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Introduction
As safety professionals, we share a common goal: to reduce accidental injuries and deaths. We all
strive to create safer work environments to prevent workplace fatalities, injuries and illnesses. There
are now two powerful new tools available to assist us in this effort:
1. the latest risk assessment standards
2. the new ruling made by OSHA in 2013 to incorporate the latest ANSI Z535 sign standards into
their general (1910) and construction (1926) regulations.
This session will explore these two new tools and how safety professionals can apply them at
workplaces, job sites and in public environments to better protect people and reduce risk.
Increased litigation in the area of premises liability and the lack of warnings
A shift in manufacturing to ever-more complex equipment, involving fewer employees
An increased use of subcontractors in workplaces and job sites
An increased use of temporary workers in workplaces and job sites
Rising costs for workers compensation
The increasing creativity of lawyers to find ways to bring suit against companies and
municipalities on behalf of injured parties
The recent publication of risk assessment best practice standards
The rising cost of general liability insurance and health insurance
The Intersection of Risk Assessment and the New OSHA Safety Sign Systems
The new OSHA 2013 sign systems take advantage of the latest, best practice warnings technology as
defined in the ANSI Z535-2011 safety sign and tag standards. Intelligently designed signs and tags in
compliance with these standards provide safety professionals with the ability to:
More effectively reinforce safety training programs with permanent visual reminders of hazards
and precautionary steps to avoid hazards
Provide more substantive safety messages on safety signs and tags
Use the ANSI Z535 standards human factors and risk assessment-based concepts to more
accurately convey safety messages
Use multiple language panels and graphical symbols to better communicate safety to broader
target audiences
Whether the task is creating a safer product, a safer workplace or a safer public environment, the
development of new OSHA/ANSI safety sign systems is an important outcome of your risk
assessment process. Improving safety to minimize injuries and deaths is the number one goal. But if
an accident does occur, the documentation that goes into your risk assessment and the design of your
OSHA/ANSI Z535 safety sign system will become one of your companys most critical defense
documents should a lawsuit occur.
The larger picture here is to understand that OSHA is trying to improve safety communication in
the workplace. The goal of updating the OSHA standards as they relate to safety signs is that better
safety communication at the point where someone may interact with a hazard will lead to fewer
accidents, fewer injuries, and fewer fatalities in nearly every industry. The promise of the new safety
sign technology is that when its done well, it can improve communication so that people make better
decisions about actions that might otherwise get them injured or killed. Thats the critical role safety
signs play in the workplacegiving people the information they need to make wise decisions to
prevent accidents. Yet up until September 11, 2013, OSHA did not reference the most recent safety
sign and tag standardsas a consequence, the warnings technology that has been developed over the
past 30 years has not been widely used for safety signs in the American workplace.
In fact, just the opposite occurred; OSHAs non-acceptance of the latest ANSI standards for
safety signage actually was a deterrent to their use. The situation was that the way OSHA works, prior
to September 2013, if you were an employer that used the newer ANSI Z535 standards for your
safety signs and tags, and you had an OSHA inspection, you would be found to be in violation of
OSHA regulations. But because you were using the latest versions of the older standards on which
OSHA had based its regulations, you would not be subject to a fine, but your documentation would
still show, what OSHA calls, a de minimis violation. During our discussions, OSHA recognized
that the threat of receiving a de minimis violation probably put most employers off on the idea of
updating their signs to meet the latest best practices as defined by ANSI standards. The acceptance by
OSHA of references to the current ANSI standards in their regulations in September of 2013
completely eliminates this de minimis violation situationyou are now perfectly able to use the
new ANSI standards for signs and tags and you will be in compliance with the latest OSHA rules.
The theory behind standardizing a system of design components for safety signs is that through
the common use of uniform principles for layout, color and content, people will more easily notice,
recognize and understand safety messages, distilling them out of the background of the thousands of
messages they see on a daily basis. The overall goal for all of the individual company efforts in this
area is to create a national uniform system for hazard recognition and this can only be done through
the consistent application of the ANSI Z535 system of design principles. Those responsible for safety
must understand how to apply these design principles, looking at them as a system of interwoven
components that, taken together, can effectively communicate safety in public and private
environments.
2. The ANSI Z535.2 standard establishes clearly defined categories of safety signs, each with
their own distinct purpose, that when used together, create a system of signage intended to reduce risk
and protect people. Once the categorization system is understood, you will see how your plants
safety signs work in combination with one another to convey safety in a variety of ways. In the end,
your safety signs will play a new and more integral role in your facilitys risk reduction and safety
training programs.
3. The content displayed on each type or category of ANSI Z535.2 sign has a systematic structure
to it. When you understand this structure, you will see why the ANSI Z535 system is significantly
better at communicating safety messages than the older sign formats that may still be in use at your
facility.
DANGER is used to indicate a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury. This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations.
WARNING is used to indicate a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death
or serious injury.
CAUTION is used to indicate a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor
or moderate injury.
Exhibit 1. ANSI Z535.2-2011 Signal word panels for hazard alerting safety signs
(Older style on left, ISO harmonized style on rightboth styles are acceptable)
This system of choosing the DANGER, WARNING, CAUTION signal words for various types of
hazardous situations dovetails nicely into present-day risk reduction methodologies. This is one
reason why the ANSI Z535.2 sign system is an improvement over the old 1971 OSHA-style signage
that was actually first created in 1941 in the ASA Z35.1 Standard for Accident Prevention Signs (i.e., a
standard that was written back in the time when processes were often less complex and modern-day
risk assessment methodologies did not exist). This old system of accident prevention signs used either
DANGER or CAUTION for signal words and the choice of which word to use was based solely on
the immediacy of the hazard. It did not take into account the severity of the injury. That is why its
common to see DANGERHOT signs placed in facilities that also have DANGERHIGH
VOLTAGE signs installed. Yes, both types of hazards result in immediate injury. But in one
instance interaction with the hazard most often results in a slight burn. Yet interaction with the
voltage hazard results in electrocution. Not exactly the same level of risk! In the ANSI Z535.2 system
of signal word risk level communication, the signal word for most burn hazard signs would be
CAUTION because the result of interaction with the hazard is usually minor or moderate injury. And,
applying ANSI Z535 signal word definitions, DANGER or WARNING would be the correct choice
for the signal word for high voltage signs because interaction with this type of hazard will or
could result in death or serious injury.
The fuller amount of content on the typical ANSI Z535.2-2011 safety sign is another reason why
this sign system is an improvement over the older OSHA-style signs. Take the DANGERHIGH
VOLTAGE sign. What is the exact nature of the hazardare there two sources of power to this
electrical panel? How do I properly perform maintenance on this panel? Do I need to perform a
lockout/tagout procedure? Do I disconnect the power? What form of PPE should I be wearing? Is
there a danger of an arc flash explosion, and if so, what level of PPE should I wear before performing
maintenance on this panel? A well-crafted ANSI Z535.2 safety sign will contain detailed information
so the viewer gains an understanding not only of what the hazard is, but also how to avoid it. When
lives are on the line, this level of information can be crucial to accident prevention.
NOTICE Signs
The second category of safety signs according to the ANSI Z535.2-2011 standard is signs that use the
signal word NOTICE. These signs display information that is considered important but not hazardrelated, meaning disobeying the signs message wont result in possible personal injury or death. For
these signs, the safety alert symbol is not used since this symbol is only used when potential personal
injury is at risk. For environmental/facility signs, NOTICE is typically the choice of signal word for
messages relating to property damage, security, sanitation, and housekeeping rules.
Exhibit 4. ANSI Z535.2-2011 Signal word panel for notice safety signs
Exhibit 5. ANSI Z535.2-2011 Signal word panel for safety instruction signs
(Note: More definitive signal words can be used for this type of safety sign)
The problem with OSHAs continued use of the old standards definitions as described above for
defining the right sign for an identified hazard, is that todays best practice risk assessment
methodologies define risk using two factors; the severity of the injury and the probability of it
happening. Not just one, immediacy as shown above. The immediacy of the hazard concept that
the 1941 and 1968 standards used is a general term that leans more to the probability of getting hurt if
a person ignores the sign. And thats a problem. You see, the way the old standards and OSHA
defined the use of DANGER signs you use DANGER for all immediate hazards. If you follow this
direction, you will use DANGER for both high voltage signs (because interacting with the high
voltage WILL hurt you) and you would use DANGER for hot surface signs (because hot surfaces
are an immediate hazard and touching one WILL also hurt you). You see, both are immediate
hazards. The problem here is that the severity of the injury is not taken into account. Practically every
hazard alerting sign becomes a DANGER sign with this way of thinking, and the result is that very
little in the way of risk level differentiation occurs.
Contrast this to the way the ANSI Z535 standards define the use of signal words as described
above. In the ANSI Z535 standards, the three clearly defined signal words that you can use to alert
people to potential personal injury hazards each have their own level of associated hazard seriousness.
When you use a risk assessment to analyze your hazards, you will see that their various risk levels
(determined by the severity of injury and probability of interaction) allow you to easily choose the
right ANSI Z535 signal word. In this context, it will be wise to train your employees, visitors and
subcontractors on the different levels of risk as denoted by the signal words on your facilitys safety
signs, labels and tags.
ability to convey more substantive safety information is critical. And this is where the ANSI Z535
safety sign standards excel. In the safety sign standard, ANSI Z535.2, it says that hazard alerting
safety signs should convey the:
Seriousness of the hazard, which, as weve seen, is done through the use of the right
signal word (DANGER, WARNING or CAUTION)
The nature of the hazard
The consequence of interaction with the hazard
How to avoid the hazard
Its important to note that the Z535 standards use the word should to describe the intent here,
meaning this is not a shall statement, its not mandated by the Z535 standard for safety signs or
safety labels that all of this content needs to appear on a sign. But the standard says in its annex that
this is the information that is typically communicated on hazard alerting signs and that many factors
must be considered when determining whether or not to omit any of this content. You see, this
description for the proper content of a safety sign has, as its foundation, the last forty years of U.S.
case law in the area of products liability and what defines an adequate warning. And, as mentioned
before, theres also been quite a bit of human factors research in the area of warnings over the past
couple of decades and that has helped the ANSI Z535 committee in its efforts to define the proper
content for safety signs and labels in its standards.
tells the viewer what the hazard is and what not to do in both words and pictures which is a lot
more than the old signs words: DANGER HOT. Taking the idea of more substance one step
further, the signs to the right compare a high pressure safety message. The ANSI-style sign has
been tailored with specific hazard avoidance information, giving you very specific yet concise
information that allows you to understand the hazard and how to avoid it. And the symbol graphically
illustrates what the actual hazard is. This is the state-of-the-art for safety signage today and its what
makes this type of sign significantly more useful than the old OSHA-style sign shown below it.
The most important aspect of this extended capability to communicate content is that the new ANSI
Z535 signage matches up with the information you have gather in your risk assessment. The
presentation of this paper will examine how ANSI 31000 Risk Management Principles and Guidelines
and ANSI 31010 Risk Assessment Techniques define the information needed to discern risk in such a
way that it dovetails nicely with the content items defined by the now, OSHA-approved, ANSI
Z535.2 standard for safety signs. Whats the hazard, whats the consequence of interaction with the
hazard, how probable is the accident, how probable is the injury, and finally, how do we instruct
people to avoid the hazard? These are all questions that are defined and answered when doing the
hazard analysis portion of a risk assessmentand that is the level of information people today expect
to see on product safety labels and facility safety signs. If the safety signs are designed well, meaning
their symbols and messages are carefully chosen to match the situation and the intended audience, the
increased level of information should help people to make wiser, safer decisions.
Conclusion
When applied with todays risk assessment methodologies, the new OSHA/ANSI Z535.2 safety signs
provide the safety professional with an important tool to better identify hazards, hazard avoidance
procedures, and levels of risk severity. The end result should be improved communication of safetyrelated information leading to significant reductions in risk.
Bibliography
American National Standards Institute. 2011. ANSI Z535.2: American National Standard for
Environmental and Facility Safety Signs.
________. 2011. ANSI Z535.4: American National Standard for Product Safety Signs and Labels.
________. 2011. ANSI/ASSE/ISO 31000 (Z690.2-2011): Risk Management Principles and
Guidelines.
________. 2011. ANSI/ASSE/ISO 31010 (Z690.3-2011): Risk Assessment Techniques.
American Standards Association. 1941. ASA Z35.1: Specifications for Industrial Accident Prevention
Signs.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 1971, 2013. CFR 1910.145, Specifications
for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags.