Sino-Indian War

Main article: Sino-Indian War

In 1962, troops from the People's Republic of China and India clashed in territory
claimed by both. China won a swift victory in the war, resulting in Chinese
annexation of the region they call Aksai Chin and which has continued since then.
Another smaller area, the Trans-Karakoram, was demarcated as the Line of Control
(LOC) between China and Pakistan, although some of the territory on the Chinese
side is claimed by India to be part of Kashmir. The line that separates India from
China in this region is known as the "Line of Actual Control".[77]

Operation Gibraltar and 1965 Indo-Pakistani war

Main articles: Operation Gibraltar, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and Tashkent
Agreement
Following its failure to seize Kashmir in 1947, Pakistan supported numerous `covert
cells' in Kashmir using operatives based in its New Delhi embassy. After its military
pact with the United States in the 1950s, it intensively studied guerrilla warfare
through engagement with the US military. In 1965, it decided that the conditions
were ripe for a successful guerilla war in Kashmir. Code named `Operation
Gibraltar', companies were dispatched into Indian-administered Kashmir, the
majority of whose members were razakars (volunteers) and mujahideen recruited
from Pakitan-administered Kashmir and trained by the Army. These irregular forces
were supported by officers and men from the paramilitary Northern Light Infantry
and Azad Kashmir Rifles as well as commandos from the Special Services Group.
About 30,000 infiltrators are estimated to have been dispatched in August 1965 as
part of the `Operation Gibraltar'.[78]

The plan was for the infiltrators to mingle with the local populace and incite them to
rebellion. Meanwhile, guerilla warfare would commence, destroying bridges, tunnels
and highways, as well as Indian Army installations and airfields, creating conditions
for an `armed insurrection' in Kashmir.[79] If the attempt failed, Pakistan hoped to
have raised international attention to the Kashmir issue.[80] Using the newly
acquired sophisticated weapons through the American arms aid, Pakistan believed
that it could achieve tactical victories in a quick limited war.[81]

However, the `Operation Gibraltar' ended in failure as the Kashmiris did not revolt.
Instead, they turned in infiltrators to the Indian authorities in substantial numbersa,
and the Indian Army ended up fighting the Pakistani Army regulars. Pakistan

claimed that the captured men were Kashmiri `freedom fighters', a claim
contradicted by the international media.[82][note 10] On 1 September, Pakistan
launched an attack across the Cease Fire Line, targeting Akhnoor in an effort to cut
Indian communications into Kashmir. In response, India broadened the war by
launching an attack on Pakistani Punjab across the international border. The war
lasted till 23 September, ending in a stalemate. Following the Tashkent Agreement,
both the sides withdrew to their pre-conflict positions, and agreed not to interfere in
each other's internal affairs.