR
normal to NPR)
eS
ENS
Lever of resultant propeller Distance between NS and

suction forces NS
normal to NS)
fAA
FRAA
Lever of wind force RAA
Distance between RAA and

normal to RAA)
fAP
FRAP
Lever of appendage drag

RAP
Distance between RAP and

normal to RAP)
fF
FRF
Lever of frictional
resistance RF
Distance between R F and

normal to RF)
fK
FRK
Lever of skeg or keel

resistance RK
Distance between RK and

normal to RK)
fR
FDRR
Lever of augmented rudder Distance between RRP and

drag RRP
normal to RRP)
fS
FSL
Lever of axial propeller

thrust
hP
HSP
Wetted height of strut

palms
hR
HRU
Wetted height of rudders
LC
LC
Wetted chine length
LCP
LCP
Lever of resultant of
pressure forces
LK
LK
Wetted keel length
Lm
LM
Mean wetted length
Distance between axial

thrust and center of gravity
(measured normal to shaft
line)
Distance between center of

pressure and aft end of
planing surface
SIUnit
m
(LK + LC) / 2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Planing Boats
Definition or
Explanation
109
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
LSH
LSHB
Total length of shafts and

bossings
LPR
LPRC
Projected chine length
Length of chine projected in

a plane parallel to keel
SWHP
SWHP
Wetted area underway of

planing hull
Principal wetted area

bounded by trailing edge,
chines and spray root line
ALFB
Angle of attack of the after

portion of the bottom
BETD
Deadrise angle of planing

bottom
Angle between a straight

line approximating body
section and the intersection
of the basis plane with the
section plane
GAMSP
Spray angle
Angle between stagnation

line and keel line (measured
in plane parallel to keel)
LAMS
Mean wetted length-beam

ratio
(LK + LC) / (2 BLCG)
TAUB
Angle of attack of bottom
Angle between planing

bottom or mean buttock line
and horizontal
PHISP
Spray angle
Angle between stagnation

line and keel (measured in
plane of bottom)
DLAM
Dimension increase in total Effective increase in friction

friction area
area length-beam ratio due
to spray contribution to
drag
m
m
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.2
3.2.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.2.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Planing Boats
110
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
LO
CLOD
Lift coefficient for zero

deadrise
/ (BLCG2 q)
CL
CLBET
Lift coefficient for deadrise / (BLCG2 q)

surface
CV
CSP
Speed coefficient
V / (BLCG g)1/2
CDL
Load coefficient
/ (BLCG3 g )
NAP
NAP
Appendage lift forces
Lift forces arising from

appendages inclined to
flow, assumed to act
normally to keel line
RP
DELRP
Resistance component due

to pressure force
RP sin
DR
DELDR
Augmented rudder drag
Augmented drag from the

rudder due to the propeller
slip-stream
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.3
3.3.1
Special Craft
Definition or
Explanation
111
SIUnit
AAP
AAP
Appendage area
Reference area of an
appendage element
m2
AFR
AFR
Frontal area
Projected frontal area of a

protruding body
m2
BTR
BTR
Breadth moulded of
transom at design water line
BX
BX
Maximum molded breadth

of design water line
BM
BM
Breadth moulded of
midship section at design
water line
FWL
FWL
Wetted length factor
LWE / LWL
FWS
FWS
Wetted area factor
SWHE / SW(v=0)
HTC
HTC
Hull tip clearance
Distance between the

propeller sweep circle and
the hull
LF
LF
Length of flap or wedge
Measured in direction
parallel to keel
LK
LK
Wetted length of keel
LW
LWT
Wetted length (general)
NPR
NPR
Number of propellers
SAP
SAP
Wetted surface of
appendages
m2
SW
SW
Wetted surface (general)
m2
SWAPE
SWAPE
Total wetted surface

including the wetted
surface of the
appendages
Total wetted surface of the

hull underway, including
spray area, wetted side area
and wetted surface of the
appendages, without wetted
transom area
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
112
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
SWB
SWB
Wetted bottom area
Area bounded by stagnation

line, chines or water surface
underway and transom
SWH
SWH
Wetted surface of the hull

without wetted surface of
appendages (general)
SWHE
SWHE
Wetted hull area
Total wetted surface of the

hull underway, including
spray area and wetted side
area, without wetted
transom area
m2
SWHS
SWSH
Area of wetted sides
Wetted area of the hull side

above the chine or the
design water line
m2
SWS
SWS
Area wetted by spray
Wetted area between design

line or stagnation line and
spray edge
m2
SWAP
SWAP
Area of hull and

appendages at rest
Total wetted area of hull

and appendages at rest
m2
SW(v=0)
SWV0
Wetted surface of the hull

at rest
Immersed area of the hull

without the transom area
m2
TH
THUL
Draft of the hull
Maximum draft of the hull

without keel or skeg
TTR
TTR
Draft at transom
Maximum immersion of
transom
TTRM
TTRM
Mean immersion of the

transom
ATR / BT
XBL
XBL
Longitudinal position of
calculated boundary layer
thickness
Distance from leading edge

to the point of calculated
boundary layer thickness
ALFSL
Angle of stagnation line
Angle between keel and

stagnation line in plane of
keel
rad
BABR
ALFBAR
Barrel flow angle
Angle between barrel axis

and assumed flow lines
rad
m2
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
113
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
SH
ALFSH
Shaft flow angle
Angle between shaft axis

and assumed flow lines
rad
ALFO
Buttock inclination
Angle between tangent to

afterbody buttock lines and
horizontal plane at rest
rad
BETAD
Angle of deadrise (general) Angle between a straight

line approximating the
section in a specific region
and the intersection of the
basis plane with the section
plane
rad
DELFS
Flap angle
Angle between the planing

surface of a flap and the
bottom before the leading
edge
rad
DELWG
Wedge angle
Angle between the planing

surface of a wedge and the
bottom before the leading
edge
rad
AP
MAAP
Displacement force of the

appendages
WAP
MAWAP
Displacement force with

appendages
TA
DTA
Change of draft at AP
Sinkage or rise of aft

perpendicular
TF
DTF
Change of draft at FP
Sinkage or rise of fore

perpendicular
TLCG
DTLCG
Change of draft at LCG
Sinkage or rise of center of

gravity
EPSO
Shaft inclination

and flow direction
rad
EPSS
Relative shaft inclination

and mean buttock line
rad
SO
EPSSO
Shaft angle

and horizontal plane at rest
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
114
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
TRIM
Running trim angle
Angle between ship's design

water line and the
undisturbed water surface
underway
rad
TRIM0
Trim angle at rest
Angle between ship's design

water line and the
undisturbed water surface at
rest
rad
TAUBUT
Angle of attack of the

specific buttock
Angle between flow and a

specific buttock
rad
PSISI
Shaft inclination

and horizontal plane
underway
SO +
rad
AP
DISVAP
Displacement volume of
the appendages
/ ( g)
m3
WAP
DISWAP
Displacement volume
including the volume of the
appendages
m3
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.3.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Definition or
Explanation
115
SIUnit
CDAP
CDAP
Specific pressure drag

coefficient of the
appendages
CTAP - CF
CRH
CRH
Specific residuary resistance (RTwAP - RF - RAP) /

coefficient of the
/ (Sw q)
appendaged hull, excluding
the appendages drag
CRwAP
CRWAP
Specific residuary resistance (RTwAP - RF) / (Sw q)

coefficient of the hull with
appendages
CRwoAP
CRWOAP
Specific residuary
coefficient of the hull
without appendages
(RwoAP - RF) / (Sw q)
CDP
CDP
Specific pressure drag

coefficient (general)
RP / (A q)
CDINT
CDINT
Specific interference drag

coefficient (general)
DINT / (A q)
DINT
DINT
Interference drag (a force)
FDAP
FDAP
Towing force in a self

propulsion test including
the thrust reduction due
to the scale effects of the
model appendage drag
(CFM - CFS - CA)(SWH q)M +

KAP RAP,M
FN
FN
Propeller normal force
Propeller force normal to

shaft and in vertical center
plane
FTR
FTR
Trial power factor
(PEwAP + PETR) / PEwAP
FX
FX
Horizontal component of
propeller transverse force
FN sin
FZ
FZ
Vertical component of
propeller transverse force
FN cos
ADVCPS
Advance coefficient at
oblique inflow
J cos
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
116
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
KAP
KAP
Appendage correction
factor
Scale effect correction

factor for model appendage
drag applied at the towing
force in a self-propulsion
test
KN
KN
Normal force coefficient
FN / ( n2 D4)
KQO
KQO
Torque coefficient, open

water condition
Torque coefficient for

homogeneous axial inflow
condition
KQB
KQB
Torque coefficient in behind

condition
KQ
KQPSI
Torque coefficient under

oblique inflow condition
Q / ( n2 D5)
K T
KTPSI
Thrust coefficient under

oblique inflow condition
T / ( n2 D4)
KTO
KTO
Thrust coefficient, open

water condition
Thrust coefficient for

homogeneous axial inflow
condition
KTB
KTB
Thrust coefficient in behind

condition
LA
LAP
Appendage lift force
LD
LIDY
hydrodynamic lift
LS
LIBU
Hydrostatic lift
Due to buoyancy
NF
Bottom force
Resultant of pressure and

buoyant forces assumed
acting normally to the
bottom
NPP
NPP
Induced propeller force
Resultant of propeller
pressure forces acting
normally to the bottom
1
Resultant lift force arising
from appendages inclined to
flow (assumed normal to
keel)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
117
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
NS
NPS
Induced propeller force
Resultant of propeller
suction forces acting
normally to the bottom
NYO
NYO
Horizontal bottom force
Horizontal component of
bottom force. Hull with
deadrise N sin
NZ0
NZO
Vertical bottom force
bottom force. Hull with
deadrise N cos
PDTRIAL
PDTR
Delivered power under

trial conditions
(2 Q n)TRIAL
PEAA
PEAA
Effective power wind

resistance
RAA V
PEAP
PEAP
Effective power appendages RAP V

drag
PEPAR
PEPAR
Effective power parasitic

drag
PETRIAL
PETR
Effective power under trial (RTwAP + RTRIAL) V

condition
PEwAP
PEWAP
Effective power with

appendages
RTwAP V
PEwoAP
PEWOAP
Effective power without

appendages
RTwoAP V
QO
QHO
Torque, open water

condition
Torque at axial and

homogeneous inflow
condition
QB
QB
Torque in behind condition
Nm
QPSI
Torque at oblique inflow

condition
Nm
RF
RF
RFXO
RFXO
Horizontal component of RF Force opposite to motion
RFZO
RZFO
Vertical component of RF
Rk
RKEEL
Keel drag
RPAR V
Force assumed as acting

parallel to keel or baseline
Force normal to motion
SIUnit
Nm
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
118
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
RPI
Induced drag
g tg
RPAR
RPAR
Parasitic drag
Drag due to inlet and outlet

openings
RRH
RRH
Residuary resistance of the

naked hull
RRwAP
RRWAP
including appendages drag
RSP
RSP
Pressure component of
spray drag
RSV
RSV
Viscous component of
spray drag
RTwoAP
RWOAP
Resistance of naked hull
RTwAP
RWAP
Resistance of hull with

appendages
TA
THPSI
Axial thrust under oblique

inflow condition
TB
THB
Thrust in behind condition
TO
THO
Thrust, open water

condition
TX
THX
Horizontal thrust component TA cos - FN sin
TZ
THZ
Vertical thrust component
TA sin + FN cos
THDFPS
Thrust deduction fraction

at oblique inflow
1 - RT / (TAcos - FN sin )
VABS
VSABS
Resultant velocity in spray

area
VBm
VBM
Bottom velocity
Mean velocity over bottom

of the hull
m/s
VREL
VSREL
Spray velocity
Velocity in direction of the

spray
m/s
CF SWS qS
Thrust at axial and

homogeneous inflow
condition
SIUnit
m/s
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
119
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
W T
WFTPSI
Taylor wake fraction for

oblique inflow
Taylor wake fraction

identity for oblique inflow
condition
1 - J / V / (n D)
ZR
ZR
Resultant towing force at

self-propulsion test under
trial condition
FDAP - RAA,M - RPAR,M

- RST,M - RAW,M
PEAW
PEAW
Effective power due to

rippling sea
RAW V
PEST
PEST
Effective power due to

course keeping
RST V
PETRIAL
SDPE
Effective power increment

due to trial condition
PEAA + PEPAR + PEAW

PEST
RAW
DELAW
Resistance increment due to

rippling seas
RRS
DELTR
Rudder drag increment
RST
DELST
Resistance increment due to

course keeping
EPSG
Drag-weight ratio in
general
R / (g )
EPSH
Residuary drag-weight
ratio of the appendaged
hull, excluding the
appendage drag
(RTwAP - RF - RAP) /
/ (g )
EPSM
Model drag-weight ratio
RT,M / (g M M)
EPSR
Residuary drag-weight
ratio of the naked hull
(RTwoAP - RF) / (g )
RAP
EPSRAP
Residuary drag-weight ratio (RTwAP - RF - KAP RAP) /

including the appendage
/ ( g )
drag
EPSFS
Full scale drag-weight ratio RT,S / (g S S )

of the appendaged hull
N
Change of rudder drag due
to propeller slip-stream
N
N
ITTC Symbols
3
3.3
3.3.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
120
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
AP
ETAAP
Appendage efficiency
PEwoAP / PEwAP
ETAPSI
Propeller efficiency in open (KT cos - KN sin ) J /

water at non-axial inflow
/ (2 KQ)
conditions
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.4
Catamarans
3.4.1
Special Craft
Catamarans
Definition or
Explanation
121
SIUnit
AMX
AMX
Area of midship section of

demi-hull without keel or
skeg
m2
AXH
AXH
Maximum transverse section of demihull without

keel or skeg
m2
BAXDH
BAXDH
Breadth at maximum
section of demihull
BOADH
BOADH
Overall breadth of demihull
BMDH
BMDH
Breadth of midship section

at midship section and
design water line
BPXDH
BPXDH
Maximun breadth over

chines
Exclusive external spray

rails
BT
BTWL
Tunnel width
Minimal distance of the

demihulls at the waterline
BXDH
BXDH
Maximum breadth of
demihull
At design water line
CDK
CLDK
Deck clearance
Minimum clearance of wet

deck from water surface at
rest
iEI
ANENIN
Half angle of entrance at

tunnel (inner) side
Angle of inner water line

with reference to centre line
of demihull
rad
iEO
ANENOU
Half angle of entrance at

outer side
Angle of outer water line

with reference to centre line
of demihull
rad
CH
ALFCH
Angle of attack of the chine

at 0.25 LPP
MB
ALFMB
Angle of attack of the

bottom at 0.25 LPP
At design water line
rad
In the plane with maximum
longitudinal area
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Catamarans
122
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
DALF
Twist of the bottom of the

afterbody
Difference between theangle

of attackof the centre line
buttock and the chine
FB
BETFB
Angle of deadrise at 0.9 LPP
rad
BETM
Angle of deadrise midships
rad
TR
BETTR
Angle of deadrise at transom
rad
rad
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.4.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Catamarans
Definition or
Explanation
123
SIUnit
3.4.2.1 Resistance Components
RFCA
RFCA
Frictional resistance of
catamarane
2 RFDH
RFDH
RFDH
Frictional resistance of
demihull
RFINT
RFINT
Frictional interference
resistance
RFCA - 2 RFDH
RRCA
RRDH
Residual resistance of
catamarane
RTCA - RFCA
RRDH
RRDH
Residual resistance of
demihull
RTDH - RFDH
RRINT
RRINT
Residual interference
resistance
RRCA - 2 RRDH
RTCA
RFCA
Total resistance of catama- 2 RFDH

rane
RTDH
RFDH
Total resistance of demihull
RTINT
RTINT
Total interference resistance RTCA - 2 RTDH
3.4.2.2 Power and Resistance Ratios
s. Remark .1
P
EP
Power ratio in general
P / ( V)
PD
EPD
Delivered power ratio
PD / ( V)
ER
Drag weight ratio in general R /
RTCA
ERTCA
Full scale total drag weight RT,S / S

ratio
ITTC Symbols
3
3.4
3.4.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Catamarans
Definition or
Explanation
124
SIUnit
3.4.2.3 Remarks
.1 Ratios
The power and resistance ratios listed are examples only. According to the definition of the
various power and resistance components other symbols may be created.
ITTC Symbols
3
3.5
3.5.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.5
SWATH
3.5.1
Special Craft
SWATH
Definition or
Explanation
125
SIUnit
m2
AI
AIA
Strut-hull intersection area
BB
BB
Box beam
Beam of main deck
BS
BS
Hull spacing
Distance between hull

center lines
DH
DHUL
Hull diameter
Diameter of axis symmetric

submerged hulls
DX
DX
Hull diameter at the

longitudinal position "X"
hc
HC
Box clearance
Clearance of main deck

relative to the water surface
at rest
LCH
LCH
Length of center section of Length of prismatic part of

hull
hull
LCS
LCS
Length of center section of Length of prismatic part of

strut
strut
LH
LH
Box length
Length of main deck
LNH
LNH
Length of nose section of

hull

hull with variable diameter
LNS
LNS

strut

strut with variable thickness
LS
LS
Strut length
Length of strut from leading

to trailing edge
LSH
LSH
Length of submerged hull
LSS
LSS
Strut submerged depth
Depth of strut from still

water line to strut-hull
intersection
LTS
LTS
Length of foil section of

strut
Length of foil section of

strut with variable thickness
ts
TSTR
Maximum thickness of strut
ITTC Symbols
3
3.5
3.5.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
tx
TX
Thickness of strut at the

longitudinal position "X"
Special Craft
SWATH
Definition or
Explanation
126
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.6
Hydrofoil Boats
3.6.1
Geometry and Hydostatics
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Definition or
Explanation
Foil area in horizontal plane
127
SIUnit
m2
AF
AFO
Foil area (general)
AFS
AFS
Submerged foil area
AFT
AFT
Total foil plan area
cb
m2
AFTO
AFTO
Total immersed foil plan

area at take-off speed
cb
m2
AR
AR
Aspect ratio
b2 / A
AFR
AFRE
Reserve area of foil
m2
ASS
ASS
Submerged strut area
m2
BFOA
BFOA
Maximum breadth of foils
BSP
Foil span (general)
bF
BSPF
Flap span
bST
BSTR
Transverse horizontal
distance of struts
bw
BSPW
Foil span wetted
CC
CHC
Chord length at center plane

(general)
CF
CFL
Chord length of flap
CLm
CLM
Mean lift coefficient for

foils with twist
Cm
CHM
Mean chord length
CPF
CPFL
Center of pressure on a foil

or flap from leading edge
CS
CSTR
Chord length of a strut
CSF
CHSF
Chord length of strut at

intersection with foil
CT
CHTI
Chord length at foil tips
m2
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Definition or
Explanation
128
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
fL
FML
Camber of lower side

(general)
fU
FMU
Camber of upper side
FnL
FNF
Froude Number based on

foil distance
V / (g LF)1/2
FnC
FNC
Froude Number based on

chord length
V / (g Cm)1/2
hC
HVCG
Height of center of gravity

foilborne
gravity above mean water
surface foilborne
hF
HFL
Flight height
Height of foil chord at

foilborne mode above
position at rest
hK
HKE
Keel clearance
Distance between keel and

mean water surface
foilborne
LF
LEFF
Horizontal distance of
center of pressure of front
foil to center of gravity
LR
LERF
Horizontal distance of
center of pressure of rear
foil to center of gravity
LS
LSTR
Length or span of struts
ML
Load factor based on

displacement weight of
vessel (general)
MF
MLF
Load factor front foil
LF / ( g)
TF
TFO
Foil immersion or
submergence (general)
Distance between foil chord

and mean water surface
TFD
TFD
Depth of submergence of
apex of a dihedral foil
Distance between foil apex

and mean water surface
TFM
TFOM
Mean depth of foil

submergence
WF
WTF
Weight of foil
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Definition or
Explanation
129
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
xR
XFRG
Distance of real foil to

center of gravity
ALFTW
Geometric angle of twist
ALFM
Angle of attack of mean

lift coefficient for foils
with twist
AFS
Angle of attack for which

flow separation (stall)
occurs
TO
ATO
Incidence angle at take-off

speed
DELTT
Thickness ratio of section

(general)
t/C
DELTB
Thickness ratio of trailing

edge of struts
tB / C S
DELTF
Camber ratio of mean line

(general)
f/C
FL
DLTFL
Angle of flap deflection
DELTL
Camber ratio of lower side fL / C

of foil
DELTS
Thickness ratio of strut
tS / C S
STH
DELTT
Theoretical thickness ratio

of section
tS / CSTH
DELTU
Camber ratio of upper side fu / C
EPSF
Downwash angle
TETAD
Dihedral angle
Angle between foil panel

and horizontal
TAUT
Taper ratio
CT / CC
LAMBS
Sweep angle
Angle between a normal to

foil motion and the chord
line
DISVF
Displacement volume of
a foil
m3
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.6.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
Definition or
Explanation
130
SIUnit
CDF
CDF
Drag coefficient of foil
DF / (A q)
CDI
CDI
Induced drag coefficient
DI / (b c q)
CDINT
CDINT
Interference drag coefficient DINT / (t2 q)
CDO
CDO
Section drag coefficient for DP / (b c q)

angle of attack equal to
zero
CDS
CDSP
Spray drag coefficient
CDVENT
CDVENT
Ventilation drag coefficient DVENT / (b t q)
CDW
CDW
Wave drag coefficient
DW / (b TF q)
CLF
CLF
Flap lift coefficient
LFL / (AFL q)
CLO
CLO
Profile lift coefficient for

angle of attack equal to
zero
L / (A q)
CLTO
CLTO
Lift coefficient at take-off

condition
L / (AF qTO)
CLX
CLA
Slope of lift curve
dCL / d
CM
CM
Pitching moment coefficient M / (AF (LF - LR) q)
DF
DRF
Foil drag
Force in the direction of

motion of an immersed foil
DFA
DFA
Drag force on aft foil
CDF AFR q
DFF
DFF
Drag force on front foil
CDF AFF q
DI
DRIND
Induced drag
Due to lift
DINT
DRINT
Interference drag
Due to mutual interaction of

the boundary layers of
intersecting foil
DP
DRSE
Section or profile drag
Streamline drag
DS / (t2 q)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.6
3.6.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
Hydrofoil Boats
131
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Definition or
Explanation
SIUnit
DS
DRSP
Spray drag
Due to spray generation
DST
DRST
Strut drag
DW
DRWA
Wave drag
Due to propagation of
surface waves
DVENT
DRVNT
Ventilation drag
Due to reduced pressure at

the rear side of the strut
base
LFA
LFA
Lift force on aft foil
CL AFR q
LFF
LFF
Lift force on front foil
CL AFF q
MSP
Section pitching moment
CM AF (LF - LR) q
VC
VC
Additional velocity due to

camber
m/s
VT
VT
Additional velocity due to

thickness
m/s
EPS
Drag-lift ratio (general)
N
N
D/L
Nm
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.7
ACV and SES
3.7.1
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Definition or
Explanation
132
SIUnit
AC
CUA
Cushion area
Projected area of ACV or

SES cushion on water
surface
m2
BC
BCU
Cushion beam
SES cushion beam

measured between the side
walls
BOAWL
BOAWL
Maximum breadth of SES
At the water line
BXSH
BXSH
Maximum breadth of side

hulls
At the water line
FWS
FWS
Wetted surface factor
SWHES / SWH
GH
GH
Height of center of gravity

above mean water plane
beneath craft
hBS
HBS
Bow seal height
HSK
HSK
Skirt depth
hSS
HSS
Stern seal height
LB
LB
Deformed bag contact

length
LC
LAC
Cushion length
LE
LACE
Effective length of cushion AC / BC
SWH
SWH
Wetted area of side hulls

at rest off cushion
Total wetted area of side

walls under way on cushion
m2
SWHES
SWHES

under way on cushion

walls under way on cushion
m2
SWSW
SWSW

under way off cushion

walls under way off cushion
m2
WT
Craft weight
Distance from side wall

keel to lower edge of bow
seal
m
Distance from side wall
keel to lower edge of stern
seal
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Definition or
Explanation
133
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
XH
XH
Horizontal spacing between

inner and outer side skirt
hinges or attachment points
to structure
XS
XS
Distance of leading skirt

contact point out-board or
outer hinge of attachment
point to structure
ZH
ZH
Vertical spacing between

inner and outer side skirt
hinges or attachment points
to structure
BC
TETBC
Increase in cushion beam

due to water contact
TETB
Bag contact deformation

angle
TETF
Finger outer face angle
TETW
Slope of mean water plane

for surface level beneath
cushion periphery
ZETAC
Height of cushion generated

wave above mean water
plane at leading edge side
of the skirt
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.7.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Definition or
Explanation
134
SIUnit
CLOAD
Cushion loading coefficient / (g A AC3/2)
CR
CR
Drag coefficient
CPR
CPR
Aerodynamic profile drag
CWC
CWC
Cushion wavemaking
coefficient
pB
PBM
Mean bag pressure
pBS
PBS
Bow seal pressure
pCE
PCE
Mean effective skirt

pressure
pCU
PCU
Cushion pressure
pFT
PFT
Fan total pressure
pLR
PLR
Cushion pressure to length

ratio
pSK
PSS
Skirt pressure in general
pSS
PSS
Stern seal pressure
PFCU
PFCU
Power of lift fan
kW
PFSK
PFSK
Power of skirt fan
kW
QBS
QBS
Bow seal air flow rate
Air flow rate to the bow

seal
m3/s
QCU
QCU
Cushion air flow rate
Air flow rate to cushion
m3/s
QSS
QSS
Stern seal air flow rate
Air flow rate to the stern

seal
m3/s
QT
QT
Total air volume flow
RAT
RAT
Total aerodynamic
resistance
R M + R0
RH
RH
Hydrodynamic resistance
RW + RWET
R0 / ( A VR2 AC / 2)
1
1
Pa
Pressure in the bow seal

bag
Pa
Pa
Mean pressure in the

cushion area
Pa
Pa
PCU / LC
Pa/m
Pa
Pressure in the stern seal

bag
Pa
m3/s
ITTC Symbols
3
3.7
3.7.2
Version 1993
Special Craft
ACV and SES
Definition or
Explanation
135
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
RM
RM
Intake momentum resistance A QT VA

in general
RMCU
RMCU
Intake momentum resistance A QTCU VA

of cushion
RMSK
RMSK
Intake momentum resistance A QTSK VA

of skirt
RO
RO
Profile resistance
RWET
RWET
Resistance due to wetting
TC
TC0
Cushion thrust
CDP A VR2 AV / 2
SIUnit
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.1
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
3.8
Sailing Vessels
3.8.1
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Definition or
Explanation
Reference area of an
appendage element
136
SIUnit
m2
Projected area of a body

or lifting surface (one side
only)
AH
AH
Area of hull
AS
AS
Sail area
AW
AW
Area of waterplane
m2
AX
AX
Area of maximum
transverse section
m2
BSP
Span of a lifting surface
Beam
BOA
BOA
Beam, overall
BWL
BWL
Beam, waterline
CH
Mean chord of a lifting

surface
CB
CB
Block coefficient
CP
CP
CVP
CVP
Vertical prismatic
coefficient
/ (AW TC)
CWP
CWP
Waterplane coefficient
AW / (L B)
CX
CX
Maximum section
coefficient
AX / (B TC)
EM
Mainsail base
Fore triangle height
Fore triangle base
Mainsail height
Lenghts
m2
(P E + I J) / 2
/ (L B T)
m2
1
1
LOA
LOA
Lenghts, overall
LWL
LWL
Lenghts, waterline
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.1
Version 1993
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Definition or
Explanation
137
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
SIUnit
Le
LEFF
Effective lenghts for

computing Reynolds
Number
Wetted surface area
m2
SH
SH
Hull wetted surface
m2
Draft
Tc
TCAN
Draft of canoe body
DISV
Displaced volume
m3
DISF
Displacement force
(weight)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
3.8.2
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Definition or
Explanation
138
SIUnit
CD
CD
Drag coefficient
D / (S q)
CF
CF
Friction resistance
coefficient
RF / (S q)
CR
CR
coefficient (upright)
RR / (S q)
CT
CT
Total resistance
coefficient
RT / (S q)
CA
CA
Incremental resistance
coefficient
CW
CW
Wave resistance coefficient
CPHI
Heel resistance coefficient
CI
Induced resistance
coefficient
Cx, Cy, Cz
Force coefficients
CL
Lift coefficient
Drag
Force
F, FH
Heeling force of sails
FR
Driving force of sails
FV
Vertical force of sails
Side force
Lift force
Resistance (drag)
RF
Friction resistance
RR
(upright)
Resistance increase due to

heel (with zero side force)
RI
Resistance increase due to

side (induced resistance)
RT
Total resistance
L / (S q)
ITTC Symbols
3
3.8
3.8.2
Version 1993
ITTC
Symbol
Computer
Symbol
Name
Special Craft
Sailing Vessels
Definition or
Explanation
139
SIUnit
X,Y,Z
Components of resultant
force along designated axis
Boat velocity
m/s
Uaw
Apparent wind velocity
m/s
Vtw
True wind velocity
m/s
Vmg
Velocity made good

towards a given location
(contrary to wind direction)
m/s
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
140
A ......
A ......
A1 . . . . .
AA . . . .
AA . . . .
AADR . .
AAEF . . .
AAGE . .
AAHY . .
AAID . . .
AAP . . . .
AAPI . . .
AAZL . .
ABL . . . .
ABT . . . .
AC . . . . .
AC . . . . .
AD . . . .
AD . . . .
ADCT . .
ADEN . .
ADEX . .
ADMP . .
ADR . . .
ADVCPS
AE . . . . .
AF . . . . .
AFB . . . .
AFBO . .
AFO . . . .
AFR . . . .
AFRE . . .
AFS . . . .
AFS . . . .
AFS . . . .
AFST . . .
AFT . . . .
AFTO . . .
AH . . . .
AHLT . .
AHLV . .
AIA . . . .
ALF0 . . .
ALFA . . .
ALFA . . .
ALFB . . .
ALFBAR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
136
14
14
40
49
96
50
50
50
50
111
96
50
62
62
72
14
71
68
89
70
70
25
89
115
68
72
72
94
127
111
127
127
129
72
94
127
127
136
94
94
125
50
49
41
109
112
ALFCH .
ALFE . . .
ALFG . . .
ALFI . . .
ALFM . .
ALFMB .
ALFO . . .
ALFS . . .
ALFS . . .
ALFSH . .
ALFTW .
AM . . . .
AMX . . .
ANEN . .
ANENIN
ANENOU
ANFB . .
ANFB . .
ANFL . . .
ANFR . .
ANFRIN .
ANFS . . .
ANFS . . .
ANRF . .
ANRU . .
ANRU . .
ANRU . .
ANRU0 .
ANRUE .
ANRUM .
ANRUOR
ANSL . . .
ANWIRL
AO . . . .
AP . . . . .
AP . . . . .
AP . . . . .
APB . . . .
APSF . . .
AR . . . . .
AR . . . . .
AREA . .
ARMV . .
ARNO . .
ARP . . . .
ART . . . .
ARU . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
121
50
50
50
129
121
113
112
50
113
129
62
121
63
121
121
96
72
49
72
73
96
72
73
96
63
73
96
96
100
96
49
96
68
49
68
66
107
85
127
14
14
...
94
72
72
72
ARU .
ARX .
AS . . .
AS . . .
ASK . .
ASRF .
ASRU
ASRU
ASS . .
AT . . .
AT(I) .
ATO .
ATR . .
ATT . .
AV . .
AW . .
AW . .
AWA .
AWBK
AWF .
AWS .
AX . .
AX . .
AXH .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
94
72
49
136
72
73
73
94
127
41
102
129
62
93
62
136
62
62
72
62
64
62
136
121
B .....
B .....
B .....
B .....
BAXDH
BB . . . .
BC . . . .
BCU . .
BD . . . .
BET . . .
BET1 . .
BETAD
BETB . .
BETD . .
BETE . .
BETFB .
BETM .
BETS . .
BETTR .
BFOA .
BH . . . .
BK . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
57
136
63
121
125
107
132
71
41
90
113
90
109
52
122
122
90
122
127
66
73
BLCG .
BLCK .
BM . . .
BMDH .
BN . . . .
BOA . .
BOADH
BOAWL
BP . . . .
BPA . . .
BPTR . .
BPX . . .
BPXDH
BR . . . .
BS . . . .
BS . . . .
BSP . . .
BSP . . .
BSPF . .
BSPW .
BSTR . .
BTR . . .
BTWL .
BU . . . .
BWL . .
BX . . . .
BXDH .
BXSH .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C ....
C1 . . .
C2 . . .
CA . . .
CA . . .
CA . . .
CAA .
CABL
CABT
CADM
CAHL
CATR
CB . . .
CB . . .
CC . . .
CD . . .
CD . . .
CD . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 96
. 84
. 84
. 80
. 138
. 43
. 80
. 65
. 65
. 84
. 94
. 65
. 64
. 136
. 47
. 138
. 80
. 52
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
107
79
111
121
43
136
121
132
88
107
107
107
121
14
125
73
127
136
127
127
127
111
121
88
136
111
121
132
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
CDAP . .
CDF . . . .
CDI . . . .
CDINT . .
CDINT . .
CDL . . . .
CDO . . .
CDP . . . .
CDSE . . .
CDSE . . .
CDSP . . .
CDVENT
CDVOL .
CDW . . .
CF . . . . .
CF . . . . .
CFL . . . .
CFL . . . .
CFO . . . .
CFRD . .
CFRS . . .
CFUL . . .
CH . . . . .
CH . . . . .
CH . . . . .
CHC . . .
CHM . . .
CHME . .
CHME . .
CHRT . .
CHRT . .
CHSF . . .
CHT . . . .
CHTI . . .
CHTP . . .
CI . . . . .
CIRCB . .
CIRCC . .
CIRCF . .
CIRCK . .
CIRCM .
CIRCS . .
CIRCT . .
CIW . . . .
CK . . . . .
CLA . . . .
CLBET . .
CLDK . .
CLEARD
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
141
115
130
130
115
130
110
...
115
49
49
130
130
84
130
80
138
51
127
80
105
105
81
49
72
136
127
127
68
72
72
49
127
72
127
49
105
64
81
81
81
66
66
66
105
43
130
110
121
70
CLF . . . .
CLM . . .
CLO . . . .
CLOAD .
CLOD . .
CLSE . . .
CLTO . . .
CM . . . .
CMS . . .
CMSE . .
CMTL . .
CN . . . . .
CN . . . . .
CNP . . . .
CNPC . .
CNPV . .
COWIAB
COWIRL
CP . . . . .
CP . . . . .
CP . . . . .
CPA . . . .
CPD . . . .
CPE . . . .
CPF . . . .
CPFL . . .
CPHI . . .
CPL . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPR . . . .
CPV . . . .
CQF . . . .
CQS . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CR . . . . .
CRA . . .
CRDS . .
CRF . . . .
CRH . . .
CRWAP .
CRWOAP
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CS . . . . .
CSA . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
130
127
130
134
110
49
130
130
64
49
77
47
84
84
53
53
96
96
84
136
80
65
88
65
65
127
138
65
65
134
80
80
51
88
134
138
33
80
57
98
57
115
115
115
68
43
33
65
81
CSF . . .
CSNK .
CSP . . .
CSR . . .
CSTR . .
CT . . . .
CT . . . .
CTH . . .
CTHS . .
CTLT . .
CTQ . . .
CTRIM .
CTVOL
CUA . .
CV . . . .
CVOL .
CVP . . .
CVP . . .
CW . . .
CW . . .
CW . . .
CWA . .
CWC . .
CWF . .
CWIL . .
CWIT . .
CWP . .
CWP . .
CX . . . .
CX . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
81
81
110
80
127
138
81
88
88
81
81
81
81
132
81
65
136
65
65
138
81
65
134
65
64
64
81
136
65
136
D .....
D .....
D .....
D .....
DA(U,V)
DALF . .
DC . . . .
DC0 . . .
DC0N . .
DCNO .
DE . . . .
DE . . . .
DEL . . .
DEL(I,J)
DELAW
DELCF .
DELDR
DELFS .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
78
33
33
92
122
53
99
99
99
14
94
52
21
119
80
110
113
DELRP . .
DELS . . .
DELST . .
DELTB .
DELTF . .
DELTL . .
DELTR .
DELTS . .
DELTT . .
DELTT . .
DELTU .
DELWC
DELWC .
DELWG .
DEME . .
DEP . . . .
DFA . . . .
DFF . . . .
DH . . . .
DH . . . .
DI . . . . .
DINT . . .
DIRSF . .
DISF . . .
DISF . . .
DISV . . .
DISV . . .
DISV . . .
DISVAP .
DISVF . .
DISWAP
DJWS . . .
DLAM . .
DLTFL . .
DN . . . .
DN . . . .
DN . . . .
DNIC . . .
DNSN . .
DNWA . .
DP . . . . .
DP . . . . .
DP(U) . .
DPAC(U)
DPVL(U)
DR . . . . .
DRCI . . .
DRF . . . .
DRIND . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
110
52
119
129
129
129
119
129
129
129
129
85
85
113
94
63
130
130
125
68
14
115
58
137
78
78
137
64
114
129
114
81
109
129
16
61
43
61
61
61
87
68
93
93
93
41
100
130
130
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
142
DRINT .
DRSE . .
DRSP . .
DRST . .
DRVNT
DRWA .
DTA . .
DTF . . .
DTLCG
DTPS . .
DTR . . .
DTRA .
DW . . .
DW . . .
DX . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
130
130
131
131
131
131
113
113
113
78
78
107
66
56
125
E ....
E ....
E ....
E ....
EC . . .
EC . . .
ED . . .
EF . . .
EFDIC
EFGP .
EFID .
EFJP .
EFJPO
EFPS .
EFRO .
EFRP .
EFRT .
EFSI .
EFTJ .
EFTP .
EFTPO
EISC .
EISF .
EK . . .
EL . . .
ELIC .
EM . .
EN . . .
EN . . .
EN . . .
ENA .
ENF . .
ENP . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
123
123
123
56
55
46
16
106
85
89
89
89
85
85
85
85
85
89
85
89
58
58
46
43
61
136
107
14
66
107
107
107
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ENPR . . .
ENS . . . .
ENTH . .
EPS . . . .
EPS(I,J,K)
EPSF . . .
EPSFS . .
EPSG . . .
EPSH . . .
EPSM . .
EPSO . . .
EPSR . . .
EPSRAP .
EPSS . . .
EPSSO . .
ERIC . . .
ERSC . . .
ERSF . . .
ERTCA .
ES . . . . .
ET . . . . .
ET . . . . .
ETA . . . .
ETAAP .
ETAB . . .
ETAD . .
ETAG . .
ETAH . .
ETAM . .
ETAO . .
ETAO . .
ETAPSI .
ETAR . . .
ETAS . . .
EW . . . .
EWAM(I)
EWPH(I)
EWSC . .
EWSC . .
EWSF . .
EWSF . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
108
108
52
131
21
129
119
119
119
119
113
119
119
113
113
106
58
58
123
46
56
56
16
120
85
85
85
85
85
89
85
120
85
85
55
55
55
103
58
103
58
F ..
F ..
F ..
F(1)
F(2)
F(3)
F(4)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
38
37
14
37
37
37
37
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F(5) . . .
F(6) . . .
F(I) . . .
F0 . . . .
F0(1) . .
F0(2) . .
F0(3) . .
F1 . . . .
F1(1) . .
F1(2) . .
F1(3) . .
FBP . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FC . . . .
FD . . . .
FDAP . .
FDRR .
FDT . . .
FE . . . .
FF(1) . .
FF(1) . .
FF(2) . .
FF(3) . .
FG(I) . .
FH . . . .
FM . . .
FML . .
FMU . .
FN . . . .
FN . . . .
FNC . . .
FNF . . .
FNI . . .
FNIC . .
FP . . . .
FP . . . .
FPO . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FR . . . .
FRAA .
FRAP . .
FREB . .
FRF . . .
FRICMS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
37
92
14
37
37
37
15
37
37
37
68
25
56
14
16
70
115
108
83
102
15
14
14
15
92
43
72
128
128
115
43
128
128
105
105
66
83
83
58
102
15
14
25
108
108
77
108
105
FRK .
FRPK
FRRC
FRSA
FS . .
FS . .
FS(1)
FS(2)
FS(3)
FS(4)
FS(5)
FS(6)
FS(I)
FS(I)
FSL .
FT . .
FTIC
FTR .
FV . .
FW .
FW .
FW(I)
FWL
FWS
FWS
FX . .
FX . .
FX . .
FXIC
FY . .
FY . .
FYIC
FZ . .
FZ . .
FZ . .
FZIC
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
108
57
57
57
25
66
38
102
102
102
102
102
46
38
108
38
105
115
43
82
55
55
111
111
132
37
97
115
105
98
37
105
37
115
98
105
G .....
G(U) . .
G(U) . .
G0(I) . .
G1(I) . .
G1(I) . .
GAMR .
GAMSP
GAP . . .
GC . . . .
GH . . .
GM . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 14
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 37
. 41
. 109
. 68
. 53
. 132
. 75
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
GML
GMR
GMR
GMS
GR . .
GR . .
GS . .
GZ . .
143
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
75
31
32
32
53
14
53
76
H ....
H13D .
H13U .
HBL . .
HBS . .
HC . . .
HC . . .
HD . .
HFL . .
HK . .
HKE .
HMO .
HO . .
HQF . .
HRU .
HS . . .
HSK . .
HSP . .
HSS . .
HT . . .
HT . . .
HTC . .
HTIC .
HTNT
HTSN .
HTUS .
HU . .
HV . .
HVCG
HW . .
HWDS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
57
57
51
132
125
54
56
128
44
128
57
68
51
108
46
132
108
132
46
14
111
105
54
105
54
56
57
128
55
58
I ....
I ....
I2(1,2)
I2(2,3)
I2(3,1)
ID . . .
IL . . .
IM . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
25
14
35
35
35
47
63
25
IN . . .
IN(I,J)
IT . . .
IX . . .
IXX . .
IXY . .
IY . . .
IYY . .
IYZ . .
IZ . . .
IZX . .
IZZ . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14
36
63
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
J .....
JA . . . .
JEI . . . .
JH . . . .
JP . . . .
JPT . . .
JQ, JPQ
JT . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
25
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
K ......
K ......
K ......
KAP . . . .
KF(I) . . .
KL . . . . .
KM(I) . . .
KN . . . .
KP . . . . .
KPR . . . .
KQ . . . .
KQ . . . .
KQB . . .
KQICMS
KQO . . .
KQO . . .
KQPSI . .
KR . . . . .
KS . . . . .
KS . . . . .
KSC . . . .
KSH . . . .
KT . . . . .
KTB . . . .
KTD . . .
KTICMS .
KTO . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
81
52
37
116
92
73
92
116
88
92
89
88
116
105
116
89
116
81
99
87
88
88
89
116
89
105
116
KTP . . . . . . 89
KTPSI . . . . 116
KTT . . . . . . 89
L .....
L .....
LAC . . .
LACE . .
LAMBS
LAMS .
LAP . . .
LB . . . .
LC
.
LC . . . .
LCH . . .
LCH . . .
LCP . . .
LCS . . .
LD . . . .
LD . . . .
LDEN .
LDEX .
LE . . . .
LEFF . .
LEFF . .
LEN . . .
LERF . .
LF . . . .
LFA . . .
LFF . . .
LFS . . .
LH . . . .
LHRD .
LIBU . .
LIDY . .
LK . . . .
LK . . . .
LM . . .
LNH . .
LNS . . .
LOA . .
LOA . .
LOS . . .
LP . . . .
LP . . . .
LPP . . .
LPRC . .
LRU . . .
LS . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
63
14
132
132
129
109
116
132
53
108
68
125
108
125
56
70
70
71
14
128
137
63
128
111
131
131
64
125
99
116
116
108
111
108
125
125
136
63
63
63
66
63
109
63
125
LSB . .
LSF . .
LSH . .
LSHB .
LSR . .
LSS . .
LSS . .
LSTR .
LTS . .
LU . . .
LW . .
LW . .
LW . .
LWL .
LWL .
LWRD
LWT .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
98
80
125
109
98
125
64
128
125
56
55
56
66
63
136
99
111
M .....
M .....
M(1) . . .
M(2) . . .
M(3) . . .
M(I) . . . .
M0(I,J) . .
M1 . . . . .
M1(I,J) . .
M2(1,1) .
M2(2,2) .
M2(3,3) .
M2(I,J) . .
MA . . . .
MA . . . .
MA . . . .
MA(4,4) .
MA(5,5) .
MA(6,6) .
MA(I,J) .
MA(U,V)
MA(U,V)
MAAP . .
MASS . .
MAWAP
MB . . . .
MB(1) . .
MB(2) . .
MB(3) . .
MF . . . .
ML . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
15
37
37
37
92
35
15
35
35
35
35
36
35
77
15
35
35
35
35
92
36
113
15
113
38
38
102
102
82
128
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
144
MLF .
Mn . . .
MN . .
MO . .
MR . .
MR . .
MR . .
MS . .
MS . .
MSP . .
MT . .
MT(1),
MTC .
MTM .
MX . .
MY . .
MZ . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 128
. 58
. 43
. 15
. 33
. 15
. 82
. 33
. 77
. 131
. 38
. 102
. 77
. 77
. 97
. 97
. 97
N ....
N ....
N ....
NAP . .
NAW .
ND . .
NF . . .
NPB . .
NPP . .
NPR . .
NPS . .
NR . . .
NRRT
NV . .
NVRT
NYO .
NZO .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15
37
83
110
102
97
116
69
116
111
117
97
97
97
97
117
117
OMF . .
OMN . .
OMN . .
OMX . .
OMY . .
OMZ . .
OW . . .
OX . . .
OXRT .
OY . . .
OYRT .
OZ . . . .
OZCINO
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
16
83
16
40
40
40
82
94
95
95
95
95
99
OZRT . . . . .
P ......
P ......
P ......
P0 . . . . .
PA . . . . .
PACO . .
PAIC . . .
PAW . . .
PB . . . . .
PB . . . . .
PBS . . . .
PC . . . . .
PCE . . . .
PCIN . . .
PCU . . . .
PD . . . . .
PD . . . . .
PD . . . . .
PDI . . . .
PDTR . . .
PE . . . . .
PEAA . . .
PEAP . . .
PEAW . .
PEPAR . .
PEST . . .
PETR . . .
PEWAP .
PEWOAP
PF . . . . .
PFCU . . .
PFSK . . .
PFT . . . .
PHIF . . .
PHIP . . .
PHIR . . .
PHISP . .
PI . . . . .
PITCH . .
PLR . . . .
PMVO . .
PN . . . . .
PO . . . . .
PO . . . . .
PO . . . . .
POAI . . .
POBR . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
95
94
40
15
46
53
53
53
102
134
83
134
53
134
53
134
46
34
83
106
117
83
117
117
119
117
119
117
117
117
34
134
134
134
70
70
41
109
83
69
134
64
99
15
61
47
61
61
POIIC
PP . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PR . .
PRGR
PS . .
PSI .
PSI01
PSI02
PSIS .
PSIS .
PSIY
PSS .
PSS .
PT . .
PT . .
PV . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
61
83
95
40
51
83
92
46
52
83
70
100
100
100
114
41
134
134
83
51
53
Q .....
Q .....
QAW . .
Q .....
QB . . . .
QBS . . .
QCF . . .
QCU . .
QDF . . .
QDM . .
QDT . .
QF . . . .
QF . . . .
QFB . . .
QFL . . .
QFLOW
QFS . . .
QHO . .
QPN . . .
QPSI . .
QQ . . .
QR . . . .
QR . . . .
QRT . . .
QRU . .
QSP . . .
QSPC . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
95
102
83
117
134
16
134
16
16
16
51
46
97
16
46
97
117
16
117
16
40
95
16
97
87
87
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
QSPH . . . . . 87
QSS . . . . . . 134
QT . . . . . . . 134
R ....
R ....
R ....
R ....
R(U) .
RA . . .
RAA .
RAKA
RAKG
RAKS
RAKT
RAP . .
RAR .
RAT . .
RAUG
RAW .
RC . . .
RD . . .
RD . . .
RDELS
RDGX
RDGY
RDGZ
RE . . .
RF . . .
RF . . .
RFCA
RFCA
RFDH
RFDH
RFINT
RFO . .
RFXO
RH . . .
RH . . .
RH . . .
RHO .
RHO .
RI . . .
RIT . .
RIW . .
RKEEL
RL . . .
RM . .
RMCU
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
25
40
95
15
92
79
79
70
69
69
69
79
79
134
84
102
79
69
15
51
35
35
35
15
117
79
123
123
123
123
123
79
117
44
134
69
16
43
106
106
106
117
69
135
135
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
145
RMSK . .
RN . . . . .
RO . . . . .
RO . . . . .
RO, . . . .
RP . . . . .
RPAR . .
RPI . . . .
RPV . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RR . . . . .
RRDH . .
RRDH . .
RRH . . .
RRINT . .
RRWAP .
RS . . . . .
RS . . . . .
RSP . . . .
RSV . . . .
RT . . . . .
RTHETA
RTINT . .
RU . . . . .
RV . . . . .
RW . . . .
RWAP . .
RWB . . .
RWET . .
RWOAP .
RZFO . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
S ....
S ....
S ....
S ....
S (U,V)
S2TET
S2ZET
SA . . .
SAIC .
SAP . .
SAWA
SC . . .
SC . . .
SCIC .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 25
. 20
. 64
. 137
. 20
. 58
. 58
. 73
. 61
. 111
. 61
. 16
. 64
. 61
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
135
43
41
135
41
79
118
118
79
40
34
79
69
95
123
123
118
123
118
34
79
118
118
79
51
123
73
79
80
118
80
135
118
117
SDPE . . .
SF . . . . .
SF . . . . .
SFIC . . .
SH . . . . .
SH . . . . .
SI(U,V) .
SIGS . . .
SIN . . . .
SK . . . . .
S M0(I,J) .
S M1(I,J) .
S M2(I,J) .
SN . . . . .
SN . . . . .
SNIC . . .
SP . . . . .
SP . . . . .
SPF . . . .
SPRU . . .
SPRUME
SR . . . . .
SR . . . . .
SR(I,J) . .
SRA . . . .
SRR . . . .
ST . . . . .
ST . . . . .
ST(I,J) . .
STHETA
STIC . . .
STIC . . .
STRTIC .
SV(I,J) . .
SW . . . .
SW . . . .
SWAP . .
SWAPE .
SWB . . .
SWH . . .
SWH . . .
SWHE . .
SWHES .
SWHP . .
SWS . . .
SWSH . .
SWSW . .
SWV0 . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
119
82
47
61
73
137
92
16
84
73
20
20
20
43
16
61
15
49
101
94
94
82
34
46
89
89
16
73
46
58
61
61
61
46
82
111
112
111
112
132
112
112
132
109
112
112
132
112
T .....
T .....
T .....
T (I,J) . .
T1 . . . .
T2 . . . .
TA . . . .
TA . . . .
TA . . . .
TAFR . .
TAP . . .
T AS(I,J)
TAU . .
TAUB .
TAUB .
TAUT .
TAUW .
TAW . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TC . . . .
TCAN .
TCHC .
TD . . . .
TD . . . .
TE . . . .
TE . . . .
TEA . . .
TEIC . .
TEMX .
TETAD
TETB . .
TETBC .
TETF . .
TETP . .
TETS . .
TETW .
TEWA .
TF . . . .
TFD . . .
TFO . . .
TFOM .
TFP . . .
TH . . . .
TH . . . .
TH . . . .
THB . . .
THDF . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
137
64
25
20
58
58
64
73
49
73
64
20
16
114
109
129
52
103
103
15
25
135
137
100
71
56
15
103
61
61
70
129
133
133
133
41
70
133
61
64
128
128
128
64
73
118
87
118
84
THDFPS
THDU .
THETA
THL . . .
THP . . .
THPSI .
THT . . .
THUL .
THX . .
THZ . . .
TI . . . .
TI(J) . . .
TI180 . .
TI90 . . .
TIA . . .
TIC . . .
TIC1 . .
TIC1 . .
TIC2 . .
TIC2 . .
TIC3 . .
TICV . .
TIMS . .
TIR . . .
TM . . .
TM . . .
TMR . .
TMS . .
TMX . .
TN . . . .
TNHE .
TNPI . .
TNRO .
TO . . . .
TR . . . .
TR . . . .
TR . . . .
TRIM . .
TRIM . .
TS . . . .
TS . . . .
TS . . . .
T SY(I,J)
TT . . . .
TTR . . .
T TR(I,J)
TTRM .
TU . . . .
TV . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
118
87
52
80
87
118
87
112
118
118
15
25
99
99
100
98
100
99
99
100
99
33
106
100
69
64
90
64
72
54
103
103
103
69
41
57
78
84
114
125
25
57
20
64
112
20
112
56
57
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
146
TW . . . . . . 55
TX . . . . . . . 126
U ....
U ....
U ....
U(I) . .
UA . .
UADU
UAP . .
UDEF .
UE . . .
UFL . .
UFLS .
UFS . .
UIN . .
UM . .
UN . .
UNIN .
UNQ .
UPLUS
UR . . .
UR . . .
UR . . .
URDU
URP . .
UT . . .
UTAU
UTDU
UTP . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
95
15
40
21
90
90
90
52
51
51
51
51
51
51
15
53
38
51
40
90
95
90
90
90
51
90
90
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V ...
V(1) .
V(2) .
V(3) .
V(4) .
V(5) .
V(6) .
V(I) .
V (I) .
V(I) .
V (I) .
V(U)
V (U)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
95
34
83
15
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
92
21
46
21
40
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V0 . . .
V0 . . .
V0 . . .
V0(1) .
V0(2) .
V0(3) .
V 0(I) .
V0P . .
V1 . . .
V1 . . .
V1(1) .
V1(2) .
V1(3) .
V 1(I) .
V2 . . .
V3 . . .
VA . .
VA . .
VA . .
VA . .
VBM .
VC . . .
VD . .
VF . . .
VF . . .
VG . .
VI . . .
VI . . .
VK . .
VO . .
VO . .
VOLS .
VP . . .
VP . . .
VP(I) .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VR . . .
VSABS
VSREL
VT . . .
VT . . .
VWAB
VWRL
VX . .
VX . .
VX . .
VXRT
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
16
83
40
40
40
21
87
46
15
40
40
40
21
46
46
95
87
83
46
118
131
47
95
15
55
49
43
43
95
15
54
55
87
55
40
95
80
34
118
118
131
49
96
96
46
95
40
95
VY .
VY .
VY .
VYR
VZ . .
VZ . .
VZ . .
VZRT
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
W ....
W ....
WD . . .
WD . . .
WFF . .
WFT . .
WFTPSI
WFTQ .
WFTT .
WG . . .
WN . . .
WN . . .
WPUL .
WR . . .
WR . . .
WT . . .
WT . . .
WT . . .
WTF . .
WTLS .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 95
. 40
. 15
. 58
. 84
. 84
. 119
. 84
. 85
. 73
. 56
. 43
. 38
. 40
. 95
. 78
. 132
. 15
. 128
. 54
x ....
X ....
X ....
X ....
X ....
X(1) . .
X(2) . .
X(3) . .
X(4) . .
X(5) . .
X(6) . .
X(I) . .
X (J) . .
X(U) .
X0 . . .
X0(1) .
X0(2) .
X0(3) .
X0180
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 25
. 37
. 21
. 93
. 92
. 21
. 21
. 21
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 103
. 25
. 103
. 21
. 21
. 21
. 21
. 100
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
95
40
95
40
95
46
95
X090 .
X0F . .
XA . .
XAB .
XACB
XACG
XAF . .
XAG .
XBL . .
XCB .
XCF . .
XCG .
XD . .
X DF . .
X DL .
X DS . .
XF . . .
XF . . .
XF(1) .
XF(2) .
XF(3) .
XFB . .
XFF . .
XFG . .
XFRG
X FT(J)
XH . .
X HF . .
X HT .
XLO .
X LT . .
X mMR
X MR .
X MS .
XMX .
XP . . .
X PD . .
X PF . .
X RT . .
XRU .
XS . . .
XS . . .
X S(J) .
XTA .
XU . .
XUR .
X VR .
X VS . .
X X CR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
100
101
26
75
77
77
75
75
112
77
77
78
31
26
26
31
26
21
21
21
21
75
76
75
129
26
133
26
26
85
26
31
31
31
100
69
31
32
26
97
133
26
26
77
98
98
32
32
32
ITTC Symbols
Version 1993
147
XXM .
X X RR
X X SR
X X VR
X X VS
X Y CR
XY M .
X Y PD
X Y PF .
X Y RR
X Y SR
X Y VR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
31
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
32
33
33
32
Y ....
Y ....
Y ....
Y0 . . .
Y0180
Y090 .
Y0F . .
Y0MX
Y0MX
YA . .
YA . .
YAG .
YAOR
YART
YAZ .
YD . .
YF . . .
YHA .
YP . . .
YPLUS
YR . . .
YRR .
YRU .
YV . .
YVRT
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
21
92
21
100
100
101
100
100
96
41
76
96
96
76
98
21
77
69
52
98
98
98
98
98
Z ....
Z ....
Z ....
Z ....
Z0 . . .
ZAG .
Z AM .
ZBM .
ZBML
Z CJ . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
25
37
21
92
21
76
27
75
75
27
ZETAC
ZETO,
ZF . . .
ZH . . .
Z IM . .
Z IM . .
ZKA .
ZKAG
ZKB . .
ZKG .
ZKM .
ZKML
Z LG . .
ZP . . .
Z PH . .
ZR . . .
Z RE . .
Z RE . .
ZV . . .
. . . 133
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 21
. 133
. 27
. 27
. 75
. 76
. 76
. 76
. 76
. 76
. 27
. 69
. 27
. 119
. 27
. 27
. 83

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List 1993

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List 1993

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ITTC Symbols

International Towing Tank Conference

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

VWS Mitteilungen Heft 57

International Towing Tank Conference

ITTC Symbols and Terminology List

VWS Mitteilungen Heft 57

Versuchsanstalt fr Wasserbau und Schiffbau

1.2.2.1 External Loads

2.1.3.2 Identifiers for Appendages

Computer Symbol Index

Symbols and Terminology Group

Recommendations for the future work of the Group:

terminological database formats appears to be a minor task.

Prof. Carlo Podenzana-Bonvino (Secretary)

qij = Qij (b, s, c, o, t).

Names, Definitions, SI-Units

1. International Towing Tank Conference, Standard Symbols 1971.

4. Translation of Overall Index of Titles of Dictionary of Ship Hydrodynamics.

1.1.1.1 Basic Concepts

Force normal to lift and

Force opposing translatory

Ratio of tangential force

Specific gravity force

Second order moment of a

Volume flow rate

R, RE, FF(1) Resistance (force)

Length along path

Weight density, formerly

Weight (force), gravity

Relative mass or weight

First order moment of a

Force opposing translatory

Mass density of a substance divided by mass

Ship dimension divided by

Quantity of the quality

Total flux across the

Production of sources in the

Storage in the control

Traditionally balances of various extensive or socalled "conservative" qualities or properties are

QU is the variable for the SI unit of the quality Q under consideration.

Space Related Concepts

1.1.2.1 Basic Concepts

Any scalar quantity

Zeroth order moment of a

First order moment of a

Second moment of a scalar klixljkm xmds

Tensor in space referred to T ijs + T ija

Symmetric part of a tensor

Any vector quantities

Zeroth order moments of a dvi

First order moments of a

Body axes and

Space axes and

Flow axes and

+1 : ijk = 123, 231, 312

The symbols s, S, T, u, v, V denote variables to be replaced by the symbols of the specific

Coordinate systems fixed in bodies or ships.

axis positve to port, and the z-axis positive upwards.

Time Related Concepts

1.1.3.1 Basic Concepts

sr, in Laplace variable

Sample time instances