I.

EMBRYOLOGY

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

Zygote: fertilization- 2 weeks

o The two-cell stage is reached approximately 30 hours after fertilization;
o The four-cell stage, at approximately 40 hours;
o 12- to 16-cell stage, at approximately 3 days;
o Late morula stage, at approximately 4 days.
Embryo: 3-8 weeks
Fetus: 9 weeks to delive

Pre- organogenesis period

Gastrulation/ embryonic

Fertilization to formation of
bilaminar disc
Formation
of primitive

period/period of organogenesis

streak & intra embryonic mesoderm week

0-14 days

Anomalies produced by teratogens result in

death
of theproduced
embryo by teratogens
Anomalies

3rd_8th

result in congenital anomalies.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes align themselves in pairs, a process called synapsis.
The pairing is exact and point for point except for the XY combination.
Reduction division (first meiosis or first meiotic division): the chromosome is reduced from diploid to
haploid.Homologous pairs then separate into two daughter cells.
The major growth-promoting factor during development before and after birth is insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
which has mitogenic and anabolic effects.
Fetal tissues express IGF-I and serum Levels are correlated with fetal growth.
Mutations in the IGF-1 gene result in IUGR and this growth retardation is continued after birth.
In contrast to the prenatal period, postnatal growth depends upon growth hormone (GH).

GASTRULATION
The process that establishes all 3 germ layers (trilaminar disc) occurs during the 3rd week of gestation.
DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM:
Surface ectoderm
Lining Epithelia

Glands

Exocrine:
Skin
Sweat glands
Mucus membranes
Sebaceous glands
Lower part of anal canal
Parotid glands
Terminal part of male urethra
Mammary glands
Labia majora a outer labia
Lacrimal gland
minora
Endocrine
Anterior epithelium of Cornea,
Anterior pituitary,
epithelium of Conjunctiva, lens
placode, Iris et ciliary body
Adrenal medulla
Outer layer of tympanic
membrane a membranous
labyrinth.

Others

Hair
Nails
Enamel of
teeth
Lens of eye

Neural ectoderm
All derivatives of
neural crest
Neural tube that
gives rise to:
CNS
Retina
Pineal body
Posterior
pituitary

DERIVATIVES OF ENDODERM:
EPITHELIUM of
Part of mouth, palate, tongue, tonsil, Respiratory tract ,pharynx and GIT
upto upper part of anal canal
Eustachian tube, middle & Inner ear, gall bladder, extrahepatic Et
pancreatic ducts
Bladder except trigone, Male & female urethra except in its posterior wall
Greater part of Vagina, Vestibule and inner surface of labia minora
DERIVATIVES OF MESODERM:

GLANDS
Exocrine:
Liver, Pancreas
Glands in walls of GIT
Prostate(except glandular
Zone)

All Connective tissues - fascia, tendons, ligaments

Dermis of skin & Dentine of teeth
Adipose tissue, cartilage, Bone
All muscles except that of iris
Heart, blood vessels, lymphatics
Kidneys, Ureters, glandular zone of Prostate
Ovary, Uterus, tubes, vagina (upper part)
Adrenal Cortex
Testes, epididymis, ductus deference, Seminal vesicles and ejaculatory duct
Meninges & Microglia
NEURAL TUBE
Ectoderm overlying the notochord thickens to form neural plate. Neural plate -3neural groove-* neural tube.
2 openings (anterior/ cranial & posterior/caudal).
Cranio-caudally, the cavity of the developing brain develops 3 dilatations:
o Prosencephalon (telencephalon/diencephalon)
o Mesencephalon
o Rhombencephalon (metencephalon/myelencephalon)
The position of the 3 dilatations are altered by 4 flexures:
o Cervical flexure:at junction of rhombencephalon Et spinal cord
o Mesencephalic/ cephalic flexure:in the region of midbrain
o Pontine flexure:at the middle of rhombencephalon
o Telencephalic flexure: occurs later b/w telencephalon Et diencephalon.
Lamina terminal's: part of the wall of the neural tube that closes the cranial end of prosencephalon.
3 r d week
4

th

week

Neural tube formation

Fusion of neural folds

25

th

day

Closure of anterior pore (posterior pore-27 t h day)

28

th

day

Most cranial pair of cervical spinal ganglia develops

th

week

Formation of brain vesicle, sympathetic ganglia, cerebral hemispheres

th

week

Formation of cerebellum

10

th

week

Formation of corpus callosum

12

th

week

Formation of cerebellar cortex Et purkinje cells

th

week

15

4t h month

Formation of dentate nucleus

Myelination begins

VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
Formed from sclerotome of somites.
The mesenchymal cells running transversely across a segment condense to form perichordal disc.
The perichordal disc becomes the intervertebral disc.
The notochord regresses entirely in the region of the vertebral bodies, but persists and enlarges in the region
of the intervertebral disc, forming nucleus pulposus &annulus fibrosus.

NEURAL CREST
During neural plate formation, some cells at the junction between the neural plate and the
rest of the ectoderm become specialized to form neural crest.
Become free by losing the property of cell to cell adhesion and migrate to different parts of the body.
Structures derived from neural crest

Disturbances in neural crest can lead to

Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull

Hirchsprung's disease

Spinal (dorsal root) ganglia

Cardiac - septal defects (Aortico - Pulmonary)

Cranial nerve ganglia [5,7,8,9,10]

Cleft - lip a Cleft palate

C cells of the thyroid gland/parafollicular cells

Fronto - nasal dysplasia

Conotruncal septum in the heart

Neuro - fibromatosis

Odontoblasts

Tumors of adrenal medulla

Dermis in face and neck

Albinism

Sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia of GIT

Adrenal medulla, Schwann cell &Ghat cells

Arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges)

Melanocytes, APUD, paraganglia, para aortic

body

NON CLOSURE OF NEURAL TUBE

Posterior rachischisis: whole length of neural tube is unclosed.
Anencephaly: tube remains open in the brain region.
Cranium bifidum: non closure of the cranium.
Spina bifida: non closure of the vertebral canal (caudal end).
o Spina bifida occulta: defect in the vertebral arches, covered by skin and usually does not involve underlying
neural tissue, occurs in the turnbosacral region (L4 to S1)
o Spina bifida cystica: neural tissue and/or meninges protrude through a defect in the
vertebral arches and skin to form a cystlike sac.
Enencephalocele: bulging of the neural tissue outside the cranial cavity d/t failure of fusion.
Myelocele: bulging of the neural tissue in the spinal region.
Meningocele: bulging of meninges.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
The lens placodes invaginate and, during the fifth week form the lenses of the eyes.
The otic placodes invaginates and form the otic vesicles, which will develop into structures needed for
hearing and maintenance of equilibrium.
Tympanic membrane is formed by apposition of the tuba - tympanic recess & the 1 st ecto. cleft.
These two structures form the inner endodermal and outer ectodermal epithelial linings.
The intervening mesoderm forms the connective tissue.
DERIVATION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE EYEBALL
Lens, conjunctiva

Surface ectoderm

Retina

Neuroectoderm (optic cup)

Mesoderm

Vitreous, ciliary body, iris

Choroid

Mesoderm (?infiltrated by neural crest cells)

Ciliary muscles

Mesenchymal cells covering the developing cilairy body (?Neural crest)

Muscles of iris

Neuroectoderm (From optic cup)

Sclera
Cornea

Mesoderm (?infiltrated by neural crest cells)

Blood vessels

Mesoderm

Optic nerve

Neuroectoderm (coverings- pia, arachnoid & dura from mesoderm)

Surface epithelium- ectoderm; substantia propria Et inner epithelium- neural crest

MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeletal system develops from paraxial and lateral plate (somatic layer) mesodermand from neural crest.
Paraxial mesoderm forms a segmented series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube, known as
somitomeres in the head region and somites from the occipital region caudally.
Preaxial bone of upper limb: radius; post axial bone: ulna
Preaxial bone of lower limb: tibia; post axial bone: fibula
Thumb and great toe are formed on the preaxial border.
SOMITOMERES:
The first pair arises in the occipital region of the embryo at approximately the 20th day of development.
New somites then appear in craniocaudal sequence at a rate of approximately three pairs per day until, at
the end of the fifth week, 42 to 44 pairs are present.
There are 4 occipital, 8 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 8 - 10 coccygeal pairs.
The first occipital and the last five to seven coccygeal somites later disappear.
Mesodermal Origin

Muscles

Innervation

Somitomeres 1,2

Superior, medial, ventral recti

Oculomotor (III)

Somitomeres 3

Superior oblique

Trochlear (IV)

Somitomeres 4

Jaw closing

Trigeminal (V)

Somitomeres 5

Lateral rectus

Abducens (VI

Somitomeres 6

Jaw opening other 2nd arch

Facial (VII

Somitomeres 7

Stylopharyngeus

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Somites 1,2

Intrinsic laryngeals

Vagus (X)

Somites 2-5

Tongue

Hypoglossal (XII)

Somites 2-5 constitute the occipital group (somite 1 degenerates for the most part).
Mesenchymat cells migrate to become fibroblasts, chondroblasts, or osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).
Skeletal muscles develop from paraxial mesoderm.
Most smooth muscles and cardiac muscle fibers are derived from splanchnic mesoderm.
Smooth muscles of the pupil, mammary gland and sweat glands differentiate from ectoderm

HEAD AND NECK DEVELOPMENT

Critical time for craniofacial development is wk 3-4 (same as gastrulation)
Neural crest cells form bones of face a anterior skull
Mesoderm forms posterior bones & base of skull
Lateral Plate Mesoderm forms laryngeal cartilage
Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face:
Prominence

Structures Formed

Frontonasal

Unpaired

Forehead, bridge of nose, medial and lateral nasal prominences

Maxillary

Paired

Cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip

Medial nasal

Paired

Philtrum of upper lip, crest and tip of nose

Lateral nasal

Paired

Alae of nose

Mandibular

Paired

Lower lip

Brachycephaly [clover leaf skull] - Premature closure of all cranial sutures.

Trigonocephaly [egg shaped skull] - Premature closure of frontal suture.
Oxycephaly [tower shaped skull] - Premature closure of coronal suture.
Plagiocephaly - one sided premature closure of coronal suture.
Scaphocephaly [boat shaped skull] - Premature closure of sagittal suture.
Craniosynostosis: Premature closure of 1 or more sutures.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The heart is the first organ of the body to start functioning.
The major septa of the heart are formed between the 27th and 37th days of development.
Common arterial trunk
Truncus arteriosus
6 pairs of aortic arches appear (1 st , 2 nd and 5 th
arches disappear).
Third arch
Fourth arch
Sixth arch

Right side
Left side
Right and Left Pulmonary arteries
and ductus arteriosus
Carotid Arteries
Brachiocephalic a
Aortic Arch & Left
[Common & Internal] Right Subclavian.A Subclavian.A
First artery to appear in embryo: Right & left primitive aorta
Development of coronary sinus: The sinus venosus can be divided into three parts
Right horn- incorporated into right atrium;
Left horn Et Body- Give rise to coronary sinus
Right half of primitive atrium: muscular part of right atrium
EMBRYOLOGIC HEART DERIVATIVES:
Embryonic Structure

Adult Structure

Truncus Arteriosus

Aorta ,Pulmonary trunk

Aortic sac, Left 4 th Aortic Arch, left dorsal aorta

Arch of Aorta

Left dorsal Aorta and fused dorsal Aorta

Descending Aorta

Primitive ventricle

Trabeculated part of Rt. & Lt. ventricle

Primitive atrium

Trabeculated part of Rt. & Lt. atrium

Sinus venosus

Smooth part of Rt. atrium(sinus venerum),coronary sinus, oblique V of Lt.

atrium

Septum Primum: fossa ovalis

Septum Secundum: annulus ovalis
Septum Spurium: derived from fusion of right & left venous valves.
The heart tube bends & forms the cardiac loop by day 28.
Embryonic Structure
Adult Structure

Remnant of first aortic arch

Maxillary. A, may form Ext Carotid.A

Remnant of 2nd aortic arch

Hyoid Et stapedial arteries

Right Horn of Aortic sac

Brachiocephalic.A

Right 4th Arch artery & 7th Cervical

Intersegmental.A, right dorsal aorta
Left 7th Cervical IntersegmentaLA

Right Subclavian.A
Left Subclavian

Proximal Part of 3rd Arch Artery

Common Carotid. A

Distal Part of 3rd Arch Artery and

Cervical part of dorsal aorta

Internal carotid artery

rd

Bud from 3 Arch Artery

External Carotid artery

th

Part of 6 arch(pulmonary arch) artery

Pulmonary Artery

Part of left 6th arch artery between lung

bud and aorta

Ductus arteriosus

DEVELOPMENT OF VENOUS SYSTEM:

Internal jugular vein

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior vena cava

Left renal vein

Testicular/ovarian veins

Anterior cardinal veins (ext. jugular veins are secondary channels)

From right anterior cardinal vein & right common cardinal vein
Segment
From
Hepatic
Right hepatic vein
Prerenal
Right subcardinal vein
Renal
Right subcardinal & supracardinal anastomosis
Post renal
Right supracardinal vein
Lower end
Right posterior cardinal vein
Mesonephric vein, left subcardinal veins & inter-subcardinal
anastomosis
Remnants of subcardinal veins below inter-subcardinal anastomosis

After anastomosing, the left anterior cardinal vein & Left common cardinal veins regresses.

Remnant of
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
Left umbilical vein
Right umbilical vein
Vitello intestinal duct
Urachus
Vitelline arteries
Proximal part of umbilical A
Distal part of umbilical A
Left common cardinal vein/ Cuvier's left duct

Structure
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ligamentum venosum
Ligamentum teres hepatis (Round ligament)
Disappears
Meckel's diverticulum
Median umbilical ligament
Celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
Internal iliac & Superior vesical Artery
Medial umbilical ligament
Oblique vein of left atrium

The proximal parts of the Vitelline and umbilical Veins broken up into small channels to form the sinusoids of
the liver. These sinusoids drain into the sinus Venosus.
Each horn of the sinus venosus receives one vitelline vein, one umbilical vein and one common cardinal vein.
Reduction of left sinus horn
blood from the left side of liver is rechanneled toward the right

enlargement of the right vitelline vein (right hepatocardiac channel).
Right hepatocardiac channel forms the hepatocardiac portion of the inferior vena cava.
The proximal part of the left vitelline vein disappears
The left umbilical vein gets connected to the sinus Venosus by Ductus Venosus.
Ductus venosus connects left branch of portal vein to left hepatic vein.
The ductus arteriosus carries most of the blood from right Ventricle to the dorsal aorta.
It is obliterated after birth and seen as ligamentum arteriosum.
Left umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated and form the ligamentum teres hepatis and
ligamentum venosum, respectively

LUNG DEVELOPMENT
The mesoderm covering the outside of the lungdevelops into visceral pleura, the somatic mesodermlining
the body wall from the inside forming the parietalpleura.
By the end of six months approximately 17 generationsof subdivisions have formed.
Additional 6 divisions form during postnatal life.
Lung development can be divided into 5 stages:
o Embryonic 26 days to 6 weeks, until the formationof bronchopulmonary segments
o Pseudoglandular - 6 to 16 weeks, until the formationof terminal bronchioles
o Canalicular - 16 to 28 weeks, respiratory bronchiolesand respiratory vasculature begins to appear
o Saccular - 28 to 36 weeks, terminal sacs form
o Alveolar - 36 weeks to term, mature alveoli form
Primitive alveoli type two alveolar cells develop in the rmonth.
Only one sixth of the adult number of alveoli arepresent at birth, the remaining are formed in childhood.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Artery of Foregut

Artery of Mid gut

Artery of Hindgut

Coeliac trunk

Sup. Mesenteric. A

Inf. Mesenteric. A

Derivatives of Foregut
Part of floor of the mouth, including tongue,
Pharynx
Thyroid & various derivatives of pharyngeal pouches
Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum: Whole of the
first part and upper half of the descending part
(upto the major duodenal papilla)/ Ampulla of
Vater
Liver and extra-hepatic biliary system, Pancreas,
Respiratory system

Derivatives of Mid gut

Duodenum: part
distal to major
papilla
Jejunum, Ileum
Caecum, Appendix
Ascending colon
Right two-thirds of
transverse colon

Derivatives of Hincigut
Left 1/3rd of transverse colon
Descending ft Sigmoid colon,
Rectum
Upper part of anal canal
Parts of the urogenital system
derived from the primitive
urogenital sinus

At 8th week, the primary intestinal loop rotates around an axis formed by the superior mesenteric artery.
This rotation is counterclockwise, and it amounts to approximately 270 when it is complete.
Diaphragm is formed from: Septum transversum, Pleuro - Peritoneal membranes, Ventral and dorsal
mesenteries of Oesophagus, Mesoderm of body wall, including the mesoderm around the dorsal
aorta.

Derivatives of:
Dorsal mesogastrium

Ventral mesogastrium

Greater Omentum, Gastrosplenic ligament,

Gastrophrenic ligament & LienoRenal ligament

Lesser Omentum, Falciform ligament, Coronary ligament,

Right and left Triangular ligament

PANCREAS:

Uncinate process and inferior part of the head of the pancreas- from ventral bud.
Remaining part-from dorsal bud.
The main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung): from distal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral
pancreatic duct.
The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct either is obliterated or persists as a small channel, the
accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini).

MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
Represents the persistent proximal part of the vitelline duct.
It is present in 2% of population, situated in the anti-mesenteric border, usually 2 inches long & 2 feet from
the ileo-caecal valve.
It has all the 3 coats of the intestinal wall ft has its own blood supply.
Derived from midgut.
UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Urogenital system arises from intermediate mesoderm.
Mesonephric duct/ Wolffian duct is the main genital duct of males.
Para - Mesonephric duct/ Mullerian duct is the main genital duct of females.
Germ cells appear in the genital ridges at 6th week.
Primordial germ cells first appear among endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac close to the
allantois.
MESONEPHRIC

IN MALES
Structures formed

/ WOLFFIAN DUCT
IN FEMALES

Remnants

Posterior wall of Prostatic Urethra

Ureteric buds forming ureter,
Pelves, Calyces and Collecting
duct
Trigone of bladder
Appendix of epididymis
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Ejaculatory ducts
Prostate[partly from endoderm]
Seminal Vesicles

Superior
aberrant
tubule
Inferior
aberrant
tubule
Paradidymis

Structures formed

Posterior wall
of female
urethra
Ureteric bud
forming ureter,
Pelves, Calyces
and collecting
tubules
Trigone of the
bladder

PARAMESONEPHRIC / MULLERIAN DUCT

Structures (In Females)

Remnants (In males)

Uterus,

Appendix of testes, Prostatic Utricle

Uterine tubes, Part of Vagina

Remnants

Paroophoron
(Equivalent to
paradidymis in males)
Epoophoron/
Gartner's duct
(Equivalent to ductus
deferens in mates)

FATE OF THE STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM UNDIFFERENTIATED GENITAL SYSTEM

Gonadal/ genital
ridge
Gubernacular cord
Primitive sex cells
Mullerian tubercle
Genital tubercle
Genital swellings
Urethral/genital
folds
Mesonephros
(Wolffian body)

Mesonephric duct
(Wolffian duct)

Paramesonephnc (or
Mullerian) duct
Allantoic duct
Cloaca:
Dorsal part
Ventral part
Urogenital sinus

Testis
Cortex: seminiferous tubules
Medulla: Rete testes
Gubernaculum testis, spermatic cord
Sperm
Seminal colliculus
Phallus (penis), Glans penis, Urethra in
glans
Scrotum
Floor of urethral plate (ventral penis)

Ovary
Cortex: Ovarian follicles
Medulla: rete ovarii
Proximal :Ovarian ligament
Distal: Round ligament of uterus
Egg
Hymen
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora

Appendix of epididymis
Efferent ductules
Lobules of epididymis
Paradidymis
Aberrant ductules

Appendices vesiculosae
Epoophoron tubules
Paroophoron tubules

Duct of epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Part of bladder and prostatic urethra
Appendix of testis
Prostatic utricle

Duct of Epoophoron (Gartner's duct)

Part of bladder and urethra

Urachus
Rectum and upper part of anal canal
Most of bladder, Part of prostatic urethra
Prostatic urethra distal to utricle
Bulbo-urethral glands,
Rest of urethra to glans

Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
Urachus
Rectum and upper part of anal canal
Most of bladder and the Urethra
Greater vestibular glands
rd
Vestibule, lower 1 /3 of vagina

Appendix of testes - Hydatid of Morgagni

Appendix of epididymis - Pedunculated hydatid of Morgagni
Paradidymis - Organ of Giraldes
Epoophoron/Organ of Rosenmuller: proximal tubules of mesonephric duct.
Para Oophoron: distal tubules of mesonephric duct.
The bulbs of the vestibule in females correspond to bulb of the penis and the corpus spongiosum in men,
Dysontogenic cysts of the vagina are generally thick-walled, soft cysts resulting from embryonic
remnants. Gartner's duct cysts are the most common of these. They arise from the remnant of the
Wolffian duct (mesonephros).
Degeneration of the mesonephric ducts is progressive from 10 to 16 weeks in the female fetus,
although vestigial remnants may be noted in the adult (Gartner's duct cyst, paroophoron, epoophoron).
The female may retain some remnants of the cranial and caudal excretory tubules in the mesovarium,
where they form the epoophoron and paroophoron, respectively.
Vagina has a dual origin:
Upper portion is derived from the uterine canal.
Lower portion is derived from the urogenital sinus. (sinovaginal bulb/vaginal plate)

Kidneyhas a dual origin:

Excretory tubules (All parts of nephron)
Collecting part (Pelves, calyces, ureter)

Arises from metanephros

Arises from Ureteric bud (Mesonephros)

DEVELOPMENT OF BLADDER AND URETHRA

Cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum into the posterior anorectal canal and the anterior primitive
urogrnital sinus.
Cranial & largest part of the urogenital sinus
the vesicourethral canal forms most of the bladder.
The mesonephric ducts open into the urogenital sinus early in development.
The ureters develop as branches of the mesonephric ducts.
The remainder of the vesicourethral canal forms urethra.
Trigone is formed by the absorption of mesonephric ducts Ft it is mesodermal in origin.
The fetal bladder can be identified by USG at 9-11 weeks and the absence of a bladder image is considered
abnormal at 13 weeks or later.
IN MALES:
Above the opening of prostatic utricle,
o Anterior wall of prostatic urethra- from Vesicourethral canal formed by endoderm.
o Posterior wall- absorbed portions of mesonephric duct (mesoderm)
Definitive urogenital sinus forms the lower part of prostatic urethra Et membranous urethra.
Urethral plate forms the most of the penile urethra.
PHARYNGEAL APPARATUS

Pharyngeal arches are rod-like thickenings of mesoderm present in the wall of the foregut.
In the interval between any two arches, the endoderm is pushed outwards to form endodermal or
pharyngeal pouches.
Opposite each pouch, the surface ectoderm dips inwards an ectodermal cleft. So,
o Arch


Mesoderm
o Pouch


Endoderm
o Cleft


Ectoderm

Fate of Phar n eal Arches (Mesoderm):

ARCH
First Arch
(Mandibular arch
/ Meckel's
Cartilage)
Second
Arch
(Hyoid arch/
Richter's
cartilage)

NERVE
Mandibular
Nerve

Third Arch

Glosso
Pharyngeal
Nerve
Superior

Fourth Arch

Sixth Arch

Fifth Arch

Facial Nerve

Laryngeal
N(Vagus)
Recurrent
Laryngeal N
(Vagus)

SKELETAL COMPONENT
Malleus, Incus
Sphenomandibular hig.
Anterior lig. of malleus

MUSCLES OF THE ARCH

Mylohyoid, Muscles of Mastication
Anterior belly of digastric.
Tensor Palati, Tensor tympani

Stapes
Styloid Process
Stylohyoid ligament
Smaller Cornu of hyoid
Superior part of body of
hyoid.

Stapedius, Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric.

Greater Cornu of hyoid

Lower Part of body of
hyoid
Cartilage of larynx

Muscles of Facial expression.

Auricularis, Buccinator
Frontalis, Platysma
Orbicularis oris Et Ocuti
Stylopharyngeus
Constrictors of Pharynx
Cricothyroid
Levator Palatine
Intrinsic muscles of larynx

DISAPPEARS

Mandibular nerve supplies the muscles derived from 152 arch.

Maxillary and mandibutardivisions supply sensory nerves to skin of face.

Fate of Endodermal Pouches:

POUCH

FATE
Ventral Part- Obliterated by formation of tongue
Dorsal Part- Together with dorsal part of 2

Ist Pouch

nd

Pouch forms tubotympanic

recess
Proximal Part- Eustachian tube
Distal Part- Middle ear cavity & tympanic antrum

Ilnd Pouch

Ventral Part

Tonsil

Dorsal Part

Formation of tubotympanic recess

IIIrd Pouch [THIRD]

Thymus &Inferior Parathyroid glands

IVth Pouch

Thyroid (from thyro-glossal duct) & Superior Parathyroid glands

Vth Pouch

Para - follicular (C-Cells) of thyroid from ultimo bronchial body

Fate of Pharyngeal(Branchial) Cleft

PHARYNGEAL CLEFT

FATE

1st

External auditory meatus & ear drum

Ilnd, IIIrd, IVth

Cervical sinus) disappears, may persist as brachial cyst

Thus, pharyngeal clefts give rise to only one structure, the external auditory meatus.

DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
Starts at- approximately 4 weeks of embryo.
ANTERIOR TWO-THIRD (body of the tongue):
Develops from first pharyngeal arch: two lateral lingual swellingsand one medial swelling, the tuberculum
impar.
Lateral lingual swellings increase in size & merges with tuberculum impar, forming body of the tongue.
Sensory innervation to this area is by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
POSTERIOR ONE THIRD (root of the tongue):
A second median swelling, the copula of His or hypobranchial eminence is formed by mesoderm of the
second, third, and part of the fourth arch.
This gives rise to root of the tongue. Sensory innervation -glossopharyngeal nerve.
TONGUE MUSCLES:
Derived from myoblasts originating in occipital somites and are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
EPIGLOTTIS:
The epiglottis and the extreme posterior part of the tongue develop from the fourth arch as a third median
swelling and are innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve.
DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN
Epidermis & its appendages, pilo sebaceous unit, nail & sweat glands: Surface ectoderm
Melanocyte Et Merkel cells: Neural crest
Langerhan's cells: Bone marrow
Dermis in limbs & trunks: Somatopleuric mesenchyme
Dermis in face, Head Et neck: Neural crest
OTHER IMPORTANT
The 23 pairs of chromosomes encode approximately 30,000 genes.
Minimum number of genes required to make up a Living organism- 470 (parasite)
Minimum number of genes required to make up a free living cell- 1700
40% of the total genes are expressed in the CNS.
Remaining 60% are expressed by both CNS & other tissues.
Mutations in HOXD13 3 combination of syndactyly and polydactyly (synpolydactyly).