Sei sulla pagina 1di 6

XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010, Rome

DC-Bus Utilisation in Series-Connected MultiPhase Machines Supplied from a VSI with a


Composite Phase Number
D. Dujic, M. Jones, E. Levi, O. Lopez
AbstractMultiphase series-connected motor drives can be
supplied from a two-level voltage source inverter (VSI), which
has either a prime or a composite number of legs (phases). It
has been shown recently that, in the case of a prime number of
inverter/machine phases, limits of the linear PWM region get
extended over those valid for a particular phase number due to
the phase transposition applied in the series connection. A
study of the dc bus voltage utilisation in the linear modulation
region is reported in this paper for series-connected multiphase
drives with a composite phase number. The limits are
independent of the actual PWM technique used and are equally
applicable to both carrier-based and space vector PWM
techniques. A detailed simulation and experimental
investigation is conducted using a symmetrical six-phase VSI,
which supplies series connection of a symmetrical six-phase and
a three-phase machine. The results thus obtained fully verify
theoretical considerations.
Index Terms
Dc-bus utilisation, multiphase drives, multiphase voltage source inverters (VSIs), composite phase number.

I. INTRODUCTION

ULTIPHASE (more than three stator phases)


variable-speed drives are at present regarded as
potentially viable solutions for ship propulsion systems,
more-electric aircraft, locomotive traction, electric and
hybrid vehicles, and high-power (or high current) drives in
general [1,2]. A two-level multiphase VSI is the standard
solution for such drive systems, so that the number of
inverter legs equals the number of machine phases.
If a multiphase machine with sinusoidal winding
distribution is supplied from a multiphase VSI and the phase
number is a prime number, determination of the dc-bus
utilization in the linear modulation region is straightforward.
It has been shown that, for a five-phase VSI, both carrierbased methods with the zero-sequence injection and the
space vector PWM method allow an increase of 5.15% in the
dc-bus utilisation, when compared to the simplest sinusoidal
modulation without any zero-sequence signal injection [3,4].
In case of a seven-phase VSI, an increase of 2.57% in the dcbus utilisation is achievable, again with both carrier-based
and space vector PWM [5,6]. In essence, maximum
modulation index in the linear modulation region is
1
governed with M max = [cos( / 2n )] , where n is the
number of phases.
The situation is somewhat different when VSI phase
number n is a composite number, since there are various

_______________________
D. Dujic is with ABB Corporate Research, Baden Dttwil 5405,
Switzerland (e-mail: drazen.dujic@ieee.org).
M. Jones and E. Levi are with the School of Engineering, Liverpool
John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK (e-mail:
m.jones2@ljmu.ac.uk, e.levi@ljmu.ac.uk).
O. Lopez is with Department of Electronics Technology, University of
Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain (e-mail: olopez@uvigo.es).

978-1-4244-4175-4/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

machine topologies that can be used for a particular phase


number. The machine can be built using equal spatial shift
between any two consecutive phases (symmetrical
multiphase machine, = 2 / n ) or using so-called
asymmetrical configuration based on k sub-windings (k =
2,3,4) with a phases each (a = 3,5,7), where the spatial
shift between first phases of the consecutive a-phase
windings is = / n (n = ak). Further, the system may have
a single neutral point or k isolated neutral points. Dc-bus
utilisation for multiphase drives with a composite phase
number has been comprehensively covered in [7]. It has
been shown that in the case of multiple isolated neutral
points the limit of the linear modulation region is the same
for an n-phase winding as for the a-phase sub-winding,

M max = [cos( / 2a )]1 . If there is a single neutral point then


the situation differs depending on whether the winding is
symmetrical or asymmetrical and depending on whether the
composite phase number is even or odd. In all asymmetrical
systems and in symmetrical systems with an overall odd
phase number n the maximum modulation index is governed

again by M max = [cos( / 2n )]1 . However, in symmetrical


systems with an even phase number n the maximum
modulation index in the limit of the linear PWM region is
always restricted to 1.
One particular feature of multiphase drive systems is that
it is possible to connect in series a certain number of
multiphase machines, using phase transposition, and supply
them from a single VSI. Such systems can be realised using
either odd (prime or composite) VSI number of legs [8] or
an even number of VSI legs [9]. If the inverter phase number
is composite, series-connected multi-drive systems can be
realised using both symmetrical and asymmetrical
multiphase machines [10,11]. Series connection with phase
transposition makes use of mutually orthogonal multiple d-q
planes that exist in representation of multiphase systems
[12]. Phase transposition, introduced in the series
connection, essentially enables independent control of, at
most, (n1)/2 multiphase machines for odd n ((n2)/2 for
even n) using the available d-q planes. This requires that the
inverter generates at the output one sinusoidal voltage
component per each of the (n1)/2 planes ((n2)/2 for even
n). The required voltage components in different planes are
completely unrelated. Appropriate PWM schemes for seriesconnected multi-phase machines, that enable multifrequency output voltage generation, have been developed in
[13].
Since concept of series connection utilises excitation of
all d-q planes of the system, limits of the linear PWM region
are very different from those that apply to a single
multiphase drive. The problem has been studied so far only
for the inverter prime phase numbers, [14]. It has been
shown in [14] that the dc bus utilisation of series-connected

machines is the same as for concentrated winding singledrive multiphase systems that utilise low-order harmonic
injection for torque enhancement purposes. The method of
analysis, utilised in [14], is independent of the applied PWM
method and is based on a simple observation that limit of the
linear PWM region is reached when the peak value of a lineto-line voltage becomes equal to the dc bus voltage. The
same approach is utilised here to investigate the limits of the
linear PWM region for series-connected drive systems based
on supply from a VSI with a composite phase number.
Theoretical considerations are supported with simulation and
experimental investigation of a symmetrical six-phase twomotor drive system.
II. SYMMETRICAL SIX-PHASE TWO-MOTOR DRIVE
To start with, modulation index Mi is defined as the ratio
of the phase voltage fundamental peak value Vi1 and one
half of the dc-bus voltage Vdc:
M i = Vi1 0.5Vdc
(1)
Since there are at least two machines in a seriesconnected drive system, index i takes the values i = 1,2,3
Using this definition, phase and line voltages of a machine
can be expressed as functions of the modulation index.
For a three-phase system, maximum utilisation of the dcbus voltage (i.e. limit of the linear modulation region) is
reached when peak value of the line voltage becomes equal
to the dc-bus voltage. Since in a three-phase system all line
voltages are of the same magnitude, it is sufficient to
consider only one line voltage, referenced to phase a. In
multi-phase systems, however, it is necessary to consider the
set of largest line voltages among the different line voltage
sets. The largest line voltages are those where the angle
between two phase voltage phasors is the largest (the closest
to 180 degrees). The following analysis assumes that
inverter generates voltages that are sinusoidal and thus loworder harmonic-free.
Consider a two-motor series-connected drive, consisting
of a symmetrical six-phase machine and a three-phase
machine, connected as shown in Fig. 1 [9,11]. The supply
comes from a symmetrical six-phase inverter. Since a
symmetrical six-phase system with a single neutral point is
characterised with two d-q planes, the machines are
controlled independently using the first d-q plane for the sixphase machine control and the second d-q plane for control
of the three-phase machine, as indicated in Fig. 1. Line-toline voltages of the six-phase machine are given with:
V ab1 = 2 M1 0.5Vdc cos( 3)

V ac1 = 2M1 0.5Vdc cos( 6)

(2)

V ad 1 = 2M 1 0.5Vdc
Line-to-line voltage of a three-phase machine can be given
as (indices 1 and 2 identify the two machines):
6 phase VSI

Vdc

d 2 q2

d1 q1

a1

b1

c1

d1

e1

f1

Fig. 1. Six-phase series-connected two-motor drive.

a2

b2

c2

V ab 2 = 2 M 2 0.5Vdc cos( 6)

(3)

Line-to-line voltages of the six-phase VSI are further given


with:
v AB = v A v B = (va1 + va 2 ) (vb1 + vb 2 ) = vab1 + vab 2
v AC = v A vC = (va1 + va 2 ) (vc1 + vc 2 ) = vac1 + vac 2
v AD = v A vD = (va1 + va 2 ) (vd 1 + va 2 ) = vad 1

(4)

v AE = v A v E = (va1 + va 2 ) (ve1 + vb 2 ) = vae1 + vab 2


v AF = v A vF = (va1 + va 2 ) (v f 1 + vc 2 ) = vaf 1 + vac 2
Since there are two pairs of line-to-line voltages that are
the same, only the first three rows of (4) need to be
considered further on. Substituting (2) and (3) into (4)
yields:
v AB = 2 M 1 0.5Vdc cos( 3) + 2M 2 0.5Vdc cos( 6)
v AC = 2 M 1 0.5Vdc cos( 6) + 2M 2 0.5Vdc cos( 6)

(5)

v AD = 2 M 1 0.5Vdc
In order to maximise dc bus utilisation in the linear
modulation region the following constraints must be
satisfied for every set of values of the modulation indices:
v AB = M 1Vdc cos( 3) + M 2Vdc cos( 6) Vdc
v AC = M 1Vdc cos( 6) + M 2Vdc cos( 6) Vdc

(6)

v AD = M 1Vdc Vdc
Expressions (6) can be further given as:
M 1 cos( 3) + M 2 cos( 6) 1
M 1 cos( 6) + M 2 cos( 6) 1

(7)

M1 1
To find the area of permitted
indices in a plane, it is enough to
by each row of (7) for the case
replaced by equalities (to 1).
M 2 = f ( M 1 ) as:

values of the modulation


plot lines that are defined
when all inequalities are
Thus one can express
1
2 = 2 M1
3
3
2

1 M1

(*)

1 M 1 cos( 3)
M2 =
=
cos( 6)

(**)

1 M 1 cos( 6)
M2 =
=
cos( / 6)

3
2 = 2 3M 1
3
3
2

1 M1

(8)

(* * *) M 1 1
The characteristic points for the first two straight lines of (8)
are governed with:
2
(0, M 2 ) = (0,
) = (0, 1.1547)
for relation (*)
(9)
3

( M 1 ,0) = (2, 0)
2
(0, M 2 ) = (0,
) = (0,1.1547)
3
2
( M 1 ,0) = (
, 0) = (1.1547, 0)
3

for relation (**) (10)

while solution of relation (***) in (8) is straightforward,


since M 1 1 . Fig. 2 shows plots of the three relations of
(8), that govern the area of the permissible modulation index
pairs in the M 1 M 2 plane. It is obvious that condition (*)
of (8) (that is, (9)) does not play any role in governing the dc
bus utilization limits. This is so since it contains the smallest

line-to-line voltage of the symmetrical six-phase machine.


What this means is that the area of permissible modulation
index pairs is governed by conditions (**) and (***) of (8).
Characteristic point in the M 1 M 2 plane can be
determined from the intersection of the straight lines,
governing the conditions (**) and (***), as follows:
(**)

M 2 ( M 1 = 1) =

2 3
3

= 0.1547

(11)

Thus ( M 1 , M 2 ) = (1, 0.1547) .


Setting M 1 = M 2 one has from the first equation of (6)
1
= 0.7321
(12)
cos( 3) + cos( 6)
which lies outside the permissible area (Fig. 2). Using the
same condition M 1 = M 2 in the second equation of (7)
yields the following:
1
M1 = M 2 =
= 0.5774
(13)
2 cos( 6)
which is in the limit of the linear modulation region.
Previous considerations, which are graphically illustrated in
Fig. 2, can be summarised as the following relationships
between modulation indices of the two planes:
M1 1
(14)
M 1 + M 2 1.1547
As noted already, the limit of the linear modulation region
for a single symmetrical six-phase machine with a single
neutral point is governed by M max = 1 . Thus, according to
(14), connection of a three-phase machine improves the
overall dc bus voltage utilization since, as long as M 1 1 ,
the sum of the two modulation indices is up to 1.1547, i.e.
the same as in a three-phase system. This is so due to the
phase shifting of voltage components of the two machines,
governed by (4).
M1 = M 2 =

of one machine appears as non flux/torque current for second


machine and vice versa. To explore utilisation of the dc bus
voltage, the same procedure as in the previous section can be
employed. For the first connection inverter line-to-line
voltages can be expressed as:
v AB = v A v B = (va1 + va 2 ) (vb1 + vc 2 ) = vab1 + vac 2
(15)
v AC = v A vC = (va1 + va 2 ) (vc1 + vb 2 ) = vac1 + vab 2
In essence there is only one expression that defines
utilisation of dc bus voltage for this topology since line-toline voltages of all four sets of three-phase windings are with
the same maximum value. Thus the following can be
written:
v AB = 2 M 1 0.5Vdc cos( 6) + 2 M 2 0.5Vdc cos( 6)
(16)
from where the constraint that provides operation in the
linear region can be obtained in the form:
v AB = M 1Vdc cos( 6) + M 2Vdc cos( 6) Vdc
(17)
This leads to:
M 1 cos( 6) + M 2 cos( 6) 1
Graphical representation of (18) is shown in Fig. 4.
6 phase VSI
B

Vdc

III. ASYMMETRICAL SIX-PHASE TWO-MOTOR DRIVE


Consider next an asymmetrical six-phase VSI. It can be
used to supply two asymmetrical series-connected six-phase
machines in one of the two configurations, given in Fig. 3.
For both connections shown, flux/torque producing current
M2

a1

a2

b1

b2

c1

c2

d1

d2

e1

e2

f1

f2

6 phase VSI

Vdc

d 2 q2

d1 q1

(18)

d1 q1

d 2 q2

a1

a2

b1

b2

c1

c2

d1

d2

e1

e2

f1

f2

Fig. 3. Asymmetrical six-phase two-motor drive with two asymmetrical sixphase machines two possible configurations (a,b,c stand for the first and
d,e,f for the second three-phase winding of each machine).

Mi =

1
=2
cos( 3)

1
= 1.1547
cos( 6)
1
Mi =
= 0.5774
2 cos( 6)

1.1547

Mi =
*

**

Mi =
0.5774

1 cos( 6)
= 0.1547
cos( 6)

***

0.1547

M1
0

0.5774

1 1.1547

Fig. 2. Combinations of modulation indices that yield operation in the linear modulation region for a symmetrical six-phase VSI-fed series-connected twomotor drive (shaded area).

M3

M2

1.1547

Mi =

1
= 1.1547
cos( 6)

Mi =

1
= 0.5774
2 cos( 6)

0.5774
I

M2

M1
0

0.5774

1.1547

Fig. 4. Combinations of modulation indices that yield operation in the linear


modulation region for an asymmetrical six-phase two-motor drive (shaded
area).

The same result is obtained for the second connection of


Fig. 3. It should be noted that both connections of Fig. 3
assume two isolated neutral points. Hence the resulting area
of permissible modulation index pairs is simply governed by
M 1 + M 2 1.1547
(19)
which is the same limiting value as in a three-phase system.
IV.

SYMMETRICAL NINE-PHASE FOUR-MOTOR DRIVE

Principles of analysis, detailed for asymmetrical and


symmetrical two-motor drives, can be further extended to
higher composite VSI phase numbers. With a nine-phase
VSI it becomes possible to supply four machines connected
in series with an appropriate phase transposition [8]. Three
machines are nine-phase while the fourth one is three-phase.
Such a system can be realised using both a symmetrical
nine-phase [8] and an asymmetrical nine-phase structure
[15]. In what follows, dc bus utilisation in the linear PWM
region is addressed only for the symmetrical nine-phase
case. Connection diagram is available in [8] and the threephase machine is at the end of the chain (i.e. machine 4).
Maximum modulation index in the linear PWM region is,
from M max = [cos( / 2n )]1 , equal to 1.0154 for a single
symmetrical nine-phase and 1.1547 for a three-phase
machine.
The principal difficulty is in this case the fact that there
are four d-q planes, used for independent control of four
machines, and graphical representation of the permitted
modulation index combinations requires therefore a fourdimensional space. To circumvent this problem, it is
assumed that only three nine-phase machines operate, while
the modulation index for the three-phase machine is M4 = 0.
The permissible volume of modulation index triplets is then
obtained, following the same procedure as in Sections II and
III, in the form shown in Fig. 5. Values of modulation
indices in various points, labeled in Fig. 5, are summarized
in Table I. As can be seen from Table I, sum of the three
modulation indices is up to 1.1547 (i.e. as for the three-phase
case) and thus significantly above the value valid for a single
symmetrical nine-phase machine (1.0154). Similar results
are obtained if simultaneous operation of two nine-phase and
the three-phase machine is considered.

M1

Fig. 5. Permissible combinations of modulation indices of three nine-phase


machines with M4 = 0.
TABLE I. CHARACTERISTIC OPERATING POINTS SHOWN IN FIGURE 5.

M 1 1.015

0.941

0.213 0.941

M2

1.015

M3

1.015

0.213 0.401
0

0.754

0.754 0.401

0.213 0.941

0.754 0.401

V. SIMULATION STUDY
The configuration of Fig. 1, consisting of a symmetrical
six-phase and a three-phase series-connected two-motor
drive system, is selected for more detailed study. Since the
operating frequency in the two d-q planes is irrelevant, it is
set to 50 Hz in all the tests and only the modulation indices
of the two planes are varied. A number of operating points in
the M 1 M 2 plane is studied, both inside and outside of the
permissible modulation index area of Fig. 2.
Multidimensional multiphase space vector algorithm of [16]
is applied in conjunction with continuous PWM and
symmetrical disposition of active vectors. Balanced dwell
times of the first and the last switching vector are utilized.
The plots further on illustrate unfiltered trajectories of the
output voltage in the two d-q planes (grey traces) and
trajectories of the cycle-by-cycle averaged voltages in the
two planes (black traces). Since the reference voltages in
both planes are pure sine waves, then the averaged
trajectories of the output voltage in each of the two planes
will be circles as long as the requested modulation index pair
can be realized with full PWM (i.e. as long as operation is
within the limits of the linear modulation region in Fig. 2).
Results obtained with M 1 = 1, M 2 = 0 and with
M 1 = 0, M 2 = 1.1547 are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7,
respectively. These are the two points in the limit of the
linear modulation region, according to Fig. 2. This is
confirmed in Figs. 6 and 7 since the averaged trajectory in
the first plane (second plane, respectively) is a circle. Since
reference in the other plane is zero, the averaged trajectory in
the second plane (first plane, respectively) is in the origin of
the plot. A further illustration of the operation in the limit of
the linear modulation region is given in Fig. 8, this time for
M 1 = M 2 = 1.1547 / 2 = 0.5773 . Clearly, averaged trajectories in both d-q planes are now circles, confirming that the
inverter still operates in the linear PWM region.

M1=1, M2=0

0.8

M1=1, M2=0

0.8

M1=1.1547, M2=0

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.8
0.8

0.8

0.4

0
d2

0.4

0.8

Fig. 6. Operation in the limit of the linear modulation region with


M 1 = 1, M 2 = 0
0.8

q2

0.4

q1

0.4

0.4

0.4

0
d1

0.4

0.8

0.8
0.8

M1=0.5773, M2=0.5773

0.8

q2

0.4

q1

0.4

0.4

0.4

0
d2

0.4

0.8

0.4

0
d1

0.4

0.8

0.8
0.8

M1=0.5773, M2=0.5773

0.4

0
d2

0.4

0.8

Fig. 8. Operation in the limit of the linear modulation region with


M 1 = M 2 = 1.1547 / 2 = 0.5773 .

In the next two simulations the modulation indices are


selected in such a way that operation outside the permissible
area of Fig. 2 results. The inverter is therefore pushed into
over-modulation, which will be evidenced by non-circular
trajectory of the averaged output voltage in one or both d-q
plane(s). Results obtained for M 1 = 1.1547, M 2 = 0 and for
M 1 = 0.65, M 2 = 0.65 are shown in Figs. 9 and 10,
respectively. It is obvious in Fig. 9 that the averaged output
voltage trajectory in the first plane is now deviating from a
circle and is distorted due to operation in the overmodulation. The same applies to Fig. 10 where however
none of the two averaged output voltage trajectories in the
two d-q planes is circular.
VI.

0.8

0.8
0.8

0.4

0
d2

0.4

0.8

M1=0.65, M2=0.65

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.8
0.8

0.4

0
d1

0.4

0.8

0.8
0.8

0.4

0
d2

0.4

0.8

Fig. 10. Operation in the over-modulation region with


M 1 = 0.65, M 2 = 0.65 .

0.4

0.8
0.8

0.4

0.4

Fig. 7. Operation in the limit of the linear modulation region with


M 1 = 0, M 2 = 1.1547
0.8

0
d1

M1=0.65, M2=0.65

0.8

M1=0, M2=1.1547

0.4

0.8
0.8

0.4

Fig. 9. Operation in the over-modulation region with M 1 = 1.1547, M 2 = 0 .

q1

M1=0, M2=1.1547

0.8

0.8
0.8

q2

0
d1

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

In the experimental work the structure of Fig. 1 is


employed, with more details regarding the machines
available in [11]. Dc bus voltage is obtained by rectifying
three-phase mains voltage using a three-phase diode bridge
rectifier and the dc link capacitor voltage is close to 600 V.
The inverter is operated at 5 kHz switching frequency. The
emphasis in the experiments is placed on operation with M2
set to zero, so that the conditions depicted by means of

simulation results in Figs. 6 and 9 are investigated. In what


follows time-domain waveform of the phase voltage is
shown, together with the spectrum. The voltage is prefiltered to remove switching harmonics, using a passive lowpass filter with 1.6 kHz cut-off frequency. PWM is
implemented using TMS320F2812 DSP and at 50 Hz output
frequency the modulation index for the six-phase machine
has the value M 1 = 1 . For higher modulation index values
the output frequency is kept at 50 Hz.
Fig. 11 illustrates phase voltage at 50 Hz output frequency
with M1 = 1. As can be seen from the spectrum plot, shown
in the range up to 800 Hz, the output voltage does not
contain any low-order harmonics. Hence, as predicted by
theoretical analysis, the operation with unity modulation
index is still in the linear modulation region.
The modulation index M1 is further increased above 1
while keeping the output frequency at 50 Hz. Provided that
the maximum modulation index is indeed 1, then operation
with larger modulation indices means operation in over400
Waveform (V)

0.4

0.4

0.4

200
0
-200
-400
0

0.02

0.04

0.06
Time (s)

0.08

0.1

0.12

200
Spectrum (V rms)

0.8
0.8

q2

0.4

q1

0.4

q2

0.4

q1

0.4

0.4

M1=1.1547, M2=0

0.8

160
120
80
40
0
0

100

200

300

400
500
Frequency (Hz)

600

700

800

Fig. 11. Output phase voltage (waveform and spectrum) of a symmetrical


six-phase inverter supplying a two-motor drive as per Fig. 1, with
M 1 = 1, M 2 = 0 and 50 Hz output frequency.

Waveform (V)

400

[4]

200
0

[5]

-200
-400
0

0.02

0.04

0.06
Time (s)

0.08

0.1

0.12

[6]

Spectrum (V rms)

200
160

[7]

120
80
40
0
0

100

200

300

400
500
Frequency (Hz)

600

700

800

Fig. 12. Output phase voltage (waveform and spectrum) of a symmetrical


six-phase inverter supplying a two-motor drive as per Fig. 1, with
M 1 = 1.15, M 2 = 0 and 50 Hz output frequency.

modulation and odd low-order harmonics are expected to


appear in the voltage spectrum. Fig. 12 illustrates operation
with modulation index set to M1 = 1.15. As can be seen, the
voltage waveform becomes flattened as the modulation
index increases above 1, indicating presence of the low-order
harmonics in the output voltage. This is clearly visible in the
spectrum, where the low-order odd harmonics now appear.
From the performed measurements it follows that an
increase of the modulation index above 1 does lead to overmodulation so that the theoretical results are verified.

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]
[12]
[13]

VII. CONCLUSION
The paper investigates limits of the linear PWM region,
applicable to series-connected multiphase motor drives
supplied from an inverter with a composite phase number. It
is shown that for an asymmetrical six-phase two-motor drive
with two neutral points the limit of the linear modulation
region is governed with a simple requirement that sum of the
two modulation indices is less than 1.1547. The situation is
more complex in the case of a symmetrical six-phase two
motor drive, since there is additionally the requirement that
the modulation index in the first plane is no more than 1.
Hence the useful modulation index area is reduced,
compared to the asymmetrical six-phase case. The principle
of analysis is further extended to higher composite numbers,
by considering a symmetrical nine-phase VSI supplying four
series-connected machines.
Theoretical results are verified by simulation and
experimental investigation for the symmetrical six-phase
system. Modulation index pairs in the limit of the linear
PWM region and in over-modulation are addressed. When
the limit of the linear region is exceeded, the inverter
operates in over-modulation and the output voltage contains
low-order harmonics, as shown by measured voltage
spectrum. This translates into a distorted averaged output
voltage trajectory, as shown by means of simulations.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]

E. Levi, R. Bojoi, F. Profumo, H. A. Toliyat, S. Williamson,


Multiphase induction motor drives A technology status review,
IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 1, no. 4, 2007, pp. 489-516.
E. Levi, Multiphase electric machines for variable-speed
applications, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 5,
2008, pp. 1893-1909.
A. Iqbal, E. Levi, Space vector PWM techniques for sinusoidal
output voltage generation with a five-phase voltage source inverter,

[14]
[15]

[16]

Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 34, no. 2, 2006, pp.
119-140.
A. Iqbal, E. Levi, M. Jones, S.N. Vukosavic, Generalised sinusoidal
PWM with harmonic injection for multi-phase VSIs, in Proc. IEEE
Power Elec. Spec. Conf. PESC, Jeju, Korea, 2006, pp. 2871-2877.
G. Grandi, G. Serra, A. Tani, Space vector modulation of a sevenphase voltage source inverter, in Proc. Int. Symp. Power Electronics,
Elec. Drives, Automation and Motion SPEEDAM, Taormina, Italy,
2006, CD-ROM, pp. S8-6 S8-13.
D. Dujic, E. Levi, M. Jones, G. Grandi, G. Serra, A. Tani,
Continuous PWM techniques for sinusoidal voltage generation with
seven-phase voltage source inverters, in Proc. IEEE Power
Electronics Specialist Conf. PESC, Orlando, FL, 2007, pp. 47-52.
D. Dujic, E. Levi, M. Jones, DC bus utilisation in multiphase VSI
supplied drives with a composite stator phase number, in Proc. IEEE
Int. Conf. on Industrial Technology ICIT, Via del Mar, Chile, 2010,
pp. 1475-1480.
E. Levi, M. Jones, S. N. Vukosavic, H. A. Toliyat, A novel concept
of a multiphase, multi-motor vector controlled drive system supplied
from a single voltage source inverter, IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, 2004, pp. 320-335.
E. Levi, M. Jones, S. N. Vukosavic, Even-phase multi-motor vector
controlled drive with single inverter supply and series connection of
stator windings, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Applications, vol. 150,
no. 5, 2003, pp. 580-590.
K. K. Mohapatra, R. S. Kanchan, M. R. Baiju, P. N. Tekwani, K.
Gopakumar, Independent field-oriented control of two split-phase
induction motors from a single six-phase inverter, IEEE Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, 2005, pp. 1372-1382.
E. Levi, S. N. Vukosavic, M. Jones, Vector control schemes for
series-connected six-phase two-motor drive systems, IEE Proc.
Electr. Power Applications, vol. 152, no. 2, 2005, pp. 226-238.
Y. Zhao, T. A. Lipo, Space vector PWM control of dual three-phase
induction machine using vector space decomposition, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 5, 1995, pp. 1100-1109.
D. Dujic, G. Grandi, M. Jones, E. Levi, A space vector PWM scheme
for multi-frequency output voltage generation with multi-phase
voltage source inverters, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.
55, no. 5, 2008, pp. 1943-1955.
E. Levi, D. Dujic, M. Jones, G. Grandi, Analytical determination of
DC-bus utilization limits in multi-phase VSI supplied AC drives,
IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, 2008, pp. 433-443.
M. J. Duran, E. Levi, M. Jones, Independent vector control of
asymmetrical nine-phase machines by means of series connection,
IEEE Int. Electric Machines and Drives Conf. IEMDC, San Antonio,
TX, 2005, pp. 167-173.
O. Lopez, D. Dujic, M. Jones, D. Freijedo, J. Doval-Gandoy, E. Levi,
Multidimensional two-level multiphase space vector PWM algorithm
and its comparison with multifrequency space vector PWM method,
IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, 2010 (to appear).

Drazen Dujic received his Dipl. Ing. and MSc degrees from the University
of Novi Sad, Serbia, in 2002 and 2005, respectively, and his PhD degree
from the Liverpool John Moores University, UK in 2008. From 2002 to
2006 he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Novi Sad as a research assistant, and from 2006 till 2009 with Liverpool
John Moores University as a research associate. He is currently with the
ABB Corporate Research Centre in Switzerland.
Martin Jones received his BEng degree (First Class Honors) from the
Liverpool John Moores University, UK in 2001. He has been a research
student at the Liverpool John Moores University from September 2001 till
Spring 2005, when he received his PhD degree. Dr Jones was a recipient of
the IEE Robinson Research Scholarship for his PhD studies and is currently
with Liverpool John Moores University as a Senior Lecturer.
Emil Levi received his PhD degree from the University of Belgrade,
Yugoslavia in 1990. From 1982 till 1992 he was with the University of
Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. He joined Liverpool John Moores University in 1992
and is since September 2000 Professor of Electric Machines and Drives. He
serves as Editor-in-Chief of IET Electric Power Applications, Co-Editor-inChief of the IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, and as an Editor of the
IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion. He is the Fellow of the IEEE and the
recipient of the Cyril Veinott award of the IEEE Power and Energy Society.
Oscar Lopez was born in 1975 in Spain. He received the MSc degree and
the PhD degree from the University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain in 2001 and 2009,
respectively. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Electronics Technology of the University of Vigo.

Potrebbero piacerti anche