International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 10, DECEMBER 2016

STOCHASTIC GENETIC ALGORITHM

BASED HEAT AND POWER DISPATCH
INCLUDING WIND POWER PENETRATION
Mr.V.Vignesh Arumugam1,Dr.A.Ravi2,Mr.S.Siva3

Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli,India1
Associate Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College,Tirunelveli,India2
Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SCAD Institute of Techonology,Coimbatore,India3
Abstract: An extended stochastic multi-objective model for economic dispatch (ED) is proposed, that incorporates in
the optimization process heat and power from CHP units and expected wind power. Stochastic restrictions for the
CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions are used as inequality constraints. The ED problem is solved using a Genetic
Algorithm. The available wind power is estimated from a transformation of the wind speed considered as a random
variable to wind power.
Keywords: Economic dispatch, Wind power, Optimization, Genetic algorithm
I. INTRODUCTION

The aim of the economic dispatch is to find the optimal

allocation of power among the online units of the system to
cover the demand, after a unit commitment is performed.
The high penetration of renewable energy sources, such as
wind power, and the use of cogeneration complicate
significantly the relevant optimization procedures. In
economic dispatch of cogeneration systems for example, the
decision maker must use the heat variable in the decision
vector during optimization, whilst covering simultaneously
the power and heat demand. In recent years, due to
increasing concern about the effects of power generation on
the environment, the traditional power system dispatch
problems have to include the minimization of gas emissions,
such as CO2, SO2 and NOx. In environmental dispatch, the
emissions reduction is introduced either as constrained
dispatch, or introducing a new objective function in multiobjective formulation of problems and using trade-offs with
the cost objective functions. Environmental concerns
normally lead to priority dispatch and thus increase of
renewable sources penetration into traditional electric power
networks, regardless of their higher cost.
In these conditions, the deterministic models of power
system applications are incapable to express the uncertainty
of basic parameters such as wind power, solar radiation etc,
next to the uncertainty of load. The adoption of stochastic
methods provides a wider range of solutions that can cover
the above uncertainties. Among the various uncertain
parameters, wind power is the most unpredictable renewable
power source. Important work has been done in the field of
wind power prediction and evaluation based on physical
modelling and time series data including meteorological
data. Wind volatility does not only complicate ED, but also
raises concerns of system operators with respect to the
security of the system. Although empirical penetration limits
can be used and on-line dynamic
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security techniques have been proposed, the amount of wind

power penetration that can be accepted during the operation
of the system is largely determined by the operators attitude
and needs to be included in the problem formulation. Fuzzy
membership functions have been used to reflect the
dispatchers attitude towards wind power penetration.
The ED-problem has been traditionally solved by
formulating the Lagrangian function and employing methods
using differentials. These methods are inadequate for nonconvex problems, and problems incorporating units with the
valve-point effect and multiple fuel usage.

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

2.1 THERMAL UNITS MODELLING
Three types of thermal units are considered, cogeneration
units, electrical only and heat-only units. The power output
of the electricity units and the heat output of the heat units
are restricted by upper and lower limits. Backpressure and
extraction CHP units introduce a dependency between the
production of heat and electricity. The outputs of a CHP unit
with a backpressure turbine interact in a non-linear way
which implies that for certain power output there is a certain
heat output. For a CHP unit with an extraction-condenser
turbine there exists a Feasible Operation Region (FOR), an
area in a two-axis diagram, which contains all possible heatpower outputs. A typical FOR is an irregular quadrilateral or
a polygon. Like individual CHP units, CHP systems also
have allowable sets of heat-power demands that they meet.
By combining FOR models, boiler heat output ranges and
generator power ranges, the system Feasible Demand
Region (FDR) is formed. The total cost of a conventional
thermal power unit can be expressed as
= + + 2

(2.1)

where i ,i, are the cost coefficients and Pi the power

output of the ith unit. The total hourly cost of the extraction
6

International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 10, DECEMBER 2016

CHP units can be expressed as a convex function of 2.3. TOTAL COST FUNCTION
electrical and thermal power output, 0i and Hi, respectively. The total cost function is formulated as
= + + 2 + + 2 + (2.2)

where j, j, , j, j are the cost coefficients of the jth

cogeneration unit. The heat-cost function of heat-only units
is expressed as
= + + 2

(2.3)

where k, k, k are the cost coefficients of the kth heat-only

unit.
2.2. WIND POWER MODELLING
Wind power penetration is limited by system security
concerns, as obtained from steady state and dynamic
stability issues. In practice, the actual wind power
penetration is determined by the attitude of the system
operator which can be simply expressed as a linear function
of penetration. This is expressed by an coefficient, that is
linearly associated to power generation (Fig.1.1). This
coefficient can be associated to the operating cost of wind
power according to the trading rules of the market, e.g.
multiplied by the respective feed-in tariff. Therefore, is
expressed as
1
W W (P )
=

W ( PD ) max W
W ( PD ) max W ( PD ) min

D min

Wmin W Wmax
W W ( PD ) max (2.4)

=1 l the

Where WC =
operating cost of wind power and
WC(PD)min, WC(PD)max the minimum and upper bounds,
expressed in cost. Over the upper bound, the system is
unstable due to wind perturbations. Both values depend on
the total load demand, as well as the system dynamic
security characteristics. Wind power curtailment is penalized
by a cost function of the difference between the wind power
available (Wav) to the wind power dispatched by the
operator.
Cw,l(Wav,l Wl) = kp,l(Wav,l Wl)

(2.5)

where kp,l the underestimation penalty cost coefficient for the

lth wind park, Wav,l the available power from the lth wind
park, random variable defined in [0,wr,l], where wr the rated
output power for each wind park as a sum of its wind
turbines (for simplification we assume no power losses
inside the wind parks).

J1=

NP
C
i=1 i

C C O H +
h C T xWC
P i + j=1
j
j j
k =1 k k

+WCmax +

Nw
i=1 Cw (Wav

Wi )

(2.6)

where Np, Nc, Nh, Nw are the numbers of conventional power

units, cogeneration units,
heat-only units and wind parks, respectively, WC=WCmax
- WCmin and WCmax WC is the cost of wind power,
using the membership coefficient (Fig. 1.1).
2.4. EXPECTED POWER AND HEAT DEVIATION
The expected deviation between the scheduled
electric power generation and demand can be modeled using
the expected value of the square of unsatisfied demand,
during the dispatch calculation, and is expressed as
J2 = E { (PD + PL

=1

=1

2
=1 )

(2.7)

III. PROBLEM CONSTRAINTS

The total electric power generation must cover the
total electric power demand and the real power losses
+

=1

=1

=1

=0

(3.1)

are the expected transmission losses.

Taking account the technical lower and upper limits, the
expected values are restricted as
,

= 1,2, ,

= 1,2, ,

= 1,2, ,

= 1,2, ,

0 ,,

= 1,2, ,

(3.2)

01
where Pmin, Pmax, 0min, 0max are the conventional
thermal and cogeneration units power limits, wr the rated
power of wind turbines and Hmin, Tmin, Hmax, Tmax the
heat production limits of cogeneration units and heat-only
units.
Using the coefficient, the wind power dispatch
estimation during the optimization process must follow

=1

(3.3)

and also, the total Wl estimated must not exceed total

estimated available wind power

=1

(3.4)

IV. THE PROPOSED APPROACH

Fig.1.1 Wind power coefficient

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The PSO algorithm is not suited to resolve the multiobjective optimization problem in that no absolute global
optimum exists there, but rather a set of non-dominated
solutions. In this paper Genetic algorithm is adopted to solve
the bi-objective economic dispatch problem
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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 10, DECEMBER 2016

V. GENETIC ALGORITHM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of the genetic algorithm is to find an
optimal solution to a problem. Of course, since genetic
algorithms are heuristics procedures, they are able to find
very good solutions for a wide range of problems. Genetic
algorithms work by evolving a population of individuals
over a number of generations. A fitness value is assigned to
each individual in the population, where the fitness
computation depends on the application. The main
advantages of genetic algorithms are,
1. They are adaptive
2. They have intrinsic parallelism
3. They have intrinsic parallelism
5.2 SEARCH SPACE
If we are solving a problem, we usually are looking
for some solution, which will be the best among others. The
space of all feasible solutions that is the set of solutions
among which the desired solution resides is called Search
Space also called State Space. Each point in the Search
Space represents one possible solution. Each possible
solution can be marked by its value or fitness for problem.
With GAs we look for the best solution among a number of
possible solutions represented by one point in the Search
Space.
Looking for a solution is then equal to looking for some
extreme value minimum or maximum in the search Space.
At times, the Search Space may be well defined, but usually
a few points in the search Space is known. In the processing
of using GA, the process of finding solution generated other
points (possible solutions) as evolution process
5.3 ALGORITHM
Step 1: Initialize a population of chromosomes
Step 2: Evaluate each chromosome in the population
Step 3: Create new chromosomes by current chromosomes
with reproduction, crossover and mutation.
Step 4: Delete members of the population to make room for
the new chromosomes.
Step 5: Evaluate the new chromosomes and insert them into
the population.
Step 6: Repeat 2~5 until the number of loops reaches a
certain amount or satisfied plans are achieved
; if not, go to step3.
Step 1: Initialize a population of chromosomes
The optimization problem is specified as follows

min f ( x) x X

(5.1)

Subject to g ( x ) 0 and h( x ) 0
Wher f(x) is the objective function, g(x) is the inequality
constraint, h(x) is the equality constraint, xi is the set of each
decision variable, X is the set of the possible range of values
for each decision variable ie L xi X i U xi L xi is the
,
lower bound of decision variable and U xi is the upper

procedure the position and velocity of all particles are

initialized randomly, inside the feasible search space, so as
to satisfy the constraints.
Step 2: Evaluate each chromosome in the population
GAs is naturally suitable for solving maximization
problems. Some suitable transformation. In general, a fitness
function F(x) is first derived from the objective function and
used in successive genetic operations. Certain genetic
operator requires that the fitness function be nonnegative,
although certain operators do not have this requirement. For
Maximization problems the fitness function can be
considered to the same of the objective function or
F(x)=f(x).For Minimization problems, the fitness function is
an equivalent Maximization problem chosen such that the
optimum point remains unchanged. A number of such
transformations is possible. This transformation does not
alter the location of the Minimum, but converts two
Minimization problems to an equivalent Maximization
problem. The fitness function value of two strings is known
as the strings fitness problem. The fitness function value of
a string is known as the strings fitness.
Step 3: Create new chromosomes by current chromosomes
with reproduction, crossover and mutation.
The objective function values are calculated. A new
population is generated based on following rules:
1. Selection
Selection is the process of choosing two parents from the
population for crossing. After deciding on an encoding, the
next step is to decide how to perform selection i.e., how to
choose individuals in the population that will create
offspring for the next generation and how many offspring
each will create. The purpose of selection is to emphasize
fitter individuals in the population in hopes that their off
springs have higher fitness. Chromosomes are selected from
the initial population to be parents for reproduction.
Roulette selection is one of the traditional GA selection
techniques. The commonly used reproduction operator is the
proportionate reproductive operator where a string is
selected from the mating pool with a probability
proportional to the fitness. The principle of roulette selection
is a linear search through a roulette wheel with the slots in
the wheel weighted in proportion to the individuals fitness
values. A target value is set, which is a random proportion of
the sum of the fitness in the population. The population is
stepped through until the target value is reached.
2. Crossover
Crossover is the process of taking two parent solutions
and producing from them a child. After the selection
(reproduction) process, the population is enriched with better
individuals. Reproduction makes clones of good strings but
does not create new ones. Crossover operator is applied to
the mating pool with the hope that it creates a better
offspring. Crossover is a recombination operator that
proceeds in three steps

i. The reproduction operator selects at random a pair of

bound of decision variable. In the beginning of the iterative two individual strings for the mating.
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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology - IJORAT

Vol. 1, Issue 10, DECEMBER 2016

ii. A cross site is selected at random along the string

VII. CONCLUSION
length.
This paper investigates the integration of wind power
iii. Finally, the position values are swapped between the into conventional power networks and its impact on
two strings following the cross site.
generation resource management. Wind power is
environmentally friendly since it is able reduce the fossil
3. Crossover Probability
The basic parameter in crossover technique is the fuel and natural gas consumption.
Also, wind power needs less operational cost since it
crossover probability (Pc). Crossover probability is a
does
not consume fossil fuels and natural gases. However,
parameter to describe how often crossover will be
due
to
the intermittent and variable nature of the wind
performed. If there is no crossover, offspring are exact
power,
it
is usually quite difficult to determine how much
copies of parents.
wind
power
should be integrated to ensure both power
4. Mutation
After crossover, the strings are subjected to mutation. system security and operational cost reduction. In this paper
Mutation prevents the algorithm to be trapped in a local Genetic algorithm is developed and tested using some test
minimum. Mutation plays the role of recovering the lost functions such as Himmelblau or Banana function, Sum of
genetic materials as well as for randomly disturbing genetic different power function, Easoms function, Michalewiczs
information. It is an insurance policy against the irreversible function and their global optimum were found to be best.
loss of genetic material. Mutation has traditionally The developed Genetic algorithm will be used to solve the
considered as a simple search operator. If crossover is multi objective Economic dispatch problem and is
supposed to exploit the current solution to find better ones, expected that Genetic algorithm will be to resolve the multimutation is supposed to help for the exploration of the whole objective optimization problem.
search space. Mutation is viewed as a background operator
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3

VI. SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF THE

PROPOSED APPROACH

Making connections: wind generation challenges and progress,

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The Genetic Algorithm was developed using MATLAB

R2010a.Then the developed MATLAB coding was tested
using the test functions such as Himmelblau or Banana
function, Sum of different power function,Easoms function,
Michalewiczs function and their global optimum were
found to be best.
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