Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Amir Faghri
United Technologies Endowed Chair Professor
in Thermal-Fluids Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Yuwen Zhang
Professor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri, USA
John Howell
Baker-Hughes Centennial Professor
Ernest Cockrell, Jr., Memorial Chair
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA
Published by
Global Digital Press
601 Business Loop 70 W., Suite 134H
Columbia, MO 65203, USA
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright 2010 by Global Digital Press. All rights reserved.
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be sought directly from Global Digital Press, 601 Business Loop 70 W., Suite 134H
Columbia, MO 65203, USA, Email: administrator@GlobalDigitalPress.org.
ISBN: 978-0-9842760-0-4
Printed in the United States of America
06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents
Preface
xii
Nomenclature
xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical Concepts
1.2.1 Sensible Heat
1.2.2 Latent Heat
1.2.3 Phase Change
1.3 Molecular Level Presentation
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Kinetic Theory
1.3.3 Intermolecular Forces and Boltzmann Transport Equation
1.3.4 Cohesion and Adhesion
1.3.5 Enthalpy and Energy
1.4 Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
1.4.1 Continuum Flow Limitations
1.4.2 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
1.4.3 Microscale and Nanoscale Transport Phenomena
1.4.4 Dimensional Analysis
1.4.5 Scaling
1.5 Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer
1.5.1 Energy Systems
1.5.2 Biological and Biomedical Systems
1.5.3 Security
1.5.4 Information Technology
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
References
Problems
1
3
3
5
7
9
9
10
16
20
21
23
23
25
43
48
59
61
62
66
69
71
74
78
83
Table of Contents
89
91
93
94
95
99
99
101
102
103
105
110
111
121
124
137
138
145
145
150
161
167
181
181
184
190
192
209
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Steady State Heat Conduction
3.2.1 One Dimensional Heat Conduction
3.2.2 Multidimensional Heat Conduction
3.3 Unsteady State Heat Conduction
3.3.1 Lumped Analysis
3.3.2 One Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction
3.3.3 Multidimensional Transient Heat Conduction
3.4 Numerical Simulation of Heat Conduction Problems
3.4.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
3.4.2 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction
3.4.3 Multidimensional Transient Conduction
3.5 Melting and Solidification
3.5.1 Introduction
vi
89
209
212
212
227
238
238
240
261
264
265
270
273
276
276
281
289
304
314
314
316
319
323
325
339
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory
4.3 Boundary Layer Approximation
4.4 Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation
4.5 Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat,
and Mass Transfer
4.6 Similarity Solutions
4.6.1 Uncoupled Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer Problems
4.6.2 Coupled Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer Problems
4.7 Integral Methods
4.8 Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection
4.8.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Convection and Diffusion
4.8.2 Multidimensional Convection and Diffusion Problems
4.8.3 Numerical Solution of Flow Field
4.8.4 Numerical Simulation of Interfaces and Free Surfaces
4.9 Application of Computational Methods
4.10 Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena
4.11 Turbulence
4.11.1 Turbulent Boundary Layer Equations
4.11.2 Algebraic Models for Eddy Diffusivity
4.11.3 K- Model
4.11.4 Momentum and Heat Transfer for Turbulent Flow
over a Flat Plate
References
Problems
339
341
343
344
350
351
352
362
369
375
376
385
388
395
400
406
412
412
414
422
424
430
433
438
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Definitions, Terminology and Governing Equations
5.3 Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow
5.4 Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing
Laminar Flow
5.4.1 Constant Wall Temperature
438
439
447
453
454
Table of Contents
vii
515
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Governing Equations for Natural Convection
6.2.1 Generalized Governing Equations
6.2.2 External Natural Convection from Heated Vertical Plate
6.2.3 Dimensionless Parameters
6.3 Scale Analysis
6.3.1 High Prandtl Number Fluids (Pr 1)
6.3.2 Low Prandtl Number Fluids (Pr 1)
6.4 External Natural Convection
6.4.1 Similarity Solution for Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface
6.4.2 Integral Solution for Laminar and Turbulent Natural Convection
6.4.3 Natural Convection over Inclined and Horizontal Surfaces
6.4.4 Natural Convection over Cylinders and Spheres
6.4.5 Free Boundary Flow
6.5 Natural Convection in Enclosures
6.5.1 Scale Analysis
6.5.2 Rectangular Enclosures
6.5.3 Annular Space between Concentric Cylinders and Spheres
6.6 Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification
6.6.1 Solidification around Horizontal Cylinder
6.6.2 Melting in a Rectangular Enclosure Heated from the Side
6.7 Instability Analysis of Natural Convection
References
Problems
515
517
517
519
520
521
523
525
526
526
533
540
543
551
555
556
560
569
572
572
575
580
583
587
viii Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Faghri, Zhang and Howell
590
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dropwise Condensation
7.2.1 Surface Tension and Capillary Pressure
7.2.2 Thermal Resistances in the Condensation Processes
7.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Dropwise Condensation
7.3 Filmwise Condensation
7.3.1 Regimes of Filmwise Condensation
7.3.2 Modeling for Laminar Film Condensation of a Binary
Vapor Mixture
7.3.3 Filmwise Condensation in a Stagnant Pure Vapor Reservoir
7.3.4 Effects of Vapor Motion
7.3.5 Turbulent Film Condensation
7.3.6 Other Filmwise Condensation Configurations
7.3.7 Effects of Noncondensable Gas
7.4 Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling
7.4.1 Classical Nusselt Evaporation
7.4.2 Laminar Falling Film with Surface Waves
7.4.3 Turbulent Falling Film
7.4.4 Surface Spray Cooling
References
Problems
Chapter 8 Boiling
590
599
599
603
607
609
609
610
615
623
629
634
636
642
642
646
649
649
652
655
665
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pool Boiling Regimes
8.3 Nucleate Boiling
8.3.1 Nucleation and Inception
8.3.2 Bubble Dynamics
8.3.3 Bubble Detachment
8.3.4 Nucleate Site Density
8.3.5 Bubble Growth and Merger
8.3.6 Heat Transfer in Nucleate Boiling
8.4 Critical Heat Flux
8.5 Transition Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux
8.5.1 Transition Boiling
8.5.2 Minimum Heat Flux
8.6 Film Boiling
8.6.1 Film Boiling Analysis
8.6.2 Direct Numerical Simulation of Film Boiling
8.6.3 Leidenfrost Phenomena
References
Problems
665
666
669
670
675
685
690
691
695
701
705
705
707
709
709
719
722
730
735
Table of Contents
ix
739
739
741
742
748
750
750
759
766
766
771
777
778
780
781
783
785
786
787
788
794
List of Appendices
862
862
863
865
866
868
875
Index
876
880
888
895
899
911
916
925
Table of Contents
xi
Preface
Numerous heat and mass transfer textbooks have been published over the last
several decades. The field of heat and mass transfer has advanced many-fold
during its evolution due to the development of new knowledge, techniques, and
applications. If one examines the evolution of our understanding of heat and
mass transfer, it can be seen that the first phase was dominated by the
development of experimental results and correlations, as well as techniques for
conventional problems related to momentum, heat and mass transfer, with
primary emphasis on non-dimensional analysis.
The second phase primarily involved the development of simple theoretical
tools to predict these classical results using concepts such as boundary layer
theory and kinetic theory, which provide some very useful physical insights and
effective design tools for practicing thermal engineers.
Phase three began with the development of large digital computers and more
efficient computational techniques. We were able to develop much better
physical insight into complex heat and mass transfer problems via the utilization
of such tools.
Furthermore, state-of-the-art experimental measurement
techniques including optics and data acquisition systems produced vast
amounts of experimental data in the field of heat and mass transfer.
As we proceed into the fourth phase, one should realize the challenges and
opportunities, such as the instant and ready availability of resources at ones
fingertips through the Internet from any point in the world. Secondly, we cannot
continue business as usual; i.e., the cookbook approach that was employed in the
development of some of the existing textbooks. We must integrate innovation,
critical thought, and modern relevance into our textbooks so as to educate the
engineers of the 21st century in a globally competitive market.
Furthermore, most of the applications in the field of heat and mass transfer so
far have pertained to traditional power and thermal engineering and conventional
energy systems, as well as space activities. Modern technologies and new
applications, e.g., nanotechnology, biotechnology, energy, material processing
and information technology, will likely play a major role in the development of
curricula in future years. Globally, universities need to better align heat and
mass transfer in the engineering curricula, as werll as the nature of academic
experiences, with the challenges and opportunities that engineers will face in this
digital environment.
Traditionally, heat and mass transfer at the graduate level is taught in four
separate courses: heat conduction, convective heat transfer, mass transfer and
radiation. The materials covered in these courses are rather extensive while some
of them are even irrelevant. Graduate students are not given appropriate
exposure to topics related to modern emerging technologies. There is currently
no advanced-level textbook available that covers all of the pertinent topics (heat
conduction, convective heat transfer, mass transfer, radiation, and multiphase
phenomena) in a single volume. Therefore, we are hoping that this text will help
to fill this gap. There are, of course, excellent generalized undergraduate
textbooks, as well as advanced graduate-level books on single topics. However,
due to curriculum limitations or small faculty sizes, a number of universities are
offering single courses that cover all of these intermediate and advanced heat and
mass transfer topics. The purpose of this textbook is to present the subject of
heat and mass transfer with a focus on the significant advances in the field during
the last decade, while emphasizing the basic, fundamental principles. Thus, we
hope to provide a single textbook that these courses may use, so as to avoid
requiring the use of several textbooks. A copyrighted solutions manual and
PowerPoint presentation package are provided only to those instructors who
adopt the book for the course.
As the authors, we wish to express our appreciation to our following
postdoctoral fellows and graduate students who generously reviewed individual
chapters based on their expertise, and provided suggestions for improvements
and necessary corrections: H. Bahrami, J. Huang, H. Shabgard, N. Sharifi, S.
Wang, and J. Zhou. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the contributions
of students over the last several years, who were taught from the manuscripts out
of which this book evolved.
This textbook is developed for use as an advanced-level undergraduate or
graduate textbook on heat and mass transfer for various disciplines. We
recognize a new trend at a number of universities to offer a single course in
advanced heat and mass transfer, and therefore we have tried to cover the
materials that various disciplines might wish to include in such a course. The
authors were fortunate to develop previous heat transfer textbooks on various
subjects; thus, some of the materials are taken from these sources. Your
suggestions, comments, and criticisms are appreciated.
Amir Faghri
Yuwen Zhang
John Howell
Preface xiii
Nomenclature
A
Bi
Bo
area, m2
Biot number, hL / k (k is thermal conductivity of solid)
Bond number, ( v ) gL2 /
Br
Brq
c
c
cf
ci
cp
cv
C
CD
Cf
d
D
D
Dh
Dij
Dij
ij
DiT
e
E
F
F
xiv
F0-T
FA-B
Fo
Fr
g
G
Gr
Gz
h
h
h
hv
hv
hm
hm ,G
blackbody fraction
configuration factor between surfaces A and B
Fourier number, t / L2
Froude number, U / gL or U 2 /( gL)
gravitational acceleration, m/s2; specific Gibbs free energy, J/kg
Gibbs free energy, J; coupling factor, W/m3-K; irradiance, W/m2
Grashof number, g TL3 / 2
Graetz number
heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2-K); specific enthalpy, J/kg
average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
average enthalpy of the multiphase mixture, J/kg
latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
modified latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
convective mass transfer coefficient, m/s
mass transfer coefficient in noncondensable gas section, m/s
hs
hsv
H
H
I
I0
I1
I
J
J0
J1
Ji
J *i
Ja
k
k
K0
K1
kb
K
K0
Kjk
Ka
Kn
L
Nomenclature
xv
Le
Lb
Lewis number, / D
bubble or capillary scale,
Le
m
m
m
m
m
M
Ma
n
n
nb
NCR
nD
ni
ni
N
N
NA
N a
Nu
Nu x
p
p
Pe
Pr
Prt
q
q
q
q
qmax
qmin
/[ g ( g )] , m
xvi
r
r
reff
radial coordinate, m
residual vector; vector location on surface
effective pore radius, m
R
Rb
Rct
re
Rg
j
Rlaser
Rmen
Rr
Ru
Rv
R
Ra
Re
s
sgen
S
S
Sc
Sh
St
Ste
Stefan number, c p Tw Tm / hs
Sr
t
t
tp
T
Tm
Tsat
Tw
T
u
U
U
U
Strouhal number, Lf / U
time, s
unit tangential vector
laser pulse duration, s
temperature, K
melting point, K
saturation temperature, K
wall temperature, K
temperature of environment, K
velocity in the x- direction, m/s
velocity, m/s; number of unknown configuration factors
orthogonal matrices
mean velocity, m/s
Nomenclature
xvii
u
u*
ub
uc
uf
um
v
v
v*
w
w
w*
w
wv
ww
W
We
Wr
x
xi
X
Xk,i
y
Y
Y0
Y1
z
Z
Womersley number, R 2 /
Cartesian coordinate, m
molar fraction of the ith species
material coordinate, m; dimensionless coordinate, x/L
body force per unit mass acting on the ith species in the kth phase, m/s2
Cartesian coordinate, m
material coordinate, m
Bessel function of the second kind of the zeroth order
Bessel function of the second kind of the first order
Cartesian coordinate, axial coordinate, m
material coordinate, m
V
V
GREEK SYMBOLS
general diffusion coefficient; liquid mass flow rate per unit width, kg/m-s
electric permittivity
angle of refraction
velocity boundary layer thickness, liquid or vapor film thickness, m;
thermal penetration depth, m; laser irradiation penetration depth, m;
thickness of the deposited film, m; thickness of surface element, m;
Kronecker delta
nondimensional film thickness, u f /
t
t
T
M
H
(S)
men
c
D
n
1/ 3
Nomenclature
xix
s
SB
w
shear stress at wall, N/m2
general property
liquid
L
left; characteristic length
xx
m
men
N
n
nb
o
P
p
q
r
R
rad
ref
rel
S
s
sat
stag
T
t
tr
v
W
w
liquid-vapor interface
wavelength dependent
fluctuation
*
dimensionless
+
dimensionless
Others
~
same order of magnitude
< > volume averaged
< >k phase average
mass-averaged
Nomenclature
xxi