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ABSTRACT
Ten plant extracts; Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Azadirachta indica, Capsicum Annum, Calotropisgi gantea ,
Dalbrgia sissoo , Eucalyptus camelduensis, Gardenia florida Melia azedarach and Zingiber officinalis were tested in vitro
at Standard dose S and S/2 against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. All the plant extracts at both the doses reduced
the multiplication of Xac except Zingiber officinalis and Capsicum Annum. Allium sativumand Azadirachta indicaat
doses (S, S/2) exhibited statistically significant inhibition zones as compared to other treatments, followed by
Dalbergia sisso. Gardenia florida and Melia azedarach which produced similar effect and raked 4 th. Calotropisgi gantea
ranked 5th while Eucalyptus camelduensis (Sufeda) and Allium cepa L. inhibited the growth of Xacat a minimum level.
Capsicum Annum and Zingiber officinalis produced no inhibition zone and showed similar results as a control. All the
plant extracts at standard doses reduced the multiplication of Xac maximumas compared to S/2 except Allium cepa L.,
Dalbrgia sissoo, Eucalyptus camelduensis and Melia azedarach which showed similar effects at both doses. The most
effective treatments proved in vitro then tested after combining with streptomycin sulphate in vitro and found that
Streptomycin sulphate 1 % reduced the multiplication of Xac significantly, followed by Streptomycin sulphate in
combination with Allium sativum L. and Streptomycin sulphate in combination with Azadirachta indica at standard
dose. These treatments then tested in greenhouse the results confirmed the findings of invitro trials. There is a need to
promote research in the field of plant extracts usage as biocontrol agents and find out plants having toxicity against
plant pathogens, as the plant extracts are environment friendly and cheaper.
Keywords: Citrus canker, plant extract, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Streptomycin sulphate.
INTRODUCTION
Citrus is the largest fruit crop worldwide that is widely
consumed both as fresh fruit and juice with high vitamin
C content and antioxidental potential (Gorinstein et al.,
2001). The area under citrus cultivation lies
predominantly within tropical and subtropical regions
covering around 137 countries (Ismail and Zhang, 2004).
South-East Asia is believed to be the origin of citrus at
least 4000 years BC by most researchers but exact
center of its origin is not clear (Davies and Albrigo,
1994). Citrus fruits have been reported to prevent liver,
lungs, and skin diseases, birth defects and contribute to a
balance and healthy life style (Swarmura, 2000).
Moreover, several studies have shown that citrus fruits
and their components are protective against a variety of
* Corresponding Author:
Email: amer.habib@uaf.edu.pk
2016 Pak. J. Phytopathol. All rights reserved.
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3
T1
2.5
T2
y = -0.01x + 0.34 R2 = 1
T3
y = -0.07x + 2.34 R2 = 1
T4
y = -0.1x + 0.2 R2 = 1
T5
y = -0.14x + 1.81 R2 = 1
T6
y = -0.08x + 2.11 R2 = 1
T7
y = -0.07x + 0.74 R2 = 1
T8
y = -0.15x + 2.02 R2 = 1
T9
y = 1.8 R2 = #N/A
T10
T11
y = 0 R2 = #N/A
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
Dosage ates
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y = -0.18x + 2.71 R2 = 1
y = 0 R2 = #N/A
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Disease incidence
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 2 Effect of different treatments on greenhouse grown citrus plants for the control of canker disease.
DISCUSSION
sativum and Azadiracachta indica followed by Gardenia
Biopesticides can be used as an effective substitute for
florida and Melia azedarach which produced similar
chemicals. The use of several plant by-products, which
effect .Calotropisgigantea inhibited the growth of X.
posses antimicrobial properties, on several pathogenic
axonopodis pv. citri after Gardenia florida and Melia
bacteria and fungi has been reported by many
azedarach while Eucalyptus camelduensis (Sufeda) and
Researchers (Dorman and Deans, 2000; Parameswari
Allium cepa L. inhibited the growth of X. axonopodis pv.
and Latha, 2001; Rath et al., 2001; Britto and
ctri minimum . Capsicum Annum and Zingiber officinalis
Senthilkumar, 2001; Bylka et al., 2004; Shimpi and
produced no inhibition zone and showed similar result
Bendre, 2005; Kilani, 2006). The purpose of this study is
as control. All the plant extracts at standard doses
to find out best suitable plant extracts and their
reduced the multiplication of Xanthomonas axonopodis
combination with toxicants against Xanthomonas
pv. Citri maximum as compared to S/2 except Allium
axonopodis pv. citri.
cepa L., Dalbrgia sissoo, Eucalyptus camelduensis and
All the plant extracts at both the doses standard dose S
Melia azedarach
which showed similar effects
and S/2 reduced the multiplication of Xanthomonas
statistically at both doses. These results agreed to Moses
axonopodis pv. citri. Except Zingiber officinalis and
and Chandramohan (1993) who tested 16 crude and
Capsicum annum significantly as compared to control.
centrifuged plant extracts in vitro against X. campestris
Allium sativum and Azadirachta indicaat both doses
pv. citriand reported that extracts of Neem cake, Allium
exhibited statistically significant inhibition zones as
sativum (garlic) showed best results.
compared to other plant extracts. Dalbergia sisso
Streptomycin sulphate at 1 % concentration and its
inhibited the growth of X. axonopodis pv. ctri after Allium
combination with Allium sativum L. and Azadirachta
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