The Big Table of Quantum Artificial Intelligence

Omar Shehab
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, UMBC,
Baltimore, MD 21250 USA,
shehab1@umbc.edu
January 27, 2017

This table summarizes a few pieces of categorical information about a large number of publications in the field of quantum artificial intelligence. The sources of the papers are Google-NASA
Quantum AI Lab, CHMPR-UMBC, D-Wave, ISI-USC, QUICS, MSR, and many other groups. The
motivation for this table is the confusion a newcomer to the field faces while trying to understand
the relative differences among different papers. Being a new field, quantum artificial intelligence
has attracted many bright researchers. Each researcher has a different point of view about the
choice of a problem, formalism, implementation and the physical model underneath. With all these
diversities, the situation becomes even more complex if similar terminologies are used to describe
different research questions. For example, consider the case of two unsupervised learning algorithms
one implemented using universal quantum computing and the other implemented using quantum
annealing. While the physical models and hence the quantum algorithms will be significantly different, both of them are being called unsupervised learning. Hence, a new researcher can easily
be confused looking at the similar terminologies and may end up reading the paper which is not
relevant to the physical model she is planning to work. This is the reason I have prepared and am
maintaining this table.
Interpretation of the table is straight forward. The first column lists all the papers. In the next
three columns it is indicated which class of machine learning the paper belongs to. If the paper is
about learning theory in quantum paradigm, the work may be applicable to all three classes. The
following two columns contain information about the physical models, whether it is the universal
quantum computing model or the quantum annealing model. The last four columns describe the
paradigm of algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, the paradigms, (CC, CQ, QC, and QQ) were
first defined in [26]. Ameur et al [2] were the first to explicitly talk about quantum enhancements of
classical learning problems (which we called QC) and about learning about quantum states (which
would be in CQ or QQ depending on the setting) in machine-learning, and were the first to explicitly
make a separation between these two settings [24]. For each paradigm, the first symbol represents
the learning agent and the second symbol represents the environment it is interacting with. So, CC
stands for classical machine learning problems, CQ represents classical machine learning algorithms
working in quantum environment, QC represents hybrid quantum-classical systems using quantum
techniques to solve classical machine learning problems, and finally, QQ means quantum learning
agent acting in quantum environment.

Table 1: Quantum Machine Learning

Work
Lewenstein et al [35], 1994
Bshouty et al [15], 1994
Menneer et al [40], 1995
Behrman et al [8], 1996
Ventura et al [55], 1998
Ventura et al [56], 1998
Ventura et al [57], 1999
Ventura et al [58], 2000
Narayanan et al [41], 2000
Behrman et al [9], 2000
Servedio et al [53], 2001
Servedio et al [54], 2001
Horn et al [28], 2001
Sasaki et al [51], 2002
Horn et al [27], 2002
Kouda et al [33], 2005
Chen et al [17], 2006
Ameur et al [2], 2006
Dao-Yi et al [19], 2006
Ameur et al [3], 2007
Dong et al [21], 2008
Neven et al [43], 2008
Weinstein et al [59], 2009
Neven et al [42], 2009
Li et al [36], 2009
Neven et al [44], 2009
Li et al [37], 2010
Yu et al [61], 2010
Bian et al [13], 2010
Denil et al [20], 2011

Supervised
X
X
X

Unsupervised

Reinforcement

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Universal
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

CC

CQ

QC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

Annealing

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

QQ

Briegel et al [14], 2012

Amer et al [4], 2012
Pudenz et al [47], 2012
Lloyd et al [38], 2013
Paparo et al [46], 2014
Lloyd et al [39], 2014
Schuld et al [52], 2014
Rebentrost et al [49], 2014
Dumoulin et al [23], 2014
OGorman et al [45], 2015
Dorband et al [22], 2015
Wiebe et al [60], 2015
Dunjko et al [25], 2015
Adachi et al [1], 2015
Amin et al [6], 2016
Kapoor et al [29], 2016
Santra et al [50], 2016
Chancellor et al [16], 2016
Lau et al [34], 2016
Benedetti et al [10], 2016
Raymond et al [48], 2016
Benedetti et al [11], 2016
Dunjko et al [26], 2016
Kerenedis et al [30], 2016
Arunachalam et al [7], 2016
Korenkevych et al [32], 2016
Biamonte et al [12], 2016
Kieferova et al [31], 2016
Alvarez-Rodriguez et al [5], 2016
Crawford et al [18], 2016

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

I would highly appreciate if you let me know about any mistake or misplacement you find in
the table.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to Vedran Dunjko, Leonard Wossnig, Ma Lu, Kero Lau, and Rod Van Meter for their
helpful comments.

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