V BELT TWOWHEELER

ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to fabricate the bike with v belt drive mechanism.

belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over
pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be
parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one
direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the
direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on
parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the
belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points.

INTRODUCTION
Power transmission
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not
be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and
pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led
to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with little noise, and
cushion motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with less strength than
gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in
systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.
Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of
difference of tension and belt velocity:

where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt
respectively. They are related as:

where, is the coefficient of friction, and is the angle subtended by contact

surface at the centre of the pulley.

TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLE

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles

Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form
of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or
electric motor and the rider's muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late
19th century used the same principles.

In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically

coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub
motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission
element. Human and motor torque is added together. Almost all manufactured
models are of this type.

In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals.

This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a
chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the
battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because
none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because
they are very simple in theory and manufacturing.
Heavy vehicles
Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway
locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships.

Typically some form of heat engine (usually diesel) drives an electric generator or
hydraulic pump which powers one or more electric or hydraulic motors. There are
advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical
elements especially when multiple drivese.g. driven wheels or propellersare
required. There is power lost in the double conversion from typically diesel fuel to
electricity to power an electric or hydraulic motor. With large vehicles the
advantages often outweigh the disadvantages especially as the conversion losses
typically decrease with size.
Ships
Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an early form of
hybrid vehicle. Another example is the diesel-electric submarine. This runs on
batteries when submerged and the batteries can be re-charged by the diesel engine
when the craft is on the surface.
Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some
also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("fuels") using
the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as

described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly
described as dual mode vehicles:

Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and

overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In

principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in
hybrid trolleybus Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in
one tank typically fuel and ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol.
Bi-fuel vehicle
Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from petroleum or
diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an
(LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel
systems feeding one engine. While the duplicated tanks cost space in some
applications, the increased range and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure
is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.

Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is

available, such as vehicles modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified
to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into biodiesel.

Fluid power hybrid

Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure
accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air)
drive units. The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more
efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in
energy economy while the system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge
cycling and is cheaper than gas-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total
energy storage capacity and requires more space than a battery.
Electric-human power hybrid vehicle
In a parallel hybrid the single electric motor and the internal combustion
engine are installed so that they can both individually or together power the
vehicle. In contrast to the power split configuration typically only one electric
motor is installed. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric
motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric
driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch
to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at
the same speed.
Mild parallel hybrid

These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to
provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the
acceleration,
Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: an electric
motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be
shared to drive the wheels via a power splitter, which is a simple planetary gear set.
The ratio can be from 0-100% for the combustion engine, or 0-100% for the
electric motor, or an anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and
60% for the combustion engine. The electric motor can act as a generator charging
the batteries.
On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine,
when maximum power is required, for example to overtake, the electric motor is
used to assist maximizing the available power for a short period, giving the effect
of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the engine is
switched off when the vehicle is stationary reducing curbside emissions.
Series-hybrid vehicles

These vehicles are driven by the electric motor with no mechanical

connection to the engine. Instead there is an engine tuned for running a generator
when the battery pack energy supply isn't sufficient for demands.
A wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels was
used, setting speed records. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an
electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a
mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal
combustion engine was running.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
Plug-in hybrid
Another subtype added to the hybrid market is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial)
hybrid with increased energy storage capacity (usually Li-ion batteries). It may be
connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging
using the on-board internal combustion engine.
This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by
avoiding or at least minimizing the use of ICE during daily driving. As with

pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO 2 terms, are
dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.
For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as
the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would
have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral
oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity,
which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it.
Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which
may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and
urban motorists.
Fuel cell / electric hybrid
The fuel cell hybrid is generally an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell. The
fuel cells as well as the electric battery are both power sources, making the vehicle
a hybrid. Fuel cells use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery when it is
depleted. The Chevrolet Equinox FCEV, Ford Edge Hyseries Drive and Honda
FCX are examples of a fuel cell/electric hybrid.

TYPES BY DEGREE OF HYBRIDIZATION

Full hybrid, sometimes also called a strong hybrid, is a vehicle that can run
on just the engine, just the batteries, or a combination of both. Fords hybrid
system, Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and General Motors/Chrysler's Two-Mode
Hybrid technologies are full hybrid systems. The Toyota Prius, Ford Escape
Hybrid, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are examples of full hybrids, as these vehicles can
be moved forward on battery power alone. A large, high-capacity battery pack is
needed for battery-only operation. These vehicles have a split power path allowing
greater flexibility in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical
power, at some cost in complexity.

Mild hybrid, is a vehicle that cannot be driven solely on its electric motor,

because the electric motor does not have enough power to propel the vehicle on its
own. Mild hybrids only include some of the features found in hybrid technology,
and usually achieve limited fuel consumption savings, up to 15 percent in urban
driving and 8 to 10 percent overall cycle. A mild hybrid is essentially a
conventional vehicle with oversize starter motor, allowing the engine to be turned

off whenever the vehicle is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and
cleanly. The motor is often mounted between the engine and transmission, taking
the place of the torque converter, and is used to supply additional propulsion
energy when accelerating. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power
while the fuel engine is off, and as in other hybrid designs, the motor is used for
regenerative braking to recapture energy. As compared to full hybrids, mild hybrids
have smaller batteries and a smaller, weaker motor/generator, which allows
manufacturers to reduce cost and weight.

NEED FOR SYSTEM

Energy supply security and global warming continue to challenge all countries
around the world in terms of global economy and planet environment. Renewable
energy technologies are being explored to meet the challenges of energy security
and climate change, as well as to boost regional economic development. In this
review, we will focus on green innovation in transport. The transport sector
represents a critical percentage of greenhouse gas emission. Transport emissions
are estimated to increase by 84% to 2030 (Tomlinson, 2009). Key technologies
such as hydrogen fuel cells, electric motor cycles and biofuels are expected to
contribute to emission reduction in the long run. Biofuels have been increasingly
explored as a possible alternative source to fuel with respect mainly to transport.
Recently, hydrogen, electric and hybrid motor cycles have been developed and
demonstrated in global automotive exhibitions. Key interests have been attracted to
discuss future trends in green vehicles. Major motor cycle manufacturers seek

leadership in future green vehicle markets. Green vehicles, as will be shown,

directly use renewable energy sources. The current development of green vehicles
by major motor cycle markers is listed in Table 1. These models are mainly at
demonstration stage. In this report, the current technology status and potential
development of green vehicles are reviewed and the development barriers of the
technology application are discussed in order to get better understanding of the
move towards cleaner energy systems.

HYBRIDS SAVE ENERGY AND FUEL

Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional motor cycles. A
hybrid motor cycle engine is built small to accommodate the 99% of driving time
when a motor cycle is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra
acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force.
Hybrid fuel motors can shut off when the motor cycle is stopped and run off their
electric motor and battery.

Hybrid motor cycles are lighter, which their tires create half the drag of
conventional motor cycles because they are stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure.
Hybrid motor cycles often recover braking energy. Electric hybrid motors take the
kinetic energy lost in braking and use it to charge the battery.
Hybrid motor cycles are often more aerodynamic, reducing wind resistance.
Hybrids burn less fuel per mile, so they release much less pollution and fewer
greenhouse gases.

EVOLUTION OF THE HYBRID

The hybrid can be called as a compromise. It attempts to significantly
increase the mileage and reduce the emissions of a fuel powered motor cycle while
overcoming the shortcomings of an electric motor cycle.
4) PROBLEMS WITH PETROL POWERED MOTOR CYCLES

High pollution

High fuel cost

High Maintenance
High Noise
Global warming
Less availability of fuel

A gasoline motor cycle meets these requirements but produces a relatively large
amount of pollution and generally gets poor gas mileage. An electric motor cycle,
on the other hand, produces almost no pollution, but it can only go 50 to 100 miles
(80 to 160 km) between charges. And the problem has been that it is very slow and
inconvenient to recharge.

A drivers desire for quick acceleration causes our motor cycles to be much less
efficient than they could be. You may have noticed that a motor cycle with a less
powerful engine. The amazing thing is that most of what we require a motor cycle
to do uses only a small percentage of its horsepower. When you are driving along

the freeway at 60 mph, your motor cycle engine has to provide the power to do
three things:

Overcome the aerodynamic drag caused by pushing the motor

cycles through air

Overcome all of the friction in the motor cycles components such

as the tires, transmission, axels, and brakes

Provide power for accessories like horn and light

NEED OF THE PROJECT

Fuel consumption and emissions reductions The hybrid motor cycle achieves
greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion
engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These
savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design:
1.

Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs,

resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power
usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight.
2.

Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured

energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic, which is represented by the city driving

cycle.

3.

Recapturing significant amounts of energy during breaking that are normally

wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting

some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the
motor/generator;
Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently
found on hybrid vehicles include:
1.

Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during

other idle periods;

2.

Improving aerodynamics; Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a

vehicle is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve handling at
the same time.
3.

Using low rolling resistance tires (tires were often made to give a quiet,

smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause
mechanical drag, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel.
Hybrid vehicles may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and
stiffer or by choice of vehicle Chase structure and rubber compound have lower
rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy
whatever the power source.

4.

Reducing the weight of the motor cycle.

These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where
there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions
are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to
conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high speed highway use these
features are much less useful in reducing emissions.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

ELECTRIC
MOTOR

Mechanical power

V BELT

PULLEY

WHEEL

POWER TO
REAR WHEEL

CONSTRUCTION

ENGINE
The engine of hybrid motor cycle is a complicated structure. It consist of lot
of things combined together to generate power. In this engine we can see the IC
engine coupled with generator through a power split device. This whole
combination of motors and engine generate the power for the motor cycle.
The Prius has an internal combustion engine (ICE) which is unusually small
for a motor cycle of this size (1300 kg). This is made possible by the presence of
the electric motors and battery, which supplement the ICE when power demand is
high. A conventional motor cycle, with an engine sized for hard acceleration and
climbing steep hills, almost always operates that engine with low efficiency.
Maximum efficiency generally occurs at around half of the engine's peak
power output. A small engine can operate closer to this maximum efficiency
because power demands encountered in normal driving are a larger fraction of its
peak power. The possibility of using a small engine in a hybrid motor cycle is
called "engine downsizing".

In addition to being downsized, the Prius engine uses many techniques to

improve efficiency and broaden the range of conditions under which high
efficiency is achieved. The engine uses the Atkinson cycle, rather than the usual
Otto cycle, which improves efficiency particularly at lower power by reducing
"pumping loss".
Limiting the maximum spin rate (to 4500 r.p.m. in the Generation II Prius
(2000 - 2003) and 5000 r.p.m in the Generation III Prius (2003 onwards)) allows
lightweight parts to be used, reducing inertia and friction losses. The crankshaft is
offset from the cylinder axes so that during the combustion stroke the force from
the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft through a straight rather than tilted
connecting rod. The valves have narrow stems and low force springs to reduce
energy lost in operating the valves.

MOTOR:

4.5 Types of Motor

4.5.1 Brushed
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power
supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent
magnets, and rotating electrical magnets. Like all electric motors or generators,
torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any currentcarrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a torque
or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low
initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are
high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves
regularly replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well
as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for
transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings
of the rotor inside the motor.
4.5.2 Synchronous

Synchronous DC motors, such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper

motor, require external commutation to generate torque. They lock up if driven

directly by DC power. However, BLDC motors are more similar to a synchronous

ac motor.
4.5.3 Brushless
Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and
stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC
to

AC.

This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the

complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor.
Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance,
and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated
motor speed controllers.
4.5.4 Uncommutated
Other types of DC motors require no commutation.

Homopolar motor

A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of

rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the
magnetic field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity
change.

Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to very
low voltages. This has restricted the practical application of this type of motor.

Ball bearing motor

that consists of two

A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor

ball bearing-type

bearings, with the inner races mounted on a

common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low
voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races inside a metal
tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive section
(e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method has the advantage that the tube
will act as a flywheel. The direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin
which is usually required to get it going.

WORKING

A petrol-electric hybrid bike has both an electric motor and a petrol engine, it also
consists of a rechargeable battery for the electric engine. Inside the hybrid motor
cycle the two system that work together to put the motor cycle in motion. When the
bike is running by means of a petrol engine power is generated. If the battery get
charged auto switch over to electric system is possible. Then the bike is drive by an
electric motor. By means of this hybrid, the motor cycle is running by two system.
This hybrid motor cycle is used to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and also the
running cost.

EFFICIENCY OF THE HYBRID MOTOR CYCLE

Besides a smaller more efficient engine todays hybrids use many other tricks to
increase the fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of motor cycle
get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out
of a gallon of fuel , a hydrid motor cycle cad:
Recover energy and store it in the battery - Whenever you step on the brake, pedal
in your motor cycle, you are removing energy from the motor cycle. The faster a
motor cycle is going , the kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a motor cycle remove
this energy and dissipates it is in the form of heat. A hydrid motor cycle capture
some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using
regenerative braking. That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the motor
cycle, the electric motor that drives the hydrid can also slow the motor cycle. In

this mode the electric motor act as a generator and charges the batteries while the
motor cycle is slowing down.
Sometimes shut down the engine a hybrid motor cycle does not need to rely on
the fuel ehgine all of the time because it has an alternate power source The
electric motor batteries. So the hybrid motor cycle can sometimes turn off the fuel
engine, e.g. when the motor cycle is stopped at red light
Used advanced aerodynamic to reduce drag When you are driving on the free
way most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the motor cycle throug
the air this force is known as aerodynamic drag this drag force can be reduced in
variety of ways.
Reducing disturbance around object that stick out of the motor cycle or eliminating
them all together can also help the aerodynamics.For example, covers over the
wheel housing smooth the air flow and reduce drag. And sometimes mirrors are
replaced by small cameras.
Used low- rolling resistance tires The tires on most motor cycles are optimised to
give a smooth drive minimised noise and provide good traction in variety of
wheather condition. But they are rarely optimised of effiency. In fact the tires
caused a surprising amount a drag while you are driving.

Lightweight materials Reducing the overall weight of a motor cycle is one easy
way to increse mileage. A ligher motor cycle uses less energy each time you
accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite material like motor cyclebon fibre or light
weight material like aluminium and magnesium can be used to reduce weight.

ADVANTAGES

Hybrids motor cycles are less-emission motor cycles.

Reduce global-warming pollutants and leads to clean earth.
Noiseless
Better performance than ordinary hybrid motor cycle.
Simple in construction
Fuel efficiency is greatly increased

HYBRID EFFICIENCY
Besides a smaller more efficient engine todays hybrids use many other tricks
to increase the fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of motor
cycle get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last
mile out of a gallon of gasoline , a hydrid motor cycle cad:
Recover energy and store it in the battery - Whenever you step on the brake ,
pedal in your motor cycle, you are removing energy from the motor cycle. The
faster a motor cycle is going , the kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a motor cycle
remove this energy and dissipates it is in the form of heat. A hydrid motor cycle

capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by
using regenerative braking. That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the
motor cycle, the electric motor that drives the hydrid can also slow the motor
cycle. In this mode the electric motor act as a generator and charges the batteries
while the motor cycle is slowing down.
Sometimes shut down the engine a hybrid motor cycle does not need to
rely on the gasoline ehgine all of the time because it has an alternate power source
The electric motor batteries. So the hybrid motor cycle can sometimes turn off
the gasoline engine, e.g. when the motor cycle is stopped at red light
Used advanced aerodynamic to reduce drag When you are driving on the free
way most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the motor cycle throug
the air this force is known as aerodynamic drag this drag force can be reduced in
variety of ways.
One sure way the frontal of the motor cycle. Think of how a big SUV has to push a
much greater area through the air than a tiny sport motor cycle.
Reducing disturbance around object that stick out of the motor cycle or eliminating
them all together can also help the aerodynamics.For example, covers over the

wheel housing smooth the air flow and reduce drag. And sometimes mirrors are
replaced by small cameras.
Used low- rollihg resistance tires The tires on most motor cycles are optimised
to give a smooth drive minimised noise and provide good traction in variety of
wheather condition. But they are rarely optimised of effiency. In fact the tires
caused a surprising amount a drag while you are driving.
Light weight materials Reducing the overall weight of a motor cycle is one easy
way to increse mileage. A ligher motor cycle uses less energy each time you
acceratela or drive up a hill. Composite material like motor cyclebon fibre or light
weight material like aluminium and magnesium can be used to reduce weight.

ADVANTAGES

1.

The motors and batteries in these motor cycles dont require any
maintenance over the life of the motor cycle.

2.

The engine doesnt require any maintenance over the life of motor cycle.

3.

Because both hybrids have regenerative braking, the brake pads may even
last a little longer than those in most motor cycles.

Like the insight the prius never needs to be recharged; the on board generator
automatically maintains the proper level of charge in the batteries.

FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

Reference to an ultimate eco-motor cycle call to mind electric motor cycles (EV)
and fuel cells (FC). However, hybrid motor cycles are not for mass production of
Evs or FCs. Hybrid sytems improve the overall efficiency of any power train and
can be used with petrol diesel or fuel cell system.
Unlike petrol and diesel engines the hybrid system is a technology and still has a
lot of room for improvement. In any case this technology further the use of
environmental technologies while delivering comforts and driving pleasure.
No matter which theory regarding the size of fossil fuels reserves one subscribes to
it is certain that someday the reserves will run out. At that point motor cycles will
be certain to adopt systems such as hydrogen fuel cells. The hybrid technologies
will be indispensable in making that system efficient.

Conclusion
Hybrid motor cycles are perfect solution to the increasing levels of pollution.
It is a very good substitute and replacement for a conventional motor cycle.

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Hybrid motor cycles.com

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WSJ.com
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Kenworth Unveils T270 Class 6 Hybrid Truck Targeted at Municipal, Utility
Applications" (Press release). Kenworth Truck Company. 2007-03-21.
Hetzner, Christiaan (2007-11-12), Hard sell for hybrid trucks, Reuters

 Komarow, Steven (2006-02-13). "Military hybrid vehicles could boost safety,

mobility". USA Today.
"Hybrid Electric HMMWV". GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved