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(1)
pressure (absolute)
volume
temperature (absolute)
number of moles of gas
gas constant for 1 mole
2
Ideal Gases
Values of R in the common unit systems are:
pressure volume temperature
kN/m2
m3
8.314 kJ/kmol K
atm
cm3
psia
ft3
lb/ft2
ft3
Ideal Gases
Volumes occupied by 1 mole of an ideal
gas under the standard conditions of 0C
and 1 atm (1.0133bar) are:
Molar unit:
22.41 litres
1 kmol
22.41 m3
1 lb-mol
359.0 ft3
4
Ideal Gases
1 mole of a substance is the quantity of
Ideal Gases
As an approximate rule, the ideal gas law will
give results within 1% for:
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Real Gases
pV = znRT
(2)
Or alternatively
pV
z=
nRT
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(3)
7
Real Gases
For ideal gas behaviour z = 1.0. For all gases z approaches
unity when the pressure is low, as seen from Fig. 1 which
gives plots of z versus p at constant temperature for several
gases. Fig. 2 gives curves of z versus p for methane.
2.0
z
N2
CH4
H2
-70C
20C
2.0
z
200C
NH3
1.0
1.0
0C
00
400
800
1200
Pressure (atm)
METHANE
00
Fig 2.
400
800
1200
Pressure (atm)
Real Gases
If we have a series of curves such as those in Fig. 2 for
the gas we are dealing with, we can obtain the value of z
for the required conditions of temperature and pressure
and so calculate V. The gas density, , can then be found
from:
m nM
=
=
V
V
where
(4)
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Real Gases
Charts similar to Fig. 2. are available for methane
Fig 3. Pressure-Volume
Diagram for a Pure Substance
Pressure
Critical
Point
Critical
Isotherm
LIQUID
LIQUID
+
VAPOUR
GAS
(TWO-PHASE
REGION)
Isotherms
VAPOUR
Saturated
Vapour Line
Temperature
Increasing
Volume
11
Critical Properties
The critical point lies at the maximum of the
saturation line, and the isotherm passing through
this point (corresponding to the critical
temperature, TC) has zero slope there.
The co-ordinates of the critical point on the p-V
diagram are the critical pressure, pC, and the
critical volume, VC (Since the volume depends on
the quantity of fluid concerned, VC is normally
given for 1 mole of fluid).
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Reduced Properties
At the critical point the liquid and the vapour have identical
Reduced pressure
pR =
Reduced volume
V
VR =
Vc
(6)
Reduced temperature
T
TR =
Tc
(7)
(5)
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p C VC
zC =
RTC
(8)
VR = f (p R , TR )
(9)
15
Compressibility Chart
If both sides are multiplied by pR / TR, it follows that:
z
= g (p R , TR )
zC
(10)
i.e. the ratio z/zC should be the same function of pR and TR for all
fluids, according to the principle of corresponding states. If we choose
a suitable mean value for zC, this means that a single chart of z versus
pR with TR as a parameter will predict z with reasonable accuracy for a
large number of gases and gas mixtures.
Such a chart was first published by Standing and Katz (1941), and is
referred to as the generalised compressibility chart. This is a twoparameter chart i.e. it gives z in terms of two parameters, pR and TR,
assuming that the average value zC = 0.27 applies to all gases.
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Compressibility
Chart
In using the generalised
p
pR '=
pc '
(11)
T
TR ' =
Tc '
(12)
specific gravity =
molar mass
28.96
(13)
above the value of 15.0; the more recent chart of Nelson and
Obert (1954) goes up to reduced pressure values of 40. When
using these charts for natural gases a correction (e.g. that of
Wichert and Aziz) must be applied if acid gases (carbon dioxide
and/or hydrogen sulphide) are present to the extent of more than
5% by volume.
The Wichert and Aziz correction method is as follows, if :
A = sum of mole fractions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulphide in the mixture
B = mole fraction of hydrogen sulphide in the mixture.
(14)
22
T=
C"
TC '
p c ' Tc "
pc "=
Tc ' + B(1 B)
(15)
(16)
z=
(F )
(17)
PV
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Example
Analysis of a gas sample gave the following
composition data:Component
Vol %
methane
ethane
propane
isobutane
n-butane
72.5
12.1
8.9
4.0
2.5
Calculate:
a) the density of this gas under the reservoir
conditions of 7900psia and 217F,
b) the specific gravity of the gas.
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Solution
a) Obtain pc' and Tc' (using Kays rules) and
the average molar mass, Mav:Component
yi
pci (psia)
Tci (F)
Mi
C1
0.725
666.4
-116.7
16.04
C2
0.121
706.5
89.9
30.07
C3
0.089
616.0
206.1
44.10
iC4
0.040
527.9
274.5
58.12
nC4
0.025
550.6
305.6
58.12
TR' =
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217 + 460
423.2
= 1.60
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7900
lb mol/ft 3
1.265 10.73 (217 + 460)
= 0.860 lb-mol/ft3
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Solution
s.g. = 22.97 = 0.793
28.96
b)
Therefore
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