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Chemical composition
Chemically, FSII is an almost pure (99.9%) ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME, 2-methoxy ethanol,
APISOLVE 76, CAS number [109-86-4 [1]]), or glycol monomethyl ether since 1994 diethylene glycol monomethyl
ether (DEGMME, 2- (2-methoxy ethoxy) ethanol, APITOL 120, methyl carbitol, CAS number [111-77-3 [2]]). [3]
Prior to 1994, Prist was regulated under the MIL-I-27686E standard, which specified use of EGMME, but
subsequently came under the MIL-DTL-85470B, with use of less hazardous DEGMME with higher flash point. [4]
FSII retards the growth of microorganisms eventually present in the fuel, mostly Cladosporium resinae fungi and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, known as "hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms" or "HUM bugs", which live in
the water-fuel interface of the water droplets, form dark, gel-like mats, and cause microbial corrosion to plastic and
rubber parts.
EGMME had been certified as a pesticide by the EPA, but as the requirement changes raised the certification costs,
DEGMME has no official pesticide certification. DEGMME is a potent solvent, and at high concentrations can
damage fuel bladders and filters. Long-term storage of FSII-fuel mixtures is therefore not recommended.
Anhydrous isopropyl alcohol is sometimes used as an alternative.
Purpose
FSII is an agent that is mixed with jet fuel as it is pumped into the aircraft. The mixture of FSII must be between
0.10% and 0.15% by volume for the additive to work correctly, and the FSII must be distributed evenly throughout
the fuel. Simply adding FSII after the fuel has been pumped is therefore not sufficient. As aircraft climbs after
takeoff, the temperature drops, and any dissolved water will separate out from the fuel. FSII dissolves itself in water
preferentially over the jet fuel, where it then serves to depress the freezing point of water to -43C. Since the freezing
point of jet fuel itself is usually in this region, the formation of ice is now a minimal concern.
Large aircraft do not require FSII as they are usually equipped with electric fuel line heaters that keep the fuel at an
appropriate temperature to prevent icing. However, if the fuel heaters are inoperable, the aircraft may be still be
declared fit to fly, if FSII is added to the fuel.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/