CH 2 - Differentiation

2.1 Derivative
2.1.1 Definition of Derivative
be given
at the point a
is defined to be
f ( x) f (a)
lim
, denoted by f '(a),
xa
xa
f ( a + h) f ( a )
f
a
=
'(
)
lim
provided the limit exists
h
h 0

An equivalent formulation of derivative is

f ( a + h) f ( a )
f '(a ) = lim
h 0
h
Suppose we let y = f ( x)
We may use the notation

dy
dy
= =
(a ) f '(a )
dx x = a dx
2

2.1.2 Differentiable functions

If f(a) exists,
we say : f is differentiable at the point a.
If f is differentiable at every point in
the domain,
we say : f is differentiable in the domain
3

2.1.3 Geometrical meaning

Search tangent or derivative animation by

internet, we can understand the derivative
better
http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/calculus/seca
nts/secants2/secants-g.html

y = f(x)

Problem Find the slope

of the tangent to the curve
y = f(x) at P(a, f(a)).

 The slope of PQ
= tan

The slope of the tangent

to the curve y = f(x) at
P(a, f(a)) is :

 If f(a) exists, then f(x) is smooth

at the point a.

Some cases where f(a) fails to exist

Discontinuity

Corner

Cusp

Vertical
tangent

Limit, Continuity & Differentiability

f (a) exists
=> f is continuous at a
=> lim f ( x) = f(a) exists
xa

The converses are in general not true.

9

We will not prove

the following formulae

Formulae

Functions Derivatives Functions Derivatives

k
0
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
tan x
cot x
sec x
sec x tan x
csc x
csc x cot x

10

Note
(sin x)

y = sin x sin y = x
1

11

2.1.4 Example
Find equations of the lines which are tangent
2
and normal to the curve
=
y x=
at x 1 resp.
y

=
f '( x) 2=
x, f '(1) 2

The slope of the tangent is f '(1) = 2

(1,1)

The equation of tangent is

y 1
= f=
'(1) 2
x 1
1
1
=

The slope of the normal is

f '(1)
2
The equation of normal is y 1 = 1
x 1
2
0

-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

12

2.1.5 Rules of Differentiation

Given: f & g are differentiable functions &
k a constant.
Linearity
(i) (k f)(x) = k f (x)
(ii) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)

13

Product
(u(x) v(x)) = u(x) v(x) ?

Newton

Leibniz

No, No

14

Rules of Differentiation
Product Rule

Quotient Rule

15


(Ans: 80; 2007/08 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test)

16

The Chain Rule

17

The Chain Rule

2.1.6 Remark

dy dy du
=

dx du dx

18

 2006/07 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test

2008/09 Sem 1 Mid-Term Test

(Ans. 53)

19

2.2 Other Types of Differentiation

2.2.1 Parametric Differentiation
If x & y are given by
y = u(t)
x = v(t),
we have

The equations
x = cos t
y = sin t
describe a unit
circle.

20

2.2.2 Example
x = a(t sin t)
y = a(1 cos t).

Let
Then

dx d
=
[ a(t sin t )]
dt dt
dy d
=
[ a(1 cos t )]
dt dt

2 sin( t ) cos( t )
2

2 t
2 sin ( )
2
21

2.2.3 Implicit Differentiation

This method is used when the dependence of x
& y is given implicitly by F(x, y) = 0.
2.2.4 Example
Given
Solution

x + y a
2

dy
=
0 Find dx
d

d 2
( x + y2 a2 ) =0
dx
dx
d 2 d 2 d 2 d
0
x +
y a =
dx
dx
dx
dx
dy
2x + 2 y 0 =
0
dx
dy
x
=
dx
y

22

2.2.5 Example

2 y = x 2 + sin y

23

2.2.6 Example
dy
=
y x , x > 0. Find
Let
dx
Solution =
ln y ln=
x x x ln x
x

d
d
ln y = ( x ln x)
dx
dx
1 dy
d
d
= ln x x + x ln x
y dx
dx
dx
1 dy
1
= ln x + x
y dx
x
dy
= y (ln x +=
1) x x (ln x + 1)
dx

24

Q:

Ans. y/(x + 3y)

Ans. 5/(128)
25

Ans. -4ln2

26

2.2.7 Higher Order Derivatives

Let y = f(x). Then

The nth derivative is denoted by

27

2.2.8 Example
Let f(x) = x . Compute

28

2.3 Maxima & Minima

2.3.1 Local & absolute extremes

f
f
f
f

has local (relative) maximum values at a, d & g.

has local (relative) minimum values at c, e & b.
has the absolute maximum value at d.
has the absolute minimum value at b.
29

Note (1) a & b are end points of the domain,

(2) f(c) = f(e) = f(g) = 0,
(3) f(d) doesnt exist.
(2.3.2 & 2.3.3)
NOT end pt of D
Let f be a function with domain D. An interior
point c in D is called a critical point of f if
f(c) = 0 or f(c) doesnt exist.
Finding extreme values of f
check
(1) critical points of f
& (2) end points of D.
30

2.3.4 Example
Let

2(x+1), x < 0
f(x) =
2(x1), x > 0
f(0) doesnt exist
Critical points: x = 1, 0, 1.
31

Note
A function may not have a local extreme
at a critical point.

32

2.4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Let f : I (interval) .
f is increasing on I if
v < u => f(v) < f(u)
(v, u in I)
f is decreasing on I if
v < u => f(v) > f(u)
(v, u in I)
33

Test for Monotonic

(increasing/decreasing) Functions
f(x) > 0 for any x in I => f is increasing on I
f(x) < 0 for any x in I => f is decreasing on I
2.4.3 Example
See Lecture Notes

34

Example

f '( x) =
x 2 ( x 1)(5)( x 3 / 5)

f(x) (+)(-)(-) (+)(-)(-) (+)(-) (+) (+)(+)(+)

decreasing
increasing
f(x)
increasing
increasing
35

2.4.4 First Derivative Test

Assume c in (a, b), a critical point of f. If
(i) f(x) > 0 for x in (a, c), & f(x) < 0 for x in
(c, b), then f(c) is a local maximum;
(ii) f(x) < 0 for x in (a, c), & f(x) > 0 for x in
(c, b), then f(c) is a local minimum.
LM

) (

Lm
)
36

Let

Conclusion:

37

2.5 Concavity
2.5.1 & 2.5.3 Definition and example

Let y = f(x) = x , x in .
Then
f(x) = 3x > 0 for all x.

Concave up
(CU)
Shape
looks like

slope of the tangent =f(x)>0

x2

Note that
< 0, x < 0
f"(x) = 6x

Slope tan decreasing

> 0, x > 0

Concave
down (CD)

Shape looks like

x2

Slope tan increasing

38

2.5.2 Concavity Test

Let I be an open interval. The curve y = f(x)
defined on I is
CU on I if f is increasing on I (f"(x) > 0 on I)
CD on I if f is decreasing on I (f"(x) < 0 on I)
CU
CD

Slope tan decreasing

Slope tan increasing

39

2.5.4 &2.5.5 Points of Inflection & Examples

Let f: I & c in I. We call c a point of
inflection of f if f is continuous at c & the
concavity of f changes at c.
Note f(c) may not exist

concavity of f changes at

concavity of f changes at
40

South Buona Vista road

famous (or infamous) hilly winding road

buona vista means "good sight" in Italian

How many inflection pts there?

9
41

2.5.7 Second Derivative Test

f"(c) < 0 => f has local max at c
f(c) = 0
f"(c) > 0 => f has local min at c

42

Note
If f(c) = 0 & f"(c) = 0, then the test fails

In each case, f(c) = f"(c) = 0.

43

2.5.7 Example
y x 3 x + 2 defined on ( , )
Let =
3

Domain has no endpoints and

f is differentiable everywhere
Therefore local extrema can occur
only where y =' 3 x 2 3= 0
which means

y '' = 6 x

x = 1 and x = 1

y ''(1) =6 > 0, y ''(1) =6 < 0

y(1) 0 local =
mini y (1) 4 local maxi
44

2.6 Optimization Problems

2.6.1 Finding Absolute Extreme Values
AM

Am

STEPS

(1)Find all critical points in the interior.

(2)Evaluate f(c), where c is a critical or end point
(3)The largest & smallest of these values will be the
absolute max & min values respectively
45

2.6.2 Example
We are asked to design a 1000cm3 can shaped like a right
circular cylinder. What dimensions will use the least material?
The surface area is minimum

Solution
Let r be the radius of the circular base and h the height of the can.

46

A' = 4r

2000
r

A' ' = 4 +

4000
r3

=0

500 13
r =(
)

> 0,

Why? see next slide

47

500 13
r =(
)

r =
3

1000
h =
2
r

500

1000r
1000r
= = 2r
3
500
r
48

Ans. 50/17

49

Ans. 55000

50

2.7 Indeterminate Forms

x 1
lim
=0
x 1 9 x
x2 1
=2
lim
x 1 x 1

3x
3
x
= lim
lim
=
x 1 x 1
x 1+ x 1

0
ln x
lim
=? ( )
0
x 1 x 1

Forms:

0
0

0 1 0

51

2.7.1 LHpitals Rule

Suppose (1) f & g are differentiable
on an open interval I containing pt a,
(2) f(a) = g(a) = 0, &
(3) g(x) 0 for all x in I \ {a}.
Then
f ( x)
f ( x)
lim
= lim
x a g ( x) x a g ( x)

(1661- 1704)

52

2.7.2 Example
3 x sin x
3 cos x
(i ) lim0
=
x
x
1

=2
x =0

1 + x 1 (1/ 2)(1 + x)
(ii ) lim
=
x 0
1
x
(iii )

1/2

x =0

1
=
2

sin x
cos x 1
1 cos x
x sin x
lim
lim
= lim
=
= lim =
3
2
0
x
0
x
0
x 0
x

6x
6
6
3x
x

1 cos x
sin x
(iv) lim
=
lim
= 0
2
x 0
x 0
x+x
1 + 2x
53

Examples

1
ln x
= lim x = 1.
lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 1

sin x
cos x
= lim
= 1.
lim
x 0 x
x 0 1

54

lim

x 1

x 1 x 3 + x 2

= lim

2x

STOP HERE

x 1 3 x 2 + 1

WRONG

55

2.7.3, 2.7.4, 2.4.5 Other Forms

(change to 0/0 or /)

56

(change to 0/0 or /)

=0
57

1 , ,0

0
(change to 0/0 or /)

58

0/0 form

59

lim(ln y ) = 0

60

Notes
(1) The rule applies to the forms 0 0 & ONLY; & xa
may be replaced by x.
(2) Continue to differentiate f & g as long as we get the form
0 0 (or ).
(3) The rule doesnt apply when the numerator or
denominator has a finite nonzero limit.
(4) To apply the rule to f g, we do f '( x) / g '( x) not
( f ( x) / g ( x))'
(5) Convert the forms 0 & to 0 0 or by algebraic
manipulations before applying the rule.
0 0
1
(6) Convert the forms , ,0 to 0 0 or by first
taking ln.
END

61

Appendix
Show that
1 x
lim (1 + ) = e
x
x

62

Let = (lnx)

63

L H rule does not work here

64

Past Exam Question

65

Show that ln(1+x) < x for all x > 0

66