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(EEP-1103)
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM: To study the use of multimeter and testing of various components.
APPARATUS: Analog & digital multimeter, resistance, diode, transistor, capacitor and D.C
battery.
THEORY:
It is one of the most versatile general-purpose instruments capable of measuring dc and ac
voltages as well as currents and resistances. A meter is a measuring instrument. An
ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between
two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. A multimeter combines these functions
and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument.
Ammeter mode measures current in Amperes. To measure current you need to power off the
circuit, you need to break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series. All the
current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter. Meters are not supposed to
alter the behavior of the circuit, so the ammeter must have a very LOW resistance. The
diagrams below show the connection of a multimeter to measure current, voltage and
resistance..
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4. BATTERY: It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie talkies, clocks and
smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in certain
electronic clocks. This format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and
alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in
nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide batteries in this
form have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content.
6. CONTINUITY: Continuity testing is the act of testing the resistance between two
points. If there is very low resistance (less than a few s), the two points are
connected electrically, and a tone is emitted. If there is more than a few s of
resistance, than the circuit is open, and no tone is emitted. This test helps insure that
connections are made correctly between two points. This test also helps us detect if
two points are connected that should not be.
PROCEDURE:
1.
Measuring AC/DC voltage: The range selector switch should be in voltage position.
Place the leads of the multimeter across the terminal of the unknown voltage. Note down the
reading.
2.
Measuring Resistance: Select the range of resistance and after the selections place the
leads of the multimeter across the terminal of the unknown resistance. Note down the values.
3.
Checking the continuity of wire: Connect the wire across the terminals of multimeter.
If reading comes to zero, wire is continuous.
4.
Measuring Capacitance: Turn the selector Knob of the multimeter on Capacitance
Measurement mode. Connect the test leads to the capacitor terminals. Keep test leads
connected for a few seconds to allow the multimeter to automatically select the proper range.
Read the measurement displayed. If the capacitance value is within the measurement range,
the multimeter will display the capacitors value. Else it will display OL, if
a) The capacitance value is higher than the measurement range
b) The capacitor is faulty.
5.
Testing a diode: Turn the dial (rotary switch) to Diode Test mode. Connect the test
leads to the diode. Record the measurement displayed. Reverse the test leads. Record the
measurement displayed.
TEST ANALYSIS:
A good forward-based diode displays a voltage drop ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 volts for
the most commonly used silicon diodes. Some germanium diodes have a voltage drop
ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 V.
The multimeter displays OL when a good diode is reverse-biased. The OL reading
indicates the diode is functioning as an open switch.
A bad (opened) diode does not allow current to flow in either direction. A multimeter
will display OL in both directions when the diode is opened.
A shorted diode has the same voltage drop reading (approximately 0.4 V) in both
directions.
6.
Testing the NPN/PNP transistor: A transistor can be classified in 2 types: NPN and
PNP transistors. Following are the steps to check whether the transistor is NPN/PNP :
Step 1: (Base to Emitter)
Connect the positive lead from the multimeter to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
Connect the negative meter lead to the EMITTER (E) of the transistor. For a good
NPN transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and 0.9V. If you
are testing PNP transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).
Step 2: (Base to Collector)
Keep the positive lead on the BASE (B) and place the negative lead to the
COLLECTOR (C).
For a good NPN transistor, the meter should show a voltage drop between 0.45V and
0.9V. If you are testing PNP transistor, you should see OL (Over Limit).
Step 3: (Emitter to Base)
Connect the positive lead from the multimeter to the EMITTER (E) of the transistor.
Connect the negative meter lead to the BASE (B) of the transistor.
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Tehsil Rajpura, Distt. Patiala 140401.
Web Site. www.chitkara.edu.in
I
j 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Input
Theoretical value(A)
Practical value(A)
Supply
I1 I2 I3 Total Current I1 I2 I3 Total Current
I= I1+I2+I3
I= I1+I2+I3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Before connecting the instruments, check the error in instrument.
3. The direction of current and voltage should be identified correctly
4. Multimeter should be in Ammeter mode while measuring current.
CONCLUSION:
Kirchhoffs current law is verified.
V
j 1
v v v
1
......... v k 0
this statement simply tells us that if we start from a particular junction and go around a closed circuit
so as to come back to the same junction, the net potential drop (or potential rise) is zero, because we
have come back to the point at the same potential.
Procedure:
Kirchhoffs voltage law:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram 1.1.
2. Switch ON the D.C. supply and set it at 5V
3. Note down the voltage readings from the voltmeter (V1, V2, and V3).
4. Repeat the step 3 for applied voltage V= 10V, 12V, and note down the readings.
5. Switch off the D.C. supply
6. Verify the result with analytical calculations.
KVL Trainer Board:
S.No.
Input
Theoretical value(A)
Practical value(A)
Supply
V1 V2 V3 Total Voltage V1 V2 V3 Total Voltage
V=V1+V2+V3
V=V1+V2+V3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Before connecting the instruments, check the error in instrument.
3. The direction of current and voltage should be identified correctly
4. Multimeter should be in Ammeter mode while measuring current.
CONCLUSION:
KVL is verified.
01No.
01No.
01No.
01No.
03No.
01No.
01No.
01No
01No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1
1
V I R j L
V I R j L
j C
j C
1
V
Z R J L
I A
C
Z R J L
C
VR
VL
VC
R=
VR/I
XL=
VI/I
XC=
VC/I
cos
-------01 No
-------01 No
-------01 No
-------02 No
-------03 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure: 4.1
THEORY:
Star Connection:
In a 3-phase AC circuit, line voltage is equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage and line
current is equal to the phase current.
i.e.
V L 3V Ph
V L 3V Ph
Line
Ph
Line
Ph
3 I Ph
Line
3 I Ph
V Ph V Line V Ph
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Connections
V V
L
V V
Ph
Ph
I I
L
I I
Ph
Ph
V
V
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Star
Delta
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per star connections shown in Figure 4.1.
2. Get the connections checked by the teacher in-charge.
3. Switch ON the supply through TPIC switch.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeters & ammeters & note them in observation table.
5. Find the relation between the line voltage and phase voltage, line current and phase
current.
6. Switch OFF the power supply & disconnect the circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Connections should be right and tight.
2) Zero error of instrument should be checked.
3) Do not touch the bare joints or terminals while performing the experiment.
4) Take the readings carefully.
RESULT:
In Star connection, Line voltage =3 phase voltage & Line Current = Phase current &
In Delta connection, Line voltage = Phase voltage & Line Current = 3 Phase current
12
1
21
2
12
1
21
2
where, 1 and 2 are the flux in each coil whereas 12 and 21 are the flux linked with
coils
Coefficient of coupling is always less than unity, and has a maximum value of 1.When k=1,
is called perfect coupling, when the entire flux of one coil links the other. The greater the
coefficient of coupling between the two coils the greater the mutual inductance between them
and vice-versa. If the two coils are a great distance apart in space, the mutual inductance is
very small, and K is also very small. For iron-core coupled circuits, the value of K may be as
high as .99 for air-core coupled circuits varies 0.4 to 0.8.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TO FIND THE SELF INDUCTANCE OF COIL 1:
FIG 5.1
FIG 5.2
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Now adjust the autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads rated voltage.
3. Vary the voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Apply 5-7% rated voltage while measuring series inductance.
5. Then calculate coefficient of coupling and mutual inductance.
TABULATION:
To find L1:
S. no
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(A)
FIG 5.3
TO FIND THE EQUIVALENT INDUCTANCE OF COIL IN SERIES OPPOSING:
FIG 5.4
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Tehsil Rajpura, Distt. Patiala 140401.
Web Site. www.chitkara.edu.in
----01 No
----01 No
----01 No
---02 No
----03 No
----01 No
----01 No
Circuit Diagram:
Fig 6.1
Fig 6.2
THEORY:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
It is performed to determine the iron loss & transformation ratio. Primary winding is
supplied with normal working voltage at normal frequency and secondary winding is kept
Open. The current in the primary is only that much that is necessary to magnetize the core at
normal voltage and this magnetizing current being a very small fraction of full load current
(usually 3 to 10% of full load current), so Cu losses may be neglected and only loss is due to
V1
V2
Ioc
V1
Isc
EXPERIMENT-7
AIM : To study the speed control of a DC shunt motor & to draw the speed variation
with respect to : (a) Change of field Current (b) Change of resistance in armature
circuit.
APPARATUS:
(1)
D.C supply(220V)
------01 No
(2)
D.C shunt motor (250V,2KW)
------01 No
(3)
Rheostat, Rf (230 ohms)
------01 No
(4)
------01 No
(5)
Ammeter A1(0 to 10 A)
------01 No
(6)
Ammeter A2 (0 to100 A)
------01 No
(7)
(8)
(9)
------01 No
------01 No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 7.1
THEORY:
In case of D.C shunt motor, speed of the motor is given by the relation:
Na = Eb/ = (V Ia Ra) /If..
Armature Control
Eb
(Back N(Speed)
S.No.
Field Control
If (Field Current)
N (Speed)
EMF)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RESULTS:
1. In field control method, by adding a resistance in the field winding, the speed of motor
increases.
2. In armature control method, by adding a resistance in the armature winding, the speed
of motor decreases.
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Tehsil Rajpura, Distt. Patiala 140401.
Web Site. www.chitkara.edu.in
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
------ 01 No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections to the motor through the TPIC switch and star-delta Starter as
shown in Figure 8.1
2) Switch ON the supply with TPIC main switch.
3) Start the 3 induction motor by star-delta starter.
4) Observe the direction of rotation of the motor.
5) Stop the motor by pushing stop button of star-delta starter & switch OFF the TPIC switch.
6) To reverse the direction of rotation of the motor, interchange the leads of motor at any two
terminals of TPIC switch or starter as shown in Figure7.1.
7) Now again switch ON the TPIC switch and start the motor again & observe the direction
of the rotation of the motor.
8) Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the connections.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No
1.
2.
Phase Sequence
RYB
RBY
Direction of Rotation
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Connections should be neat and tight.
2) Do not touch the bare joints or terminals while performing the experiment.
3) Make sure that TPIC switch should be OFF when you are changing the terminals.
RESULTS:
The direction of rotation of the motor is reversed when connections of any two terminals are
interchanged.
(Actual
Temperature
Thermometer)
by
Error
Primary Coil
CORE
Sec. Coil 1
Primary Coil
Sec. Coil 2
CORE
Sec. Coil 1
Sec. Coil 2
Fig 10.1: Schematic Diagram of LVDT.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up
3. Be careful about the calibration of the scale of LVDT
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Tehsil Rajpura, Distt. Patiala 140401.
Web Site. www.chitkara.edu.in
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO.
Actual Micrometer Indicator
Reading (mm)
Readings
LVDT (mm)
1.
2.
3.
Voltage
(V)
Error
RESULTS: The graph of actual micrometer reading v/s indicator readings was plotted.
A
0 20 AMP
P
N
MCB
B
R
E
A
K
E
R
M
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
A
0 20 AMP
P
N
MCB
B
R
E
A
K
E
R
M
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
Fig. 11.1
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Tehsil Rajpura, Distt. Patiala 140401.
Web Site. www.chitkara.edu.in
1.
2.
3.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Ammeter should always be connected in series.
3. Dont touch the live parts while performing practical.
4. Increase the current within the safe limit.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in Fig.11.1.
2. Switch on the power supply by MCB and push the green push button mounted on the
panel .
3. Now set the fault current above the current rating of MCB with the help of
variac.
4. Note down time taken by the MCB to trip which is indicated on the Time Totalizer.
5. Repeat the above procedure by increasing current in small steps.
6. Plot the graph between current and operating time
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Fuses are used as a protective device against over current in electrical installations. Fuse is
essentially a short piece of metal, which is inserted in series with the circuit. When a fault
such as short circuit occurs, the current exceeds the value, and the fuse wire gets heated,
melts and breaks the circuit. The fuse has inverse time current characteristics.
MCB
CARTRIDGEGLASSFUSE
WIREFUSE
A
u
t
o
WIRE FUSE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
HRC
FUSE
C
B
LOADING TRANSFORMER
A
u
t
o
P
N
MCB
C
B
HRC
FUSE
LOADING TRANSFORMER
2.
3.
Now set the fault current above the current rating of fuse with the help of
variac.
5. Note down time taken by the fuse to blow which is indicated on the Time Totalizer.
6. Repeat the above procedure by increasing current in small steps.
7. Plot the graph between fusing current and melting time for different fuses.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No.