CH 3 - Integration

The Fundamental Thm of Calculus

Techniques of Integration
Applications
1

3.1 Indefinite Integrals

3.1.1& 3.1.2 Antiderivatives
F(x) (differentiation) F(x) = f(x)
Reverse procedure !!!
Let F & f be 2 functions defined on an interval I.
F is called an antiderivative of f on I if
F(x) = f(x) for all x in I.
The indefinite integral of f wrt x
= f(x)dx
= the set of all antiderivatives of f
2

If F(x) = G(x) for all x in I, then there exists

constant C s.t. G(x) = F(x) + C for all x in I.
If F is an antiderivative of f on I, then F + C
is also an antiderivative of f on I, & every
antiderivative of f on I is of this form.
Thus,
f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Integral sign

Integrand

Constant of integration

Geometrical
Interpretation
The process on integration is to find all curves
y = F(x) + C
s.t. their slopes at x are f(x).
Example. f(x) = 2x
F ( x) = x

F ( x) + C = x + C
2

3.1.3 Integral Formulas

3.1.4 Basic Rules

Example

3.2 Riemann Integrals

Find the area of the shaded region:

Riemann integral

10

Riemann Sum =
Area of
1st rectangle

= total area of
rectangles

y = f (x)

f (c1 )x

11

Riemann Sum
The area under the curve from a to b

a Riemann sum of f on [a, b].

The exact area is given by

12

3.2.2 Riemann (Definite) Integral

We write

& call it the Riemann (or Definite) Integral of

f over [a, b].
Note
(f(x) may be negative)

13

3.2.3 Terminology

(dummy )

14

3.2.4 Basic Rules

15

16

Even functions
f is even if f(x) = f(x)
(x, cos x, x, etc)
Symmetric wrt y-axis

f ( x)dx = 2 0 f ( x)dx
a

17

Odd functions
f is odd if f(x) = f(x)
(x, x, sin x, etc)
Symmetric wrt origin

-x
x

f ( x) = 0
18

 How to evaluate

?
By

No, then how? See next slide

19

3. 3 The Fundamental Thm of Calculus (FTC)

3.3.1 & 3.33
Let f be a continuous fn on [a, b].
(I) Let
G(x)
Then
G(x) = f(x)
i.e.,

20

(II) If F is an antiderivative of f on [a, b], then

Proof Let G(x)

By (I),
G(x) = f(x).
As G(x) = f(x) = F(x) for all x in [a, b],
there exists c s.t. F(x) = G(x) + c on [a, b].
21

F(x) = G(x) + c
Thus

22

Main Results
(I)

(II) (FTC) If F is an antiderivative of f on

[a, b], then

23

 FTC (evaluating

F(x) = f(x)

24

3.3.2 Examples

=0

d
dx

( sin
x

t dt

= sin x

25

26

Other Cases
d a f (t )dt = d x f (t )dt

x
dx a
dx
4
d x f (t )dt

dx x 2

27

form

28

3.3.4 Examples
2 sin xdx = ( cos x)]2
0
0

(cos 2 cos 0) = 0

e 1 dx = ln x]e
1 x
1
= ln e ln 1 = 1.
29

Exercises

cos x dx =

t dt =
2

(4-u ) du =
2

30

3.4 Integration by Substitution

5
Find () ln x dx
x
Let

u = ln x.

Then du dx = 1 x, & so

31

32

x
x+e
x
x e

= e e
u

= e du

dx

u=e

dx

du
x
=e =u
dx

33

3.4.1 Examples
2
2
(
x
+
2
x

3)
( x + 1)dx =

let u = x + 2 x 3
2

sin

x cos x dx =

let u = sin x

34

3.4.2 &3.43

Evaluate

u = tan x

du = sec xdx
2

tan x
+C
tan x sec xdx = udu =
2

tan x
=
I =
2 0

1
2
35

partial fraction

1
1
x n 1
=

n
x(1 + x ) x (1 + x n )
36

3.5 Integration by Parts

37

Integration-by-parts formula

2nd version

38

3.5.1 Examples
ln xdx

u = ln x
1
du = dx
x

1
= x ln x x dx
x

dv = dx

v=x

= x ln x x + C

Evaluate

39

Evaluate

1/ e

=
ln x dx
1

1/ e

ln x + ln x dxdx
1

=
ln x dx + ln x dx
1/ e

Ans:

=
40

 Show that

41

42

 The method is suitable for other integrands:

43

3.5.2 Exercise

x e dx =
2 x

xe x dx =

Show that

sin(lnx)dx = x(sin(lnx) cos(lnx))

+C
44

3.6 Area between 2 Curves

45

46

3.6.1 Examples

y= 2 x 2

1 2 x ( x) dx
2

-1

y = x

47

x-axis

(Ans. 4.5)
pts of intersection: (1,-1), (4,2)

x x dx + 4 x ( x 2 ) dx
0
1

2
(
y
+
2)

dy better
1

x= y + 2

y =x
2

y= x 2

y2 = x

y-axis

48