Duffie - Beckman Solutions To Problems

Solutions Manual
for Problems in
Appendix A
of
SOLAR ENGINEERING
OF
THERMAL PROCESSES
Third Edition
J. A. Duffie (Deceased) and W. A. Beckman
* John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (2006)
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
for
SOLAR ENGINEERING OF THERMAL PROCESSES
Third edition
CONTENTS
Introduction
iii
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 14
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
1
24
74
96
113
139
161
176
185
191
213
240
242
249
251
265
286
297
306
320
Course Material
326
ii
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
for
SOLAR ENGINEERING OF THERMAL PROCESSES,

3rd Ed.
John A. Duffie (deceased) and William A. Beckman
This manual includes solutions to the problems in Appendix A of the third edition of
Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, published by John Wiley & Sons, New York
(2006).
These solutions have been done with the program EES, Engineering Equation Solver,
(available from F-Chart Software, on the web at fchart.com). The equations, tables,
solutions, and comments have been translated into a word processor and edited for
inclusion in the manual. The equation statements and functions are to a degree the result
of the programming style used in EES, but they should be no mystery to those who have
done any programming. The EES functions (called the SETP library) useful for solving
solar energy problems are freely available at fchart.com under EES "add-ons"
The nomenclature in this manual is close to that in the book. Where differences have
been required or are convenient, obvious variable names have been used, such as Dec for
declination but sometimes . There are two exceptions in the matter of style. First, EES
allows subscripts in variable names but they show as subscripts only in the Formatted
Equations Window and are indicated as in the following examples: I_T is substituted for
IT, R_b for Rb, I_o for Io, and A_c for Ac, etc. Second, variables that are ratios can not be
shown with a slash "/" as it denotes a division operation; the reverse slash is used in
variable names that are ratios, such as: FR'\FR for FR'/FR, and Id\I for the diffuse
fraction Id/I.
The equation, table, and figure numbers are those in the book. Thermophysical property
data are usually obtained from the EES built-in functions in but sometimes are from
Appendix E. Monthly average meteorological data are from Appendix G or from various
web sites.
The EES program allows preprogrammed routines that begin with the word FUNCTION,
PROCEDURE, SUBPROGRAM or MODULE and are terminated with the word END.
Routines that are not part of the SETP library must always appear at the beginning of the
iii
program. The use of preprogrammed routines is a personal choice; the equations can be
typed in the solutions or the routines can be used. In the early solutions the equations are
typically typed in but in later problem the preprogrammed routines are used extensively.
The following EES code is the SETP routine for the extraterrestrial radiation on a
horizontal surface. The names of all SETP routines end with an underline (e.g.,
H_zero_). Text between squiggly brackets or between double quotes is for information
only. However, a special case exists when the left squiggly bracket on the next line
following the function name is followed by a dollar sign. This text is used as help. Text
between squiggly brackets does not appear in the Formatted Equation Window. Routines
such as this often call other routines (e.g., Dec_). Units are particularly important in all
of engineering and are included in the SETP functions. Here units are assigned to the
two constants f [deg] and g [MJ/m^2]. The units conversion function in EES
Convert(UnitsFrom, UnitsTo) is one of EESs most useful tools and is illustrated here
where the units degrees are converted to radians with Convert(deg, rad). Units cannot be
assigned to variables in the Equations Window. The units of SunSetHrAng is set to
degrees in the EES program but [deg] is only a reminder that the units are degrees.
Finally, the value returned by the function must be set using the function name.
Function H_Zero_(n,Lat) {Equation 1.10.3}
{$H_Zero_
Equation 1.10.3: Calculates the day's extraterrestrial radiation H_Zero. Uses Fctn. Dec_ for
Declination.
All angles are in degrees and n is the day number. H_Zero is in MJ/m2.}
Dec = Dec_(n) "[deg]"
SunSetHrAng = arccos(-tan(Lat)*tan(Dec)) "[deg]"
f=0.9863[deg]
g=37.6[MJ/m^2]
H_Zero_ = g*(1+.033*cos(f*n))*(cos(Lat)*cos(Dec)*sin(SunSetHrAng)+Convert(deg,
rad)*SunSetHrAng*sin(Lat)*sin(Dec)) "[MJ/m^2]"
END
The solution to Problem 1.10 uses this function and is as follows:

"!1.10 Calculation of extraterrestrial radiation on horizontal surface"
Knowns:
month=2; day=8; lat=45[deg]; G_sc=1367[W/m^2] "Table 1.6.1"
Dec = 23.45[deg]*sin(.9863*(284+n)) "Eqn 1.6.1"
SunSetHrAng = arccos(-tan(Lat)*tan(Dec)) "Eqn 1.6.10"
n=nDay_(month, day)
"We could use Equation 1.10.3 the day's extraterrestrial radiations:
H_o=(24*3600[s]*G_sc)/pi*(1+0.033*cos(360[deg]*n/365)) *(cos(lat)*cos(dec)&
*sin(SunSetHrAng)+(pi*SunSetHrAng/180[deg]*Sin(lat)*sin(dec)))*Convert(J, MJ) "
iv
"But we will use the SETP function:

H_o = H_Zero_(n, Lat)"
"To find the monthly average daily radiation we will use the SETP function with the average day
in February."
n_ave=AveDay_(month) "Table 1.6.1"
H_bar_o=H_Zero_(n_ave, Lat)
"To find the energy in the hour 10 to 11 use Equation 1.10.4"
Time=10:30 "note that this is the midpoint of the hour"
HrAng=(Time-12[hr])*15[deg/hr]; HrAng2=HrAng+7.5[deg]; HrAng1=HrAng-7.5[deg]
I_o = (12*3600[s]*G_sc)/pi*(1+.033*cos(360[deg]*n/365))*(cos(Lat)*cos(Dec)*(sin(HrAng2)&
-sin(HrAng1))+Convert(deg, rad)*(HrAng2-HrAng1)*sin(Lat)*sin(Dec))*Convert(J, MJ)
"We could have used the SETP function I_o=I_Zero_(n, Lat, HrAng1, HrAng2)
SOLUTION
day=8
Dec=-15.52 [deg]
G_sc=1,367 [W/m^2]
HrAng=-22.5 [deg]
HrAng1=-30 [deg]
HrAng2=-15 [deg]
H_bar_o=17.63 [MJ/m^2]
H_o=15.84 [MJ/m^2]
I_o=2.214 [MJ/m^2]
lat=45 [deg]
month=2
n=39 [-]
n_ave=47 [-]
SunSetHrAng=73.88 [deg]
Time=10:30:00 [hr]
There are alternative methods of solving some problems. For example, calculation of an
hours radiation on sloped surfaces can be done with any of the four methods shown in
Section 2.15 and 2.16. In some instances the problem statements call for use of specific
methods. In others the choice is left open. In a few cases we have included solutions by
more than one method. Students may complain that some data is not included in the
problem, such as ground reflectance. We leave it up the student to choose reasonable
values. Typical values of 0.2 are used unless there is snow cover then 0.7 seems
reasonable.
Most of these problems have been used as homework or examination problems in courses
at the University of Wisconsin. Many of them have arisen from our research at the Solar
Energy Laboratory, from practical experience, or from suggestions of others. We
appreciate the assistance of the many people who have contributed ideas and suggestions
on which these problems and their solutions are based.
For those who teach courses in solar energy to engineering students, we have included on
the final pages of this manual a typical outline of a one-semester course we teach to our
fourth-year undergraduate and first year graduate student classes.
Madison, Wisconsin, April1, 2011
William A. Beckman
P01 01
Equations
Knowns:
= sigma#
(1)
Dsun = 1.39 109 [m]
(2)
Dearth = 1.27 107 [m]
(3)
RSunEarth = 1.495 1011 [m]
(4)
TSun = 5777 [K]
(5)
Calculate the emitted solar energy

2
Areasun = Dsun
;
(6)
4
EmitSol = Areasun TSun
(7)
Calculate the fraction intercepted by the earth

F raction = Areaearth,proj /Area1au
Areaearth,proj =
(8)
2
Dearth
4
(9)
2
Area1au = 4 RSunEarth
(10)
Estimate solar constant

SolarConstant = F raction EmitSol/Areaearth,proj
(11)
Solution

Area1au = 2.809 1023 m2
Dearth = 1.270 107 [m]
F raction = 4.510 1010 [-]

SolarConstant = 1365 W/m2

Areaearth,proj = 1.266 1014 m2
Dsun = 1.390 109 [m]
RSunEarth = 1.495 1011 [m]
TSun = 5777 [K]

Areasun = 6.070 1018 m2
EmitSol = 3.833 1026 [W]

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
P01 02
Equations
Start with Solar Constant = 1367 W/m2 from Problem 1.1. SolarConstV enus will be inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from sun:
SolarConst
.722

SolarConst = 1367 W/m2
SolarConstV enus =
(1)
(2)
Solution

SolarConst = 1367 W/m2

SolarConstV enus = 2637 W/m2
P01 03
Equations
From Table 1.3.1.
f0to0.5 = 0.216
(1)
f0to2.0 = 0.941
(2)
Therefore the fraction between 0.5 and 2.0 is:

f0.5to2.0 = f0to2.0 F0to0.5
(3)
Solution
f0.5to2.0 = 0.725 [-]
f0to0.5 = 0.216 [-]
f0to2.0 = 0.941 [-]
P01 04
Equations
This problem is essentially solved in Table 1.3.1b. The wavelength divisions for the increments are the wavelengths given
in the table for F0 - of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, etc. The energy midpoints are the wavelengths in the table for 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, etc.
The first increment of a tenth is in the wavelength range of 0 to 0.416, and the wavelength at the energy midpoint of the
increment is 0.364. Use the Insert/Modify an Array in the Edit menu to simplify data input.
0 = 0.300;
1 = .416;
2 = .489;
6 = .849;
7 = 1.008;
8 = 1.244;
3 = .561;
4 = .638;
9 = 1.654;
mid,1 = .364;
mid,2 = .455;
mid,3 = .525;
mid,6 = .787;
mid,7 = .923;
mid,8 = 1.113;
5 = .731
10 = 8.000;
mid,4 = .599;
mid,9 = 1.412;
(1)
(2)
mid,5 = .682
mid,10 = 2.117
(3)
(4)
So, the range of wavelengths for each of the 10 bands is:

duplicate i = 1, 10
(5)
range,i = i i1
(6)
end
(7)
Solution
Arrays
Row
mid,i
range,i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.300
0.416
0.489
0.561
0.638
0.731
0.849
1.008
1.244
1.654
8.000
0.364
0.455
0.525
0.599
0.682
0.787
0.923
1.113
1.412
2.117
0.116
0.073
0.072
0.077
0.093
0.118
0.159
0.236
0.410
6.346
P01 05
Equations
Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin (.9863 (284 + n))
Eqn. 1.6.1
(1)
CosIncAng = sin (Dec) sin (Lat) Cos(Slope) sin (Dec) Cos(Lat) sin (Slope) Cos(Surf AzAng)+
Cos(Dec) Cos(Lat) Cos(Slope) Cos(HourAngle)+
Cos(Dec) sin (Lat) sin (Slope) Cos(Surf AzAng) Cos(HourAngle)
+ Cos(Dec) sin (Slope) sin (Surf AzAng) sin (HourAngle)
Eqn 1.6.2
= arccos (CosIncAng)
(3)
All data and results are in the Parametric Table

We could have used the SETP function to find :
= arcCos(CosIncAng(Lat, n, HourAngle, Slope, SurfAzAng))
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
5
41
41
41
41
41
Lat
[deg]
43.3
43.3
43.3
43.3
43.3
HourAngle
[deg]
30
30
30
30
30
(2)
Surf AzAng
[deg]
0
0
40
0
90
Slope
[deg]
0
60
60
90
90
Dec
[deg]
-14.9
-14.9
-14.9
-14.9
-14.9
[deg]
64.4
28.9
8.0
40.4
61.1
P01 06
Equations
Use of Equation of Time (Eqn 1.5.3) in Equation 1.5.2
EqT ime = 229.2 [min](.000075 + .001868 Cos(B) .032077 sin (B) .014615 Cos(2 B) .04089 sin (2 B))(1)
B = (n 1) 360
[deg]
365
Eqn 1.5.3
n = nDay (month, day)
(2)
Use either the SETP function or Table 1.6.1 to find the day number)
(3)
The difference between standard and solar time is:

hr

Solar Standard = (4 [min/deg] (Long Std Long Loc ) + EqT ime) 0.016666667
min
Eqn 1.5.2
(4)
The difference between daylight time and standard time is one hour
Daylight Standard = 1 [hr]
(5)
Note: In part d the time of 10:00 AM is solar time as nothing else is specified.
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
month
[-]
2
2
7
7
day
[-]
3
3
31
31
n
[-]
34
34
212
212
B
[deg]
32.55
32.55
208.1
208.1
Long Loc
[deg]
101
116
70.5
90
Long Std
[deg]
105
105
75
90
EqT ime
[min]
-13.49
-13.49
-6.549
-6.549
Solar
[hr]
14:02:31
13:02:31
12:00:00
10:00:00
Standard
[hr]
14:00:00
14:00:00
11:48:33
10:06:33
Daylight
[hr]
15:00:00
15:00:00
12:48:33
11:06:33
P01 07
Equations
Determine the sunset hour angle andday length for various conditions
Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin (.9863 (284 + n))
Eqn 1.6.1a
SunSetHrAngle = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

DayLength = 2 [hr]
Eqn 1.6.10
arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

15 [deg]
(1)
Eqn 1.6.11
Table 1.6.1 or SETP function
The more exact declination equation, 1.6.1b can be used

dec=(0.006918-0.399912*cos(B)+0.070257*sin(B)-0.000758*Cos(2*B) +0.000907*sin(2*B)
Eqn 1.6.1b
B=(n-1)*360[deg]/365
The day lengths using the two equations differ by 2 minutes. For most solar calculations this difference can be ignored.
Dec with Eqn 1.6.1a

month
day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
3
7
3
1
3
7
3
1
22
1
16
1
22
1
16
1
81
182
75
1
81
182
75
Lat
[deg]
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
43.3
43.3
43.3
43.3
Dec
[deg]
-23.01
-0.00
23.12
-2.42
-23.01
-0.00
23.12
-2.42
DayLength
[hr]
10:38
12:00
13:21
11:51
8:51
12:00
15:09
11:41
SunSetHrAngle
[deg]
79.9
90.0
100.2
89.0
66.4
90.0
113.7
87.7
Lat
[deg]
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
43.3
43.3
43.3
43.3
Dec
[deg]
-22.71
0.01
23.52
-2.33
-22.71
0.01
23.52
-2.33
DayLength
[hr]
10:40
12:00
13:23
11:52
8:54
12:00
15:13
11:42
SunSetHrAngle
[deg]
80.0
90.0
100.4
89.0
66.8
90.0
114.2
87.8
Dec with Eqn 1.6.1b

Run
month
day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
3
7
3
1
3
7
3
1
22
1
16
1
22
1
16
1
81
182
75
1
81
182
75
(3)
(4)
The average day for February is the 22. The average day could be found from
Table 1.6.1 or SETP function, AveDay=AveDay(month )
Run
(2)
P01 08
Equations
1.8 Calculation of beam for tracking surfaces. Use parametric table for the two times.
Lat = 27;
month = 3;
Day = 5;
could use Table 1.6.1 to find n
HourAngle = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr]

Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin (.9863 (284 + n))
(1)
(2)
1.6.1
(3)
CosZenithAngle = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HourAngle) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)
1.6.5
(4)
ZenithAngle = arccos (CosZenithAngle)
(5)
For horizontal E-W axis, use Equation 1.7.2a:

2
2
EW = arccos 1 (cos (Dec)) (sin (HourAngle))
(6)
For horizontal N-S axis, use Equation 1.7.3a:

.5
2
2
2
(cos (ZenithAngle)) + (cos (Dec)) (sin (HourAngle))
N S = arccos
(7)
For polar axis, use Equation 1.7.5a:

P olar = arccos (cos (Dec))
(8)
Table 1
Run
1
2
time
[hr]
9
12
Dec
[deg]
-6.765
-6.765
HourAngle
[deg]
-45
0
ZenithAngle
[deg]
55.1
33.77
EW
[deg]
59.54
0
N S
[deg]
25.07
33.77
P olar
[deg]
6.765
6.765
P01 09
Equations
Calculate Rb from Equation 1.8.2. Use parametric table for the two conditions.
Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin (.9863 (284 + n))
1.6.1
(1)
Table 1.6.1
(2)
HrAng = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr]
(3)
CosZen = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)
1.6.5
(4)
CosT heta = sin (Dec) sin (Lat) Cos(Slope) sin (Dec) Cos(Lat) sin (Slope) Cos(Surf AzAng) + Cos(Dec)
Cos(Lat) Cos(Slope) Cos(HrAng) + Cos(Dec) sin (Lat) sin (Slope) Cos(Surf AzAng) Cos(HrAng)
+ Cos(Dec) sin (Slope) sin (Surf AzAng) sin (HrAng)
Rb = CosT heta/CosZen
(5)
1.8.2
(6)
We could use the SETP function to find CosTheta

CosTheta = CosTheta(Lat, Dec, HrAng, Slope, SurfAzAngle)
Table 1
Run
1
2
Run
1
2
Lat
[deg]
43
43
month
day
3
3
5
5
64
64
Slope
[deg]
60
45
Surf AzAng
[deg]
0
15
Rb
[-]
1.589
1.413
T ime
[hr]
14:30
10:30
HrAng
[deg]
37.5
-22.5
Dec
[deg]
-6.765
-6.765
CosT heta
[-]
0.7878
0.8343
CosZen
[-]
0.4958
0.5906
P01 10
Equations
1.10 Calculation of extraterrestrial radiation on horizontal surface

month = 2;
day = 8;
lat = 45;
Gsc = 1367 W/m2 ;
Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin (.9863 (284 + n))
Table 1.6.1
1.6.1
SunSetHrAng = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))
(1)
(2)
1.6.10
(3)
From Equation 1.10.3 the days extraterrestrial radiations is:

Ho =
24 3600 [s] Gsc

(1 + 0.033 Cos(360 [deg] n/365))

MJ
SunSetHrAng
Cos(lat) Cos(dec) sin (SunSetHrAng) +
sin (lat) sin (dec)
1 106
(4)
180 [deg]
J
We could have used the SETP function HZero = HZero, (n, Lat)
To find the monthly average daily radiation we will use the SETP function with the average day in February.
nave = AveDay (month)
Table 1.6.1
(5)
o = HZero, (nave , Lat)

H
(6)
To find the energy in the hour 10 to 11 use Equation 1.10.4

T ime = 10 : 30
note that this is the midpoint of the hour
HrAng = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr] ;
Io =
(7)
HrAng2 = HrAng + 7.5 [deg] ;
HrAng1 = HrAng 7.5deg
(8)
12 3600 [s] Gsc

(1 + .033 Cos(360 [deg] n/365)) (Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec)

rad
6 MJ

(sin (HrAng2) sin (HrAng1))+0.017453293
(HrAng2 HrAng1)sin (Lat)sin (Dec)1 10
(9)

deg
J
We could have used the SETP function Io =IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng1, HrAng2)
Solution
HrAng2 = 15 [deg]

Gsc = 1367 W/m2

o = 17.63 MJ/m2
H
HrAng = 22.5 [deg]

Ho = 15.84 MJ/m2
lat = 45 [deg]
month = 2
n = 39 [-]
day = 8
Dec = 15.52 [deg]
HrAng1 = 30 [deg]

Io = 2.214 MJ/m2
nave = 47 [-]
SunSetHrAng = 73.88 [deg]

10 T ime = 10 : 30 : 00 [hr]
P01 11
Equations
1.11 Calculation of shading by a building ELL
As the ell is high compared to the window, the Object Altitude Angle varies from 0 to 90. An equation for the Object
Azimuth Angle(which has a single value) is:
ObjAzAng = (90 [deg] (arctan (20.2/10) + 15 [deg]))
(1)
When the Solar Azimuth Angle ( s ) is less than ObjAzAng the corner of the window is shaded. So, for the mean day of
each month we need to find the time (i.e., the hour angle, ) at which the ObjAzAng is equal to s. We will use the EES
Parametric Table to work through the 12 months.
lat = 40
(2)

284 + nave
dec = 23.45 [deg] sin 360
365
(3)
(4)
z = arccos (cos (lat) cos (dec) Cos () + sin (lat) sin (dec))

cos (z ) sin (lat) sin (Dec)
s = arccos
sin (z ) Cos (lat)
T ime =
60 [min/hr]
15 [deg/hr]
(5)
(6)
(7)
Here Time is the number of minutes before solar noon; this makes an easier to understand plot.
11
These equations are diffucult to solve for the hour angle unless very good guesses are provided. An alternative method of
solution is to define an error as the absolute difference between s and the ObjAzAng and minimize this error.
error = abs (s ObjAzAng)
(8)
The Object Azimuth Angle could have been plotted on a solar position plot for Latitude 40. The times when shading ceases
is determined for the time of year from this plot. .
The plot shows the number of minutes before solar noon at which the sun is incident on the east edge of the window
as a function of month.
Results
Run
month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
dec
[deg]
-20.92
-12.95
-2.418
9.415
18.79
23.09
21.18
13.45
2.217
-9.599
-18.91
-23.05
nave
17
47
75
105
135
162
198
228
258
288
318
344
s
[deg]
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
-11.34
z
[deg]
61.7
53.7
43.0
31.0
21.5
17.2
19.1
26.9
38.3
50.3
59.7
63.9
[deg]
-10.68
-9.352
-7.711
-5.896
-4.373
-3.621
-3.959
-5.255
-7.005
-8.825
-10.34
-11.06
minutes before solar noon
12
error
[deg]
9.08E-4
1.48E-4
2.02E-3
6.01E-5
1.87E-3
6.34E-5
4.74E-5
3.26E-4
8.44E-4
6.14E-3
2.63E-4
2.53E-4
T ime
[min]
43
37
31
24
17
14
16
21
28
35
41
44
P01 12
Equations
1.12
Calculation of shading by an overhang
Since the system is symmetrical about the N-S line, it is necessary to calculate only points on one side (e.g., west). Use
a coordinate system with the origin at the center of the window. The Z axis is vertical, the X axis is towards the west
(i.e., left in Fig 14.4.1) and the Y axis is towards the south. A general point on the overhang is x, y, z. For example, the
corner of the overhang is at x=(W+E)/2, y=P, and z=H/2+G. The azimuth angle is arcTan(x/y) and the altitude angle is
arcTan(z/sqrt(x2 +y2 ))
Expressions for the relationships of distances and angles for any point on the overhang are as follows:
W = 3.25;
E = 0.5;
= arctan (x/y);
= arctan
z
p
x2
P = 0.75;
H = 1.75;
G = 0.25
east =
!
(1)
(2)
(3)
+ y2
Set up a parametric table for and with various values of x, y, and z around the boarder of the overhang. Both positive and
negative values of were placed in the parametric table for plotting purposes. The parametric table is saved as an EES LKT
13
table. The program, SolarPositionDiagram.EES reads this lookup table and overlays the values on a solar postion diagram
for a latitude of 34 degrees. The figure shows the shading boundary plotted on a solar position diagram. Area above the red
line are shaded. The shading diagram ends at plus or minus 90 degrees since the sun is then behind the window.
$SaveTable Parametric
shading.lkt
/N
Part b: From the diagram we see that all of February (the 4th month from the bottom) is unshaded and all of July (the second
month from the top) is shaded. In August (the 4th month from the top) the center is shaded after 8am and before 4pm.
Plot 1
14
P01 13
Equations
1.13 Calculation of solar information
We will use the EES SETP functions for the calculations.
See Key variables in Solutions window.
Knowns
month = 2
(1)
day = 16
(2)
= 0 [deg]
(3)
Lat = 38.3 [deg]
(4)
Long = 104.6 [deg]
(5)
n = AveDay (month)
Or from Table 1.6.1
(6)
a) Day Length
s = SunsetHrAng (Lat, n)
Hrday = s
2
15 [deg/hr]
Equation 1.6.10
(7)
Equation 1.6.11
(8)
b) Declination - assumed to be at noon.

= dec (n)
Equation 1.6.1a
ha = dec (n)
(9)
Equation 1.6.1b - high accuracy declination
15
(10)
At sunrise and sunset the equivalent n is

s
nsunrise = n
15 [deg/hr] 24 [hr]
nsunset = n +
(11)
s
15 [deg/hr] 24 [hr]
(12)
change = dec (nsunrise ) dec (nsunset )
(13)
c) change in throughout the day for various slopes.

Use a parametric table with ranging from -75 to+75.
Slope ranging between 0 and 90.
= arccos (cosIncAng (Lat, n, , , ))
Equation 1.6.2
(14)
d) Rb vs for =60 - use a second parametric table -75 to +75.

Rb = RBeam, (Lat, n, , , )
Equation 1.8.1
(15)
= 60
(16)
e) What is Ho?
Ho = HZero, (n, Lat)
Equation 1.10.3
(17)
f) Io throughout the day - use arrays with ranging from -75 to +75. Use center of the hour.
We could have used a third parametric table.
duplicate i = 7, 18
(18)
i = 15 (i 12) 7.5
(19)
Io,i = IZero, (n, Lat, i 7.5 [deg] , i + 7.5 [deg])
(20)
end
(21)
g) Find solar radiation in band 0.64 to 1.1 micro meters.

From Table 1.3.1a
f0,0.64 = 0.402
(22)
f0,1.1 = 0.744
(23)
f = f0,1.1 f0,0.64
(24)
Solar1.1,0.64 = f Gsc#
(25)
Note that the solar constant, Gsc is a built-in constant.

h) 10AM solar time is what local clock time.
Long std = 105
(26)
SolarT Ime = 10
(27)

hr
SolarT Ime StdT ime = (4 [min/deg] (Long std Long) + EqnT ime (n)) 0.016666667
min
(28)
Solution
Variables in Main program
16
= 60 [deg]
f = 0.342 [-]
= 0 [deg]
Long = 104.6 [deg]
nsunrise = 46.78 [-]
Rb = 5.377
= 71.5 [deg]
day = 16
ha = 12.61 [deg]
Hrday = 10.6 [hr]
Long std = 105 [deg]
nsunset = 47.22 [-]
SolarT Ime = 10 [hr]
= 12.95 [deg]
f0,0.64 = 0.402

Ho = 21.51 MJ/m2
month = 2
= 75 [deg]

Solar1.1,0.64 = 467.5 W/m2
Arrays
Row
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Io,i 2
MJ/m
0.04501
0.7697
1.638
2.346
2.847
3.107
3.107
2.847
2.346
1.638
0.7697
0.04501
i
[deg]
-82.5
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
82.5
theta vx omega
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
[deg]
[deg]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
[deg]
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
17
change = 0.1487 [deg]

f0,1.1 = 0.744
Lat = 38.3 [deg]
n = 47 [-]
s = 79.53 [deg]
StdT ime = 10.21 [hr]
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
Rb vs omega
Run
1
2
3
4
5
[deg]
-75
-74
-73
-72
-71
Rb
5.377
4.626
4.106
3.724
3.432
18
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
-70
-69
-68
-67
-66
-65
-64
-63
-62
-61
-60
-59
-58
-57
-56
-55
-54
-53
-52
-51
-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
3.201
3.015
2.861
2.731
2.621
2.526
2.444
2.372
2.308
2.251
2.2
2.154
2.113
2.075
2.041
2.009
1.98
1.954
1.929
1.907
1.885
1.866
1.848
1.83
1.815
1.8
1.786
1.772
1.76
1.748
1.737
1.727
1.717
1.708
1.7
1.691
1.684
1.676
1.669
1.663
1.657
1.651
1.645
1.64
1.635
1.63
1.626
1.622
1.618
1.614
1.611
1.607
1.604
1.602
19
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
1.599
1.596
1.594
1.592
1.59
1.588
1.587
1.585
1.584
1.583
1.582
1.581
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.579
1.579
1.579
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.581
1.582
1.583
1.584
1.585
1.587
1.588
1.59
1.592
1.594
1.596
1.599
1.602
1.604
1.607
1.611
1.614
1.618
1.622
1.626
1.63
1.635
1.64
1.645
1.651
1.657
1.663
1.669
1.676
1.684
1.691
1.7
1.708
20
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
1.717
1.727
1.737
1.748
1.76
1.772
1.786
1.8
1.815
1.83
1.848
1.866
1.885
1.907
1.929
1.954
1.98
2.009
2.041
2.075
2.113
2.154
2.2
2.251
2.308
2.372
2.444
2.526
2.621
2.731
2.861
3.015
3.201
3.432
3.724
4.106
4.626
5.377
21
theta vs omega
Rb vs omega
22
Io vs omega
23
P02 01
Equations
2.01
Determination of irradiation from strip-chart records.
The areas under the curves of Figure 2.5.1 are estimated by graphical integration. Using hour time increments, i.e., the time
spans between the vertical lines on the plots, estimates for the hour increments are as shown in the EES LookUp table.
The sum of the column can be found by first converting the LookUp table values in to arrays:
duplicate i = 1, 12
(1)
Cleari = Lookup(i, Clear day )
(2)
Cloudy i = Lookup(i, Cloudy day )
(3)
end
(4)
The sum of each row is found by:

ClearDay = Sum(Cleari , i = 1, 12)
(5)
CloudyDay = Sum(Cloudy i , i = 1, 12)
(6)
In the units usually used, these are 18.0 and 5.7 MJ/m2, respectively.

MJ/m2
ClearDayM J = ClearDay 0.0036
W hr/m2

MJ/m2
CloudyDayM J = CloudyDay 0.0036
W hr/m2
(7)
(8)
For such a simple set of calculations this problem is easier done by hand. Howver, if this processes were to be repeated for
a year, some sort of program would be needed.
Solution
ClearDay = 5010
ClearDayM J = 18.04
CloudyDay = 1640
Arrays
Row
1
2
Clear2i
W/m
40
190
Cloudy2 i
W/m
10
30
24
CloudyDayM J = 5.904
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
360
530
640
720
720
650
530
360
200
70
60
120
200
210
210
300
270
120
90
20
25
P02 02
Equations
2.02 Division of a terrestrial solar spectrum into 10 equal increments using Table 2.6.1.
This problem is essentially solved in Table 2.6.1. The wavelength divisions for the increments are the wavelengths given in
the table for energy bands of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, etc. The energy midpoints are the wavelengths in the table for 0.05, 0.15, 0.25,
etc.
For the first one-tenth:increment, the wavelength range is 0.300 to 0.479 and the energy midpoint wavelength is 0.434.
26
P02 03
Equations
from average sunshine hour data, n
2.03 Estimation of H
, from Table 2.7.1
Use the Parametric table for the two months.
a = 0.30;
b = 0.34;
n = AveDay (month)
Lat = 43 [deg]
(1)
EES function for Table 1.6.1
(2)
Dec = 23.45 sin (.9863 (284 + n))
Eqn 1.6.1a
(3)
SunSetHrAng = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))
Eqn 1.6.10
(4)
Gsc = Gsc# Built-in EES constant for the solar constant

(5)

2

Zero = 1 106 MJ/m Gsc 3600 24 (1 + .033 Cos(.9863 n)) (Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) sin (SunSetHrAng)
H

J/m2
+0.01745 SunSetHrAng sin (Lat) sin (Dec))
Eqn 1.10.3
AvgDayLngth = (2/15) arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

H
Zero = a + b n
H/
/AvgDayLngth
(6)
Eqn 1.6.11
(7)
Eqn 2.7.2
(8)
of 6.4 and 23.0 for January and June, compared to estimates of 6.2 and 22.0 shown in the table.
Note: Appendix G gives Hs
Solution
a = 0.3

Gsc = 1367 W/m2
month = 6
AvgDayLngth
= 15.12

= 22.0 MJ/m2
H
n = 162
b = 0.34

Zero = 41.77 MJ/m2
H
n
= 10.1
Dec = 23.09 [deg]

Lat = 43 [deg]
SunSetHrAng = 113.4 [deg]
Table 1
Run
month
1
2
1
6
4.5
10.1
17
162
Dec
[deg]
-20.92
23.09
SunSetHrAng
[deg]
69.12
113.4
27
HZero2
MJ/m
13.37
41.77
AvgDayLngth
9.22
15.12
H 2
MJ/m
6.2
22.0
P02 04
Equations
2.4a
Calculation of hourly clearness index with Equation 2.9.3 and diffuse fraction with Equation 2.10.1

n = 9;
HourAngle1 = 15 [deg] ;
HourAngle2 = 0 [deg] ;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
I = 0.402 MJ/m2
(1)
Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HourAngle1, HourAngle2)
(2)
kT = I/Io
EES function or Eqn 1.10.4
Eqn 2.9.3
fd = Idif f /I (kT )
(3)
EES function or Eqn 2.10.1 or Fig 2.10.2
(4)
Id /I = fd
(5)
b Calculation of a days clearness index with Equation 2.9.2 and daily diffuse fraction from Eqn 2.11.

H = 4.48 MJ/m2
(6)
(7)
KT,day = H/Ho
EES function or Eqn 2.11.1 or Fig 2.11.2.
Eqn 2.9.2
(8)
Fd,day = Hdif f /H (Lat, n, KT,day )
(9)
Solution
fd = 0.984
HourAngle2 = 0 [deg]

Io = 2.331 MJ/m2
n = 9 [-]
Fd,day = 0.880

Ho = 14.37 MJ/m2
kT = 0.1724

H = 4.48 MJ/m2

I = 0.402 MJ/m2
KT,day = 0.3117
28
HourAngle1 = 15 [deg]
Id = 0.3958
Lat = 40 [deg]
P02 05
Equations
2.5
Calculation of monthly beam and diffuse using Equation 2.12.1
= 18.9;
H
Lat = 42.8;
n = AveDay (month)
o = HZero, (n, lat)
H
T = H/
H
o
K
month = 3
(1)
EES Function or Table 1.6.1
(2)
EES Function or Eqn 1.10.3
(3)
Eqn 2.9.1
(4)
T
Fdif f = Hdif f bar/Hbar Lat, n, K
EES Function or Eqn 2.12.1 or Fig 2.12.2
(5)
d /H
Fdif f = H
(6)
=H
b + H
d
H
(7)
Solution
Fdif f = 0.2289

o = 26.13 MJ/m2
H
n = 75

= 18.9 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.7234 [-]
K

b = 14.57 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 42.8 [deg]
29

d = 4.327 MJ/m2
H
month = 3
P02 06
Equations
2.6 Estimate radiation on tilted surface using various methods starting with daily total radiation.

Lat = 43 [deg] ;
n = 20;
H = 8.0 MJ/m2
(1)
hrAng = 22.5 [deg] ;
(2)
slope = 60 [deg] ;
Surf AzAng = 0
a) total radiation in hour 10 to 11.

rT = rt, (hrAng, lat, n)
EES function or Eqn 12.13.2 or Figure 2.13.1
I = H rT
(3)
(4)
b) beam and diffuse radiation in hour 10 to 11. This problem can be done two ways.
Method 1 - find beam and diffuse for the day and then for the hour.
Ho = HZero, (n, lat)
KT,day = H/Ho
EES function or Eqn 1.10.3 or Fig 1.10.1 or Table 1.10.1
Eqn 2.9.2
Fdif f,day = Hdif f /H (Lat, n, KT,day )
(5)
(6)
30
(7)
Fdif f,day = Hd /H
(8)
H = H d + Hb
(9)
rd = rd, (hrAng, Lat, n)

rd = Id,1 /Hd
EES function or Eqn 2.13.4 or Fig2.13.2
(10)
Eqn2.13.3
I = Ib,1 + Id,1
(11)
I is from part a
(12)
Method 2 - find beam and diffuse for the hour

Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng 7.5deg , HrAng + 7.5 [deg])
(13)
kT,hour = I/Io
(14)
Eqn 2.9.3
Fdif f,hour = Idif f /I (kT,hour )
(15)
Fdif f,hour = Id,2 /I
(16)
I = Id,2 + Ib,2
(17)
I is from part a
We will use method 2 results since it relies on one less relationship.

Ib = Ib,2 ;
Id = Id,2
(18)
c) find Rb
Rb = CosT heta/CosZen
Eqn 1.8.1
(19)
CosT heta = cosIncAng (Lat, n, HrAng, Slope, Surf AzAng)

CosZen = CosZenAng (Lat, n, HrAng)
(20)
(21)
d) Find radiation on tilted surface if all treated as beam.

IT,allBeam = Rb I
(22)
e) Estimation of IT assuming diffuse plus ground-reflected radiation are together isotropic

IT,isotropic = Rb Ib + Id
(23)
f) Estimation of IT assuming isotropic sky (Liu & Jordan model), Equation 2.15.1
Fcs =
1 + Cos(slope)
2
Fcs + Fcg = 1;
g,nosnow = 0.2;
(24)
g,snow = 0.7
(25)
IT,LJ,nosnow = Ib Rb + Id Fcs + g,nosnow I Fcg
(26)
IT,LJ,snow = Ib Rb + Id Fcs + g,snow I Fcg
(27)
g) Estimation of IT with Hay & Davies model, Equation 2.16.4

AA = Ib /Io
(28)
IT,HD,nosnow = (Ib + AA Id ) Rb + Id (1 AA) Fcs + g,nosnow I Fcg
(29)
31
IT,HD,snow = (Ib + AA Id ) Rb + Id (1 AA) Fcs + g,snow I Fcg
(30)
h) Estimation of IT with the HDKR model, Equation 2.16.7

p
f = Ib /I
(31)

3
IT,HDKR,nosnow = (Ib + AA Id ) Rb + Id (1 AA) Fcs 1 + f sin (slope/2) + g,nosnow I Fcg
(32)

3
IT,HDKR,snow = (Ib + AA Id ) Rb + Id (1 AA) Fcs 1 + f sin (slope/2) + g,snow I Fcg
(33)
i) Estimation of IT by the Perez model, Equation 2.16.14

IT,P erez,nosnow = Ib Rb +Id (1 F 1)
IT,P erez,snow = Ib Rb +Id (1 F 1)
a = max (0, cosT heta)
(1 + Cos(Slope))
1 Cos(Slope)
+Id F 1a/b+Id F 2sin (Slope)+Ig,snow
(35)
2
2
Eqn 2.16.9
b = max (Cos(85), cosZen)

=
(1 + Cos(Slope))
1 Cos(Slope)
+Id F 1a/b+Id F 2sin (Slope)+Ig,nosnow
(34)
2
2
Eqn 2.16.9
Id +Ib /cosZen
Id
(36)
(37)
3
+ 5.535 106 (arccos (cosZen))

3
1 + 5.535 106 (arccos (cosZen))
Eqn 2.16.10
(38)
=2.24. The coefficients from Table 2.16.1 are then:

f 11 = 0.873;
f 12 = 0.392;
f 13 = 0.362;
f 22 = 0.462;
f 21 = 0.226;
f 23 = 0.001
(39)
Note that m=1/cosZen from Eqn 1.5.1 and Ion =Io /CosZen so that
= Id /Io
Eqn 2.16.11
(40)
F 1 = max (0, (f 11 + f 12 + arccos (cosZen) f 13/180))

F 2 = f 21 + f 22 + arccos (cosZen) f 23/180
Eqn 2.16.12
Eqn 2.16.13
(42)
Solution
a = 0.93
CosT heta = 0.93
= 2.24
f 11 = 0.873
F 2 = 0.1061
f 23 = 0.001
Fdif f,day = 0.3927
hrAng = 22.5
[deg]

2
Ho = 13.75 MJ/m

Ib,1 = 0.7459 MJ/m2
2
Id,1 = 0.4596 MJ/m

2
IT,allBeam = 2.83 MJ/m

IT,HD,nosnow = 2.34 MJ/m2
IT,LJ,nosnow = 2.05 MJ/m2
IT,P erez,snow = 2.54 MJ/m2
Lat = 43 [deg]
g,snow = 0.7
rT = 0.1507
AA = 0.3399
CosZen = 0.3965
f = 0.7514
f 12 = 0.392
f 21 = 0.226
Fcg = 0.25
Fdif f,hour = 0.4353 [-]

Hb = 4.858 MJ/m2
2
I = 1.205 MJ/m

Ib,2 = 0.6807 MJ/m2
Id,2 = 0.5248 MJ/m2

2
IT,HDKR,nosnow = 2.36 MJ/m

IT,HD,snow = 2.49 MJ/m2
IT,LJ,snow = 2.20 MJ/m2
KT,day = 0.5817
n = 20
Rb = 2.346
32
slope = 60 [deg]
(41)
b = 0.3965
= 0.262
F 1 = 0.3492
f 13 = 0.362
f 22 = 0.462
Fcs = 0.75

2
H = 8 MJ/m

Hd = 3.142 MJ/m2
Ib = 0.6807 MJ/m2
Id = 0.5248 MJ/m2
Io = 2.003 MJ/m2

2
IT,HDKR,snow = 2.51
MJ/m

2
IT,isotropic = 2.12 MJ/m

IT,P erez,nosnow = 2.39 MJ/m2
kT,hour = 0.6019 [-]
g,nosnow = 0.2
rd = 0.1463 [-]
Surf AzAng = 0 [deg]
P02 07
Equations
2.7
Calculation of hours radiation on a south-facing vertical surface, starting with daily total.
We have 4 model choices: Liu and Jordan, Hay and Davies, HDKR and Perez. They all follow the same basic procedure.
Here we will solve in detail using the Liu and Jordan model.

HourAngle = 7.5;
day = 22;
month = 12;
H = 8.80 MJ/m2 ;
Lat = 43;
GrRef = 0.7
(1)
HrAng1 = 15;
Slope = 90;
HrAng2 = 0;
HrAng = 7.5;
Surf AzAng = 0;
g = 0.7
EES function or Table 1.6.1
(2)
(3)
Method A: Find the hours total radiation with Equation 2.13.2, calculate I o for that hour, and then estimate the beam and diffuse compone
s horizontal radiation. This provides the basis for estimating radiation on the vertical surface with Equation 2.15.1.
rT = rt, (hrAng, lat, n)
(4)
I = H rT
(5)
Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng1, HrAng2)

kt = I/Io
EES function or Eqn 1.10.3 or Table 1.10.1 or Fig 1.10.1
Eqn 2.9.3
fd = Idif f /I (kt )
(6)
(7)
(8)
Id = I fd
(9)
I = Ib + Id
(10)
CosT heta = cosIncAng (Lat, n, HrAng, Slope, Surf AzAng)

CosZenith = CosZenAng (Lat, n, HrAng)
Rb = CosT heta/CosZenith
Eqn 1.8.2
(11)
(12)
(13)
On the tilted surface using Liu and Jordan method:

Ib,T = Rb Ib
Id,sky = Id
(14)
1 + Cos(slope)
2
Id,ground = I g
(15)
1 Cos(slope)
2
(16)
33
The total radiation on the vertical surface is then:

IT = Ib,T + Id,sky + Id,ground
(17)
We could use the EES functions for L&J, H&D and HDKR models:
IT,LJ = IT,LJ, (I, Lat, n, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(18)
IT,HD = IT,HD, (I, Lat, n, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(19)
IT,HDKR = IT,HDKR, (I, Lat, n, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(20)
Note that the L&J model is very conservative while the H&D and the HDKR models give similar results.
Method B: Divide the days radiation into beam and diffuse, using Equation 2.11.1, and then get the hour s diffuse from
the days diffuse using Equation 2.13.4. Equation 2.13.2 gives the hour s total from the days total, and the hour s beam is
then the difference between the hours total and the hour s diffuse.
Solution
CosT heta = 0.9113
GrRef = 0.7
HrAng1 = 15 [deg]
Ib,T = 3.114

2
Io = 1.992 MJ/M

IT,LJ = 3.812 MJ/m2
n = 356
Slope = 90 [deg]
CosZenith
= 0.3939

H = 8.8 MJ/m2
HrAng2 =0 [deg]
Id = 0.266 MJ/m2
IT = 3.812 MJ/m2
kt = 0.8092
g = 0.7
day = 22
HourAngle
= 7.5 [deg]

I = 1.612 MJ/m2

2
Id,ground = 0.5642
MJ/m

IT,HD = 4.138 MJ/m2
Lat = 43 [deg]
Rb = 2.314
34
fd = 0.165
HrAng = 7.5
[deg]

2
Ib = 1.346 MJ/m

2
Id,sky = 0.133 MJ/m

IT,HDKR = 4.152 MJ/m2
month = 12
rT = 0.1832
P02 08
Equations
2.8
Calculation of daily average radiation on sloped surfaces
a) Using the Liu & Jordan model, Equation 2.19.1

month = 3;
Lat = 35.1;
n = AveDay (month)
T = H/
H
o
K
g = .2;
KT bar = .68;

= 20.06 MJ/m2
H
b = R
BEAM, (n, Lat, slope)
R
o = HZero, (n, lat)
H
Slope = 35;
(1)
(2)
Eqn 2.19.3
(3)
(4)
Eqn 2.9.1
(5)
T
fdif f use = Hdif f bar/Hbar Lat, n, K
(6)
d /H
fdif f use = H
(7)
=H
b + H
d
H
(8)
T,LJ = H
b R
b + H
d 1 + Cos(slope) + H
g 1 Cos(slope)
H
2
2
Eqn 2.19.1
(9)
This result could have been found from the single EES function.
T,LJ =H
T,LJ ( H,
Lat, n, Slope, g )
H
b) Using the Klein-Theilacker model, Equation 2.20.4a, et seq:

T,KT = H
T,KT, H,
Lat, n, Slope, g
H
(10)
Solution
fdif f use = 0.2698

o = 29.58 MJ/m2
H
KT bar = 0.68
g = 0.2

= 20.06 MJ/m2
H

T,KT = 23.78 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 35.1 [deg]
b = 1.281
R

b = 14.65 MJ/m2
H

T,LJ = 24.05 MJ/m2
H
month = 3
Slope = 35 [deg]
35

d = 5.412 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.6781
K
n = 75
P02 09
Equations
2.9 Monthly variation of radiation on surfaces of various orientations.
Lat = 35.1;
g = 0.2;
Surf AzAng = 0
(1)
Monthly average solar radiation is found in Appendix G.

The following Arrays were entered using the Edit/Insert or Modify Array menu
1 = 11.54;
H
2 = 15.23;
H
7 = 28.25;
H
8 = 26;
H
slope1 = 0;
slope2 = 20;
3 = 20.06;
H
9 = 22.39;
H
slope3 = 35;
4 = 25.30;
H
10 = 17.56;
H
5 = 28.82;
H
11 = 12.87;
H
slope4 = 50;
slope5 = 90
6 = 30.41
H
(2)
12 = 10.53
H
(3)
(4)
The EES duplicate statement will be used with arrays to simplify the calculations. :
duplicate i = 1, 12
(5)
monthi = i
(6)
duplicate j = 1, 5
(7)
H
T,i, j = HT,KT, Hi , Lat, AveDay (i) , Slopej , g
end j
(8)
(9)
end i
(10)
The results are shown in the plot. The variable month was used for the abcissa.
This solution is based on the Klein-Theilacker model; a solution based on the Liu and Jordan model would be similar to
that of Problem 2.8a.
Arrays
36
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Hi 2
MJ/m
11.54
15.23
20.06
25.30
28.82
30.41
28.25
26.00
22.39
17.56
12.87
10.53
slopei
[deg]
0
20
35
50
90
HT,i,12
MJ/m
11.5
15.1
19.9
25.2
28.7
30.4
28.2
25.9
22.2
17.4
12.8
10.5
HT,i,22
MJ/m
16.12
19.36
22.94
26.48
28.27
28.97
27.29
26.43
24.75
21.58
17.67
15.16
HT,i,32
MJ/m
18.57
21.3
23.78
25.84
26.29
26.32
25.09
25.27
25.08
23.31
20.18
17.68
Plot 1
37
HT,i,42
MJ/m
19.93
22.03
23.32
23.86
23.04
22.48
21.75
22.84
24.04
23.73
21.51
19.17
HT,i,52
MJ/m
17.84
17.93
16.25
13.28
10.46
9.218
9.581
11.76
15.41
18.46
18.88
17.57
monthi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
P02 10
Equations
2.10
Estimation of monthly radiation on a vertical surface.
This solution is based on the Liu & Jordan method, Equation 2.19.1; the Klein-Theilacker method, Equation 2.20.4 could
also be used. See Problem 2.8.
M onth = 1;
Lat = 36;
n = AveDay (month)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)
H
T = H/
H
o
K
Slope = 90;
g = 0.2;
T = 0.47
K
(1)
(2)
EES function or Eqn 1.10.3 or Fig 1.10.1 or Table 1.10.1
(3)
Eqn 2.9.1
(4)
T
Fd = Hdif f Bar/Hbar Lat, n, K
(5)
d /H
Fd = H
(6)
=H
b + H
d
H
(7)
dec = dec (n)
s = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (dec))
(8)
Eqn 1.6.10 or EES function
(9)
s0 = min (arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec)), arccos ( tan (Lat Slope) tan (Dec)))
b = Cos(lat slope) Cos(dec) sin (s0 ) + (/180) s0 sin (lat slope) sin (dec)
R
Cos(lat) Cos(dec) sin (s ) + (/180) s sin (lat) sin (dec)
T,LJ = H
b R
b + H
g 1 Cos(slope)
H
2
2
Eqn 2.19.3b
Eqn 2.19.3a
Eqn 2.19.1
The Klein-Theilacker method is simple when the EES functions are used.

T,KT = H
T,KT, H,
Lat, n, Slope, g
H
Fd = 0.4213

o = 17.66 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 36 [deg]
s0 = 73.88 [deg]

= 8.302 MJ/m2
H

T,KT = 11.4 MJ/m2
H
M onth = 1
g = 0.2
38
(11)
(12)
(13)
Solution
dec = 20.92
[deg]
d = 3.498 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.47
K
s = 73.88 [deg]
Slope = 90 [deg]
(10)

b = 4.805 MJ/m2
H

T,LJ = 12.1 MJ/m2
H
n = 17
b = 1.976
R
P02 11
Equations
2.11
Estimation of October radiation on a sloped surface.
This solution is based on the Liu & Jordan method, Equation 2.19.1 and an assumption of GrRef = 0.2. We also had to
assume the monthly diffuse fraction (Eqn 1.9.1) is valid.
Lat = 43;
Slope = 58;
n = AveDay (month)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)
H
T = H/
H
o
K
g = 0.2;
T = 0.50;
K
month = 10
(1)
(2)
(3)
Eqn 1.9.1
(4)
T
Fd = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, n, K
(5)
d /H
Fd = H
(6)
=H
b + H
d
H
(7)
b = R
R
g 1 Cos(slope)
T = H
b R
b + H
H
2
2
=H
T /H
(8)
Eqn 2.19.1
Eqn 2.19.2
(10)
Solution
Fd = 0.3911

o = 20.9 MJ/m2
H
month = 10
b = 1.816
R

= 10.45 MJ/m2
H

T = 15.17 MJ/m2
H
n = 288
Slope = 58 [deg]
(9)

b = 6.363 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.5
K
g = 0.2
39

d = 4.087 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 43 [deg]
= 1.452
R
P02 12
Equations
2.12
Calculation of average radiation on sloped surfaces using Liu & Jordan, and Klein & Theilacker
Lat = 43;
a)
Slope = 90;
g = 0.2;
T = 0.54;
K
= 21.96;
H
month = 7
(1)
Using the Liu & Jordan model, Equation 2.19.1:
n = AveDay (month)
(2)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)

H
EES function or Equation 1.10.3

T
Eqn 2.12.1
Fd = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, n, K
(3)
d /H
Fd = H
(5)
=H
b + H
d
H
(6)
b = R
R
(4)
T,LJ = H
b R
b + H
g 1 Cos(slope)
H
2
2
(7)
Eqn 2.19.2
(8)
b)
Using the Klein-Theilacker model, Equation 2.20.4a, et seq.

T,KT = H
T,KT, H,
Lat, n, Slope, g
H
EES function or Eqns 2.20.4 et seq.
(9)
Solution
Fd = 0.3917

o = 40.56 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 43
b = 0.2482
R

= 21.96 MJ/m2
H

T,KT = 10.1 MJ/m2
H
month = 7
Slope = 90

b = 13.36 MJ/m2
H

T,LJ = 9.813 MJ/m2
H
n = 198
40

d = 8.602 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.54
K
g = 0.2
P02 13
Equations
2.13
Hourly radiation on a horizontal surface for a standard clear day using Hottels method.
The solution will use a parametric table. Arrays could have been used.
hrAng=-52.5 Use for checking - put hrand in Parametric Table for final results.
Lat = 46.5;
A = 0.432;

dec = dec (n)
month = 12;
Day = 23
(1)
(2)
(3)
CosZenith = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)
Eqn 1.6.5
(4)
b = a0 + a1 exp (k/cosZenith) Eqn 2.8.1a

2
a0 = 0.4237 0.008216 1/km2 (6 [km] A)
Eqn 2.8.1b
(6)

2
a1 = 0.5055 + 0.00595 1/km2 (6.5 [km] A)
Eqn 2.8.1c
(7)

2
k = 0.2711 + 0.01858 1/km2 (2.5 [km] A)
Eqn 2.8.1d
(8)
r0 = a0 /a0 ;
r0 = 1.03;
r1 = a1 /a1 ;
r1 = 1.01;
d = 0.271 0.294 b
d = Id /I0
(5)
rk = k/k
rk = 1.00
(9)
Table 2.8.1
(10)
Eqn 2.8.5
(11)
Just below Eqn 2.8.5
(12)
I0 = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng 7.5deg , HrAng + 7.5 [deg])
(13)
Ib = I0 b
(14)
I = Ib + Id
(15)
Solution
A = 0.432 [km]
a1 = 0.7246
hrAng = 7.5
[deg]
Id = 0.245 MJ/m2
month = 12
rk = 1
a0 = 0.1741
CosZenith = 0.3377

I = 0.985 MJ/m2
k = 0.3506
n = 357
b = 0.4332
a1 = 0.7318
Day = 23

I0 = 1.707 MJ/m2
k = 0.3506
r0 = 1.03
d = 0.1436
Table 1
41
a0 = 0.169
dec = 23.43
[deg]
Ib = 0.740 MJ/m2
Lat = 46.5 [deg]
r1 = 1.01
Run
1
2
3
4
hrAng
[deg]
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
0.1931
0.3148
0.3971
0.4332
0.2142
0.1785
0.1543
0.1436
I0 2
MJ/m
0.4825
1.073
1.491
1.707
Ib 2
MJ/m
0.093
0.338
0.592
0.740
42
Id 2
MJ/m
0.103
0.192
0.230
0.245
I 2
MJ/m
0.197
0.529
0.822
0.985
P02 14
Equations
2.14
Calculation of hourly beam radiation on a horizontal, north-south axis tracking surface.
Lat = 38;
day = 7;
month = 1
(1)
The following arrays were added using the Edit/Insert Modify Array menu item.
Hour1 = 8.5;
Hour2 = 9.5;
Hour7 = 14.5;
Hour3 = 10.5;
Hour4 = 11.5;
Hour5 = 12.5;
Hour6 = 13.5
Hour8 = 15.5
Ibn,1 = 0.35;
Ibn,2 = 0.70;
Ibn,7 = 1.80;
Ibn,8 = 1.42
HrAng 1 = 52.5;
HrAng 6 = 22.5;
(2)
(3)
Ibn,3 = 2.66;
Ibn,4 = 3.05;
Ibn,5 = 3.30;
Ibn,6 = 3.19
(4)
(5)
HrAng 2 = 37.5;
HrAng 7 = 37.5;
HrAng 3 = 22.5;
HrAng 4 = 7.5;
HrAng 5 = 7.5
HrAng 8 = 52.5

284 + n
Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin 360
365
(6)
(7)
(8)
Eqn 1.6.1
(9)
duplicate i = 1, 8
(10)
CosZenithAnglei = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng i ) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec) Eqn 1.6.5
q
2
2
2
CosT hetaN S,i = (cosZenithAnglei ) + (Cos(Dec)) (sin (HrAng i ))
Eqn 1.7.3a
(11)
Ib,i = Ibn,i CosT hetaN S,i
(13)
end
(14)
Solution
day = 7
month = 1
(12)
Dec = 22.42 [deg]

n=7
Lat = 38 [deg]
43
Arrays
Row
Houri
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
HrAng i
[deg]
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
Ibn,i 2
MJ/m
0.35
0.70
2.66
3.05
3.30
3.19
1.80
1.42
CosT hetaN S,i
CosZenithAnglei
0.762
0.659
0.563
0.502
0.502
0.563
0.659
0.762
0.209
0.343
0.438
0.487
0.487
0.438
0.343
0.209
44
Ib,i 2
MJ/m
0.27
0.46
1.50
1.53
1.66
1.80
1.19
1.08
P02 15
Equations
2.15
Estimation of diffuse and beam components using clearness indexes
Lat = 45;
HrAng1 = 30 [deg] ;
month = 2;
a)
HrAng2 = 15 [deg] ;

H = 10.80 MJ/m2 ;
day = 8;

I = 1.57 MJ/m2

= 8.67 MJ/m2
H
(1)
(2)
Use Equation 2.10.1 for hourly calculation:
(3)

kT,hr = I/Io
Eqn 2.9.3
fd = Idif f /I (kT,hr )
(4)
(5)
(6)
Id /I = fd
(7)
I = Id + Ib
(8)
b Estimation of beam and diffuse components for a day.

KT,day = H/Ho
EES function or Eqn 1.10.3 or Figure 1.10.1 or Table 1.10.1
Eqn 2.9.2
fd,day = Hdif f /H (Lat, n, KT,day )
(9)
(10)
(11)
fd,day = Hd /H
(12)
H = H d + Hb
(13)
c) Estimation of average days beam and diffuse.

o = HZero, (nave , Lat)
H
T = H/
H
o
K
(14)
EES function or Eqn 1.10.3 or Figure 1.10.1 or Table 1.10.1
Eqn 2.9.1
T
Fd = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, nave , K
(15)
(16)
(17)
d /H
Fd = H
(18)
=H
b + H
d
H
(19)
45
Solution
day = 8

H = 10.8 MJ/m2
= 8.67 MJ/m2
H

Hd = 2.089 MJ/m2
Id = 0.3617 MJ/m2
kT,hr = 0.7091
nave = 47
Fd = 0.3992
HrAng1 = 30
[deg]

b = 5.209 MJ/m2
H

Ho = 15.84 MJ/m2
Io = 2.214 MJ/m2
Lat = 45 [deg]
fd = 0.2304
HrAng2 = 15
[deg]

d = 3.461 MJ/m2
H

I = 1.57 MJ/m2
T = 0.4918
K
month = 2
46
fd,day = 0.1934

Hb = 8.711 MJ/m2
o = 17.63 MJ/m2
H

Ib = 1.208 MJ/m2
KT,day = 0.6818
n = 39
P02 16
Equations
2.16
Estimation of an hours radiation on south facing surfaces with three sky models
HrAng 1 = 30;
slope = 60;
HrAng 2 = 15;
HrAng = 22.5;
Lat = 45;
g = 0.7;
I = 1.57;
month = 2;
day = 8
(1)
Surf AzAng = 0
(2)
The first part, the estimation of the beam-diffuse distribution, and some angles are common to all of the models.
(3)
Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng 1 , HrAng 2 )

kT = I/Io
(4)
Eqn 2.9.3
(5)
(6)
fd = Id /I
(7)
I = Ib + Id
(8)

Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin 360
284 + n
365

(9)
CosT heta = Cos(lat slope) Cos(dec) Cos(hrAng) + sin (lat slope) sin (dec)
CosZenith = Cos(lat) Cos(dec) Cos(hrAng) + sin (lat) sin (dec)
Eqn 1.6.7a or EES function(10)
(11)
= arccos (CosT heta)
(12)
z = arccos (CosZenith)
(13)
Rb = CosT heta/CosZenith
(14)
a) Use of Liu & Jordan model, Equation 2.15.1

Ib,T,LJ = Ib Rb
Id,T,LJ = Id
beam by Liu and Jordan
1 + Cos(slope)
2
Ig,T,LJ = I g
1 Cos(slope)
2
(15)
diffuse by Liu and Jordan

ground reflected by Liu and Jordan
47
(16)
(17)
IT,LJ = Ib,T,LJ + Id,T,LJ + Ig,T,LJ
(18)
The total radiation of the sloped surface and could have been easily found from the EES function:
IT,LJx = IT,LJ, (I, Lat, n, Slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(19)
b) Estimation of hourly radiation on sloped surface using the HDKR model, Equation 2.16.7
Ai = Ib /Io
p
f = Ib /I
Eqn 1.16.3
(20)
Eqn 2.16.7
(21)
Ib,T,HDKR = (Ib + Id Ai ) Rb
(22)

1 + Cos(slope)
2
Id,T,HDKR = Id (1 Ai )
1 + f sin (slope/2)
2
1 Cos(slope)
Ig,T,HDKR = I g
2
IT,HDKR = Ib,T,HDKR + Id,T,HDKR + Ig,T,HDKR
(23)
(24)
(25)
The total radiation of the sloped surface and could have been easily found from the EES function:
IT,HDKRx = IT,HDKR, (I, Lat, n, Slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(26)
(c Estimation of radiation on sloped surface using the Perez model, Eqn 2.16.14
a = max (0, CosT heta)
Eqn 2.16.9
b = max (Cos(85), CosZenith)
(27)
Eqn 2.16.9
(28)
Calculate to use to get f11, f12, etc from Table 2.16.1:

Id +Ib /CosZenith
+ 5.535 106 1/deg3 z3
Id
=
(1 + (5.535 106 ) [1/deg3 ] z3 )
Eqn 2.16.10
(29)
is 4.11. The coefficients from Table 2.16.1 are:

f 11 = 1.132;
f 12 = 1.237;
f 13 = 0.412;
f 21 = 0.288;
f 22 = 0.823;
f 23 = .056
(30)
Equation 2.16.11 reduces to:

= Id /Io
(31)

F1 = max 0,

f 11 + f 12 + z
F2 = f 21 + f 22 + z
f 23
180 [deg]
f 13
180 [deg]

Eqn 2.16.12
Eqn 2.16.13
Ib,T,P erez = Ib Rb

(1 + Cos(Slope))
Id,T,P erez = Id (1 F1 )
+ F1 a/b + F2 sin (Slope)
2
1 Cos(Slope)
2
= Ib,T,P erez + Id,T,P erez + Ig,T,P erez
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
Ig,T,P erez = I g
(36)
IT,P erez
(37)
Solution
48
a = 0.9291
CosZenith = 0.4403
= 4.106
f 13 = 0.412
F1 = 0.4706
HrAng 1 = 30 [deg]

Ib,T,HDKR = 2.97 MJ/m2
2
Id,T,HDKR = 0.15
MJ/m

2
Ig,T,LJ = 0.27 MJ/m

IT,HDKRx = 3.38 MJ/m2
kT = 0.7091 [-]
g = 0.7
= 21.7 [deg]
Ai = 0.5457
day = 8
f = 0.8773
f 21 = 0.288
F2 = 0.216
HrAng 2 = 15
[deg]
Ib,T,LJ = 2.55 MJ/m2
2
Id,T,LJ = 0.27 MJ/m

2
Ig,T,P erez = 0.27
MJ/m

IT,LJ = 3.10 MJ/m2
Lat = 45 [deg]
Rb = 2.11
z = 63.88 [deg]
Key Variables

Ig,T,LJ = 0.27 MJ/m2
Id,T,LJ = 0.27 MJ/m2
Ib,T,LJ = 2.55 MJ/m2
2
IT,LJ = 3.10 MJ/m

Ig,T,HDKR = 0.27 MJ/m2
Id,T,HDKR = 0.15 MJ/m2
Ib,T,HDKR = 2.97 MJ/m2
Ig,T,P erez = 0.27 MJ/m2
Ib,T,P erez = 2.55 MJ/m2
Id,T,P erez = 0.57 MJ/m2
IT,P erez = 3.39 MJ/m2
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
c
c
c
c
49
b = 0.4403
Dec = 15.52 [deg]
f 11 = 1.132
f 22 = 0.823
fd = 0.2304
[-]
I = 1.57 MJ/m2

Ib,T,P erez = 2.55 MJ/m2
Id,T,P erez = 0.57 MJ/m2
2
Io = 2.21 MJ/m

IT,LJx = 3.10 MJ/m2
month = 2
slope = 60 [deg]
CosT heta = 0.9291

= 0.1634
f 12 = 1.237
f 23 = 0.056
HrAng = 22.5
[deg]

2
Ib = 1.208 MJ/m

Id = 0.3617 MJ/m 2

Ig,T,HDKR = 0.27 MJ/m2
IT,P erez = 3.39 MJ/m2
n = 39
P02 17
Equations
2.17
From an hours radiation on horizontal surface, get beam radiation on tracking surface
HrAng 1 = 30;
slope = 60;
HrAng 2 = 15;
HrAng = 22.5;
Lat = 45;
g = 0.7;
I = 1.57;
month = 2;
day = 8
(1)
Surf AzAng = 0
(2)
The first part, the estimation of the beam-diffuse distribution, and some angles are common to all of the models.
(3)
Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng 1 , HrAng 2 )

kT = I/Io
(4)
Eqn 2.9.3
(5)
(6)
fd = Id /I
(7)
I = Ib + Id
(8)

Dec = 23.45 [deg] sin 360
284 + n
365

CosZenith = Cos(lat) Cos(dec) Cos(hrAng) + sin (lat) sin (dec)
(9)
z = arccos (CosZenith)
(10)
(11)

.5
2
2
CosT hetaN S = cosZenith2 + (Cos(Dec)) (sin (HrAng))
Eqn 1.7.3a or EES function
(12)
N S = arccos (CosT hetaN S )
(13)
Ib,N S = Ib CosT hetaN S
(14)
Solution
CosT hetaN S = 0.5743
fd = 0.2304

2
I = 1.57 MJ/m

Io = 2.214 MJ/m2
n = 39
N S = 54.95 [deg]
cosZenith = 0.4403
HrAng = 22.5
[deg]

Ib = 1.208 MJ/m2
kT = 0.7091
g = 0.7
z = 63.88 [deg]
day = 8
HrAng 1 = 30
[deg]
Ib,N S = 0.694 MJ/m2
Lat = 45 [deg]
slope = 60 [deg]
50
Dec = 15.52 [deg]

HrAng 2 = 15
[deg]
Id = 0.3617 MJ/m2
month = 2
P02 18
Equations
2.18
Calculation of monthly average beam, diffuse, ground-reflected, and total radiation on sloped surface
Lat = 43;
Slope = 60
(1)
Monthly average radiation data are from Appendix G.

The arrays were entered using Insert/modify array in the Edit menu.
1 = 6.44;
2 = 9.89;
3 = 12.86;
4 = 16.05;
5 = 21.36;
H
H
H
H
H
7 = 22.58;
H
8 = 20.33;
H
9 = 14.59;
H
10 = 10.48;
H
g,1 = 0.7;
g,2 = 0.7;
g,3 = 0.4;
g,4 = 0.2;
g,7 = 0.2;
g,8 = 0.2;
g,9 = 0.2;
g,10 = 0.2;
6 = 23.04
H
11 = 6.37;
H
g,5 = 0.2;
g,11 = 0.4;
12 = 5.74
H
g,6 = 0.2
g,12 = 0.7
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
This solution uses the Liu and Jordan model

duplicate i = 1, 12
(6)
ni = AveDay (i)
(7)
Ho,i = HZero, (ni , Lat)
T,i = Hi
K
Ho,i
Eqn 2.9.1
(9)
T,i
Fd,i = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, ni , K
d,i = H
i Fd,i
H
b,i = R
BEAM, (ni , Lat, Slope)
R
(8)
(10)
(11)
(12)
i = H
b,i + H
d,i
H
(13)
T,b,i = H
b,i R
b,i
H
(14)
T,d,i = H
d,i 1 + Cos(Slope)
H
2
1
Cos(Slope)
T,g,i = H
i g,i
H
2
HT,i = HT,b,i + HT,d,i + HT,g,i
(15)
(16)
(17)
end
(18)
This problem is easily done by the following call to an EES procecdure. Note that the EES procedure returns the three
components.
Duplicate i=1,12
n[i]=AveDay(i )
T,LJ,p, (H[i],
T,b,i , H
T,d,i , H
T,g,i , H
T,i )
CALL H
Lat, n[i], Slope, g,i : H
End
51
Arrays
Row
ni
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
17
47
75
105
135
162
198
228
258
288
318
344
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Hi 2
MJ/m
6.44
9.89
12.86
16.05
21.36
23.04
22.58
20.33
14.59
10.48
6.37
5.74
Hb,i 2
MJ/m
3.81
6.26
7.27
8.77
13.03
14.25
14.08
12.84
8.42
6.40
3.45
3.39
b,i
R
[]
2.788
2.043
1.419
0.960
0.711
0.617
0.657
0.844
1.214
1.813
2.565
3.062
g,i
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
Ho,i 2
MJ/m
13.36
18.81
26.03
33.78
39.42
41.78
40.56
35.92
28.80
20.90
14.62
11.91
HT,b,i2
MJ/m
10.61
12.80
10.31
8.42
9.26
8.79
9.25
10.84
10.22
11.60
8.85
10.39
T,i
K
[]
0.482
0.526
0.494
0.475
0.542
0.551
0.557
0.566
0.507
0.501
0.436
0.482
HT,d,i2
MJ/m
1.98
2.72
4.19
5.46
6.25
6.59
6.38
5.62
4.63
3.06
2.19
1.76
Fd,i
[]
0.409
0.367
0.435
0.453
0.390
0.381
0.377
0.368
0.423
0.390
0.459
0.409
Hd,i 2
MJ/m
2.63
3.63
5.59
7.28
8.33
8.79
8.50
7.49
6.17
4.08
2.92
2.35
HT,g,i2
MJ/m
1.13
1.73
1.29
0.80
1.07
1.15
1.13
1.02
0.73
0.52
0.64
1.00
52
HT,i 2
MJ/m
13.71
17.25
15.79
14.69
16.58
16.53
16.76
17.47
15.58
15.18
11.67
13.15
P02 19
Equations
2.19
Estimation of monthly average radiation on a vertical, south-facing surface
Lat = 39.8;
Slope = 90
1 = 6.63;
H
2 = 9.77;
H
7 = 23.36;
H
(1)
3 = 12.97;
H
8 = 20.5;
H
4 = 17.2;
H
9 = 16.5;
H
5 = 21.17;
H
10 = 12.13;
H
g,1 = 0.7;
g,2 = 0.7;
g,3 = 0.4;
g,4 = 0.2;
g,7 = 0.2;
g,8 = 0.2;
g,9 = 0.2;
g,10 = 0.2;
6 = 23.8
H
11 = 7.68;
H
g,5 = 0.2;
g,11 = 0.4;
(2)
12 = 5.57
H
(3)
g,6 = 0.2
(4)
g,12 = 0.7
(5)
a Use EES Procedures for both the Liu & Jordan (Section 2.19) and Klein & Theilacker (Section 2.20) methods, .
(The detailed L & J solution is essentially the same as that of Problem 2.18.)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(6)
ni = AveDay (i)
(7)
T,LJ,p, H
i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i : H
T b,LJ,i , H
T d,LJ,i , H
T,g,LJ,i , H
T,LJ,i
call H
T,KT,p, H
i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i : H
T b,KT,i , H
T d,KT,i , H
T,g,KT,i , H
T,KT,i
call H
end
Lat = 39.8 [deg]
Slope = 90 [deg]
Arrays
1
2
3
4
5
(9)
(10)
Solution
Row
(8)
Hi 2
MJ/m
6.6
9.8
13.0
17.2
21.2
g,i
ni
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
17
47
75
105
135
HT b,LJ,i

MJ/m2
8.20
8.99
6.68
4.68
3.17
HT d,LJ,i

MJ/m2
1.53
2.04
2.97
3.72
4.21
53
HT,g,LJ,i

MJ/m2
2.32
3.42
2.59
1.72
2.12
HT,LJ,i2
MJ/m
12.05
14.45
12.24
10.13
9.50
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
23.8
23.4
20.5
16.5
12.1
7.7
5.6
Row
HT b,KT,i

MJ/m2
7.60
8.45
6.49
4.88
3.42
2.80
3.28
5.01
7.48
9.41
8.55
6.57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
162
198
228
258
288
318
344
HT d,KT,i

MJ/m2
1.53
2.04
2.97
3.72
4.21
4.34
4.21
3.82
3.17
2.40
1.64
1.39
2.57
3.03
4.74
7.48
9.92
9.17
7.12
4.34
4.21
3.82
3.17
2.40
1.64
1.39
2.38
2.34
2.05
1.65
1.21
1.54
1.95
H
T,g,KT,i

MJ/m2
2.32
3.42
2.59
1.72
2.12
2.38
2.34
2.05
1.65
1.21
1.54
1.95
HT,KT,i

MJ/m2
11.45
13.91
12.05
10.32
9.75
9.52
9.83
10.88
12.30
13.02
11.73
9.91
54
9.29
9.58
10.62
12.30
13.53
12.35
10.46
P02 20
Equations
2.20
Estimation of effect of finite horizontal diffuse reflector on IT
Ib = 1.28;
Id = 0.33;
p = 2.1 [m] ;
I = 1.61;
m = 4.2 [m] ;
Rb = 2.31;
n = 2.1 [m]
g = 0.2;
Slope = 90;
dimensions of window and reflector - see Figure 2.17.1
(1)
(2)
r,a = 0.85
diffuse reflectance for case a
(3)
r,b = 0.70
diffuse reflectance for case b
(4)
Ac = m n
(5)
Ar = p m
(6)
Equation 2.17.1 is for the case of a horizontal reflector, and is applicable here. In this solution, the diffuse radiation on the
reflector is assumed to be reduced to half of that on an unobscured horizontal plane, on the assumption that the building of
which the window is part is large in extent. It is also assumed that the diffuse radiation on the ground beyond the reflector
is not significantly affected by the building. (These two assumptions tend to offset.)
View factor algebra
Fc,s + Fc,r + Fc,g = 1
Ac Fc,r = Ar Fr,c
Fc,s =
Sum of view factors from collector to surroundings must be 1.0

Reciprosity relationship
(7)
(8)
1 + Cos(slope)
2
(9)
For =90, n/m=2.1/4.2=0.5, p/m=2.1/4.2=0.5 then from Figure 2.17.2a:

Fr,c = 0.25
(10)
The radiation on the reflector is Ar *Ir =Ar * Ib +As *Id *Fs -r. But with reciprosity As *Fs,r =Ar *Fr,s so the radiation on the
receiver is:
Ir = Ib + Id Fr,s
Fr,s + Fr,c = 1
(11)
Sum of view factors from reflector to surroundings must be 1.0
55
(12)
Finally, the radiation on the window for case a with reflector reflectance r,a is:
IT,a = Ib Rb + Id Fc,s + Ir r,a Fc,r + I g Fc,g
Eqn 2.17.1
(13)
And for case b with reflector reflectance r,b is:

IT,b = Ib Rb + Id Fc,s + Ir r,b Fc,r + I g Fc,g
(14)
Note that the difference is not very large.
Solution

Ac = 8.82 m2
Fr,c = 0.25
Ir = 1.528
p = 2.1 [m]
Slope = 90 [deg]

Ar = 8.82 m2
Fr,s = 0.75

IT,a = 3.53 MJ/m2
g = 0.2
Fc,g = 0.25

2
I = 1.61 MJ/m

IT,b = 3.47 MJ/m2
r,a = 0.85
56
Fc,r = 0.25

Ib = 1.28 MJ/m2
m = 4.2 [m]
r,b = 0.7
Fc,s = 0.5

Id = 0.33 MJ/m2
n = 2.1 [m]
Rb = 2.31
P02 21
Equations
2.21
Calculation of beam radiation on the aperture of tracking collectors

Lat = 40;
month = 2;
day = 20;
Ibn,AM = 2.31 MJ/m2 ;
Ibn,P M = 1.67 MJ/m2
(1)
hrAng AM = 7.5 [deg] ;
(2)
hrAng P M = 52.5 [deg]
(3)
= dec (n)
(4)
a)
Tracking on horizontal EW axis:
For the AM

.5
2
2
CosT hetaEW AM = 1 (Cos()) (sin (HrAng AM ))
Eqn 1.7.2a
IT,b,EW,AM = CosT hetaEW AM Ibn,AM
(5)
(6)
For the PM

.5
2
2
CosT hetaEW P M = 1 (Cos()) (sin (HrAng P M ))
Eqn 1.7.2a
IT,b,EW,P M = CosT hetaEW P M Ibn,P M

b)
(7)
(8)
Tracking on horizontal NS axis:
For the AM
CosZenithAngleAM = Cos(Lat) Cos() Cos(HrAng AM ) + sin (Lat) sin () Eqn 1.6.5

.5
2
2
2
CosT hetaN S AM = (cosZenithAngleAM ) + (Cos()) (sin (HrAng AM ))
Eqn 1.7.3a
(10)
IT beamN S,AM = CosT hetaN S AM Ibn,AM
(11)
(9)
For the PM
CosZenithAngleP M = Cos(Lat) Cos() Cos(HrAng P M ) + sin (Lat) sin () Eqn 1.6.5

.5
2
2
2
CosT hetaN S P M = (cosZenithAngleP M ) + (Cos()) (sin (HrAng P M ))
Eqn 1.7.3a
(12)
IT beamN S,P M = CosT hetaN S P M Ibn,P M
(14)
57
(13)
Solution
CosT hetaEW AM = 0.9918
CosT hetaN S P M = 0.8435
day = 20
hrAng P M = 52.5 [deg]

2
IT beamN S,AM = 1.45
MJ/m

IT,b,EW,P M = 1.05 MJ/m2
n = 51
CosT hetaEW P M = 0.6292

CosZenithAngleAM = 0.615
= 11.58 [deg]

Ibn,AM = 2.31 MJ/m2

IT beamN S,P M = 1.41 MJ/m2
Lat = 40 [deg]
58
CosT hetaN S AM = 0.6282

CosZenithAngleP M = 0.3278
hrAng AM = 7.5
[deg]

2
Ibn,P M = 1.67 MJ/m

IT,b,EW,AM = 2.29 MJ/m2
month = 2
P02 22
Equations
2.22
Calculation of utilizable energy
$Arrays off
I1 = 1.52;
I2 = 1.15;
I3 = 0.68;
(1)
Use Figure 2.22.3, which is specific to Blue Hill For the hour pair 11-12 and 12-1:
Xc,1 = 0.72/1.52
(2)
1 = 0.65
(3)
From Fig 2.18.3 at Xc =0.47
For hour pair 10-11 and 1-2 at Xc =0.63:

Xc,2 = 0.72/1.15;
2 = 0.56
(4)
For hour pair 9-10 and 2-3 at Xc =1.06:

Xc,3 = 0.72/0.68;
3 = 0.35
(5)
N = N umDay (1)
(6)
The monthly average utilizable energy for these 3 hour pairs is:

U E = 2 N Sum Ii i , i = 1, 3
(7)
Solution

= 1.52 MJ/m2
I[1]
[1] = 0.65
Xc,1 = 0.47

= 1.15 MJ/m2
I[2]
[2] = 0.56
Xc,2 = 0.63

= 0.68 MJ/m2
I[3]
[3] = 0.35
Xc,3 = 1.06
59
N = 31

U E = 115.9 MJ/m2
P02 23
Equations
2.23
Calculation of utilizability and utilizable energy using generalized utilizability charts, Figure 2.23.1.
The major steps are calculation of months diffuse fraction, IT , Xc , Rb , and phi.
T = 0.49;
K
g = 0.6;
= 8.67;
H
Ic,1 = 536;
Surf AzAng = 0;
n = AveDay (month)
Ic,2 = 322;
HrAng = 22.5;
Lat = 45
month = 2;
(1)
Slope = 60
(2)
(3)
Find the monthly average daily diffuse fraction

T
fd = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, n, K
(4)
d /H
= fd
H
(5)
Find radiation in the given hour.

rT = rt, (HrAng, Lat, n)
rd = rd, (hrAng, Lat, n)
(6)
(7)
d
Id = rd H
(8)
I = rT H
(9)
I = Ib + Id
(10)
Find radiation on the tilted surface

Rb = RBeam, (Lat, n, HrAng, Slope, Surf AzAng)
1 + Cos(slope)
1 Cos(slope)
IT = Ib Rb + Id
+ I g
2
2
Liu and Jordan model, Eqn 2.15.1
Find the two dimensionless critical radiation levels

MJ/m2
0.0036 Whr/m2
Xc1 = Ic,1 1 [hr]
Eqn2.22.3 - note needed conversion factor
IT
60
(11)
(12)
(13)
Xc2

MJ/m2
0.0036 Whr/m2
= Ic,2 1 [hr]
IT
Eqn2.22.3 - note needed conversion factor
(14)
b
To use Figures 2.23.1 we need to find R
b = R
BEAM, (n, Lat, Slope)
R
(15)
b = 2.17 and Xc =0.96 and Xc =0.58.

Reading Figures 2.23.1 b and c and interpolating for R
Reading and interpolating the graphs is difficult.
1 = 0.31;
2 = 0.54
(16)
Finally, the utilizable energies are:

Nday = N umDay (month)
(17)
U E 1 = 2 Nday 1 IT
from statement just under Eqn 2.22.2
(18)
U E 2 = 2 Nday 2 IT
from statement just under Eqn 2.22.2
(19)
We could use Eqns 2.23.5 - 2.23.8 to find utilizability

= dec (n)
h =
R
IT
rT H
T rT /rd
T = K
(20)
Eqn 2.23.8
Eqn 2.23.7 - note this is kappabar,T not a lower case k since Kbar,T was already used.
Xm = 1.85 + 0.169
g=
Xm 1
(2 Xm )
(21)
h
Cos(slope)
T
R
+ 0.0696
0.981
2
2T
2T
Cos()
Eqn 2.25.5c
Eqn 2.23.5b
(22)
(23)
(24)
Since Xm > 2 we use the following for

q
2
110 qn = abs (g) g 2 + (1 + 2 g) (1 Xc1 /Xm )
Eqn 2.23.5a
(25)
q
2
g 2 + (1 + 2 g) (1 Xc2 /Xm )
Eqn 2.23.5a
(26)
210 qn = abs (g)
From the above equation (with Xc1 and Xc2 ) are 1 = 0.34 and 2 = 0.54.
Solution
= 12.95

= 8.67 MJ/m2
H

IT = 2.00 MJ/m2
T = 0.5082
n = 47
2 = 0.54
b = 2.17
R
Slope = 60 [deg]
Xc1 = 0.964 [-]
fd = 0.401 [-]

d = 3.48 MJ/m2
H

Ic,1 = 536 MJ/m2
T = 0.49
K
Nday = 28
2eqn = 0.54
h = 1.63
R
Xc2 = 0.579 [-]
g = 2.9

2
I = 1.23 MJ/m

Ic,2 = 322 MJ/m2
Lat = 45 [deg]
1 = 0.31
g = 0.6
rd = 0.1365

U E 1 = 34.7 MJ/m2
Xm = 2.526
61
HrAng =22.5 [deg]

Ib = 0.75 MJ/m2
Id = 0.47 MJ/m2
month = 2
1eqn = 0.34
Rb = 1.94
rT = 0.1416

U E 2 = 60.5 MJ/m2
P02 24
Equations
2.24
Calculation of daily utilizability and months utilizable energy

= 28.7;
month = 12;
Lat = 34;
Itc = 124 W/m2 ;
H
g = .2
HourAngleN oon = 0;
Slope = 20;

MJ/m2
IT,c = IT c 1 [hr] 0.0036
W hr/m2
Surf AzAng = 180
Southern hemi facing N
(1)
(2)
(3)
T
Find K
n = AveDay (month)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)
H
T = H/
H
o
K
(4)
(5)
Eqn 2.9.1
(6)
Find radiation on collector and R

T
fd = HDIF F BAR/HBAR Lat, n, K
(7)
d /H
= fd
H
(8)
=H
b + H
d
H
(9)
b = R
R
(10)
T = H
b R
b + H
d 1 + Cos(slope) + g H
1 Cos(slope)
H
2
2
(11)
The following could have been used instead of the previous five equations
T =H
T,LJ, (H,
Lat, n, Slope, g )
H
=H
T /H
(12)
Find Rn
HrAng noon = 0 [deg]
(13)
rt,n = rt, (HrAng noon , Lat, n)
(14)
rd,n = rd, (HrAng noon , Lat, n)
(15)
62
Rb,n = RBeam, (Lat, n, HrAng noon , Slope, Surf AzAng)
H = H;
T
KT = K
A day that has the same total radiation as the monthly average.
fd = Hdif f /H (Lat, n, KT )
(16)
(17)
(18)
fd = Hd /H
(19)
H = Hb + Hd

rd,n Hd 1 + Cos(slope)
1 Cos(slope)
rd,n Hd
Rb,n +
+ g
Rn = 1
rt,n H
rt,n H
2
2
(20)
Eqn 2.24.2
(21)
Find dimensionless critical level

c =
X
IT,C
rT,n Rn H
(22)
FInd
T + 4.031 K
T2
a = 2.943 9.271 K
(23)
T 3.602 K
T2
b = 4.345 + 8.853 K
(24)
T + 2.936 K
T2
c = 0.170 0.306 K

X
c + C X
2
= exp a + b Rn /R
c
(25)
(26)
could have been found from the known data using the EES function.

H,
n, Lat, Slope, g , IT c
f unction =
Note that ITc is in W/m2
(27)
The utilizable energy is then:

T
U E = N umDay (month) H
(28)
Solution
a = 1.382
fd = 0.3355

Hb = 19.1 MJ/m2
o = 44.1 MJ/m2
H

IT,c = 0.446 MJ/m2
month = 12
g = 0.2
rd,n = 0.113
b = 0.1106

H = 28.7 MJ/m2
= 28.7 MJ/m2
H
HT = 26.99
T = 0.650
K
n = 344 [-]
= 0.9403
R
Rn = 1.001

U E = 678 MJ/m2
c = 0.873
HourAngleN oon = 0
b = 20.26
H

Hd = 9.6 MJ/m2
KT = 0.650
= 0.810
b = 0.9194
R
rt,n = 0.123
c = 0.1265
X
63
fd = 0.2941
HrAng noon = 0 [deg]
d = 8.442
H

Itc = 124 W/m2
Lat = 34 [deg]
f unction = 0.810
Rb,n = 1.006
Slope = 20 [deg]
P02 25
Equations
2.25
Calcuation of beam radiation on a window under a long overhang using the shading plane concept
Ibn = 800 3600 106 ;
Lat = 38;
Slope2 = 144.5;
H = 2 [m] ;
Slope1 = 105.6;
W = 3 [m] ;
HrAng = 22.5
(1)
Surf AzAng = 0
(2)
G = 0.5 [m] ;
P = 0.7 [m]
(3)
Use to set up problem. Month and day will be set in the parametric table.
The angle 1 and 2 for shading planes 1 and 2 are:

P
1 = arctan
G+H
(4)
2 = arctan (P/G)
(5)
The slopes for these two planes are then:

slope1 = 1 + 90 [deg]
(6)
slope2 = 2 + 90 [deg]
(7)
The areas of the two planes are:

A1 = W
G+H
Cos(1 )
(8)
A2 = W
G
Cos(2 )
(9)
Use Equation 1.6.7a to calculate CosTheta to get the angles of incidence of beam radiation on these planes, and also to
constrain CosTheta to positive values.
dec = dec (n)
(10)
(11)
cosT heta1 = max (0, Cos(Lat Slope1 ) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng) + sin (Lat Slope1 ) sin (Dec))
Eqn 1.6.7(12)
cosT heta2 = max (0, Cos(Lat Slope2 ) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng) + sin (Lat Slope2 ) sin (Dec))
Eqn 1.6.7(13)
64
Beam radiation on window:

Eb,window = Ibn (A1 CosT heta1 A2 CosT heta2 )
(14)
We need to estimate the total radiation knowing only the bean normal radiation.
(15)
Ib = Ibn CosZen
(16)
Io = IZero, (n, Lat, HrAng 7.5deg , HrAng + 7.5 [deg])
(17)
The following four eqns have to be solved simultaneously - this is time consuming by hand.
I = Ib + Id
(18)
(19)
fd = Id /I
(20)
KT = I/Io
(21)
Use the Liu and Jordan model for finding the radiation on the two planes.
g = 0.2
assumed for both Jan and April since we do not know the location
IT,1 = IT,LJ, (I, Lat, n, Slope1 , Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(22)
(23)
IT,2 = IT,LJ, (I, Lat, n, Slope2 , Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(24)
Ewindow = A1 IT,1 A2 IT,2
(25)
Note that the total radiation can be large compared to the beam radiation.
Table 1
Run
month
day
1
2
1
4
17
15
Run
kT
fd
1
2
0.7228
0.7359
0.2119
0.1966
Ib 2
MJ/m
1.326
2.359
Id 2
MJ/m
0.3563
0.5771
cosT heta2
cosT heta1
0.09782
0
I 2
MJ/m
1.682
2.936
0.6585
0.1954
Eb,window
[MJ]
14.04
4.38
Io 2
MJ/m
2.327
3.989
IT,1 2
MJ/m
2.24
1.146
IT,2 2
MJ/m
0.62
0.5862
Ewindow
65
15.85
7.415
P02 26a
Equations
2.26a Solar radiation calculations
Due to the nature of this problem it will be solved in 2 EES programs.
First put hourly data into a lookup table
Lonstd = 105 [deg] ;
Lat = 38.3 [deg] ;
Lon = 104.8 [deg] ;

Rotation = 15 [deg/hr] ;
month = 2;
day = 16;
66
g = 0.4
(1)
(2)
hours = 24 [hr] ;
hour = 1 [hr] ;
zero = 0 [deg]
(3)
(4)
a) For the hour 10-11 AM what is kT ?

slope = 60 [deg]
(5)

I = Lookup(Data , 5, I ) hour 0.0036

MJ/m2
W hr/m2
(6)
(7)
HrAng1 = 30 [deg]
(8)
Hour angle at 10AM
HrAN g2 = 15 [deg]
Hour angle at 11AM
(9)
kT = I/Io
(10)
b) What is IT ? What are the beam, diffuse and ground-reflected components of IT ?

MJ/m2

Ib,n = Lookup(Data , 5, I bn ) hour 0.0036
MJ/m2
W hr/m2
HrAng3 = 22.5 [deg]
at the middle of the hour
(12)
Cos() = CosIncAng (Lat, n, HrAng3, zero, Surf AzAng)

Ib = Ib,n Cos()
I = Ib + Id
(11)
convert Ib,n to Ib
incidence angle for horizontal radiation
(13)
(14)
find Id
(15)
IT = Ib,T + Id,T + Ig,T
(16)
Rb = RBeam, (Lat, n, HrAng3, Slope, Surf AzAng)
(17)
Ib,T = Ib Rb
(18)
Id,T = Id
1 + Cos(slope)
2
Ig,T = g I
(19)
1 Cos(slope)
2
(20)
c) Estimate beam normal radiation from I and compare the value with that given in the table. Use your estimated
value of Ib,n and estimate IT. Compare to the value obtained in question 2.
Id,estimated = I Idif f /I (kT )
(21)
I = Ib,estimated + Id,estimated
(22)
Ib,n,estimated Cos() = Ib,estimated
(23)
errorbn =
Ib,n Ib,n,estimated
|100 %|
Ib,n
(24)
67
Using the Liu and Jordan model

IT,estimated = Ib,estimated Rb + Id,estimated
errortotal =
1 Cos(slope)
1 + Cos(slope)
+ g I
2
2
IT IT,estimated
|100 %|
IT
(25)
(26)
IT from part b is 2.334. From part c with an estimated diffuse fraction IT is 2.316 for an error of less than 1%. Do not
expect such good agreement in general.
d) Plot Io and kT versus time.
Can do with arrays or Parametric table - use arrays.
duplicate j = 1, 10
(27)

Ij = Lookup(Data , j, I ) hour 0.0036

MJ/m2
W hr/m2
(28)
hourj = Lookup(Data , j, hour )
(29)
HrAng j = (hourj 12) Rotation
(30)
Io,j = IZero,
kT,j =

n, Lat, HrAng j 7.5, HrAng j + 7.5
(31)
Ij
Io,j
(32)
end
(33)
$TabStops 3 cm
Solution
day = 16
hours = 24
[hr]
I = 1.721 MJ/m2

2
Ib,n,estimated = 1.728 MJ/m

2
Id,T = 0.5396 MJ/m

IT,estimated = 2.316 MJ/m2
Lonstd = 105 [deg]
Rotation = 15 [deg/hr]
= 55.41 [deg]
errorbn = 2.024 [%]

HrAng1 =30 [deg]

2
Ib = 1.001 MJ/m

2
Ib,T = 1.622 MJ/m

Ig,T = 0.1721 MJ/m2
kT = 0.604
month = 2
Rb = 1.62
zero = 0 [deg]
Key Variables
kT = 0.604

2
IT = 2.334 MJ/m

2
Ib,T = 1.622 MJ/m

Id,T = 0.5396 MJ/m2
Ig,T = 0.1721 MJ/m2

Ib,n,estimated = 1.728 MJ/m2
IT,estimated = 2.316 MJ/m2
errorbn = 2.024 [%]
errortotal = 0.7555 [%]
a
b
b
b
b
c
c
c
c
68
errortotal = 0.7555 [%]

HrAng2 = 15 [deg]

Ib,estimated = 0.9811 MJ/m2
Id = 0.7195 MJ/m2
Io = 2.847 MJ/m2
Lat = 38.3 [deg]
n = 47
slope = 60 [deg]
hour = 1 [hr]
HrAng3 = 22.5
[deg]

Ib,n = 1.764 MJ/m2

Id,estimated = 0.7397 MJ/m2
IT = 2.334 MJ/m2
Lon = 104.8 [deg]
g = 0.4
Arrays
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ii 2
MJ/m
0.2592
0.7848
1.462
1.811
1.721
2.293
1.584
1.667
1.188
0.5976
houri
HrAng i
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
Io,i 2
MJ/m
0.770
1.638
2.346
2.847
3.107
3.107
2.847
2.346
1.638
0.770
kT,i
0.337
0.479
0.623
0.636
0.554
0.738
0.556
0.710
0.725
0.776
Data
Row
hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
I 2
W/m
72
218
406
503
478
637
440
463
330
166
Ibn 2
W/m
254
377
741
705
490
853
485
739
756
838
Tamb
[C]
2.8
5.4
8.0
10.6
12.1
13.5
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.4
Io and kT vs time
69
P02 26b
Equations
2.26 (parts e - i) Solar radiation calculations
Due to the nature of this problem it will be solved in 2 EES programs.
This program is solved pressing F3 or from solve table in the calculate menu.
The lookup table from the first part is also used here.
Lonstd = 105 [deg] ;
Lat = 38.3 [deg] ;
hours = 24 [hr] ;
Lon = 104.8 [deg] ;

Rotation = 15 [deg/hr] ;
hour = 1 [hr] ;
month = 2;
day = 16;
g = 0.4
zero = 0 [deg]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
e) For slopes of 30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees, plot IT vs. time. Use the L&J method with Id estimated as in part c.
Set up four parametric tables (one for each slope) with hour angle from -67.5 to +67.5.
The hourly values of radiation are assumed to be numerically equal to the average for the hour

MJ/m2
Ib,n = Lookup(Data , T ableRun#, I bn ) hour 0.0036
W hr/m2
(5)
(6)
Ib = Ib,n CosZen
(7)

MJ/m2

I = Lookup(Data , T ableRun#, I ) hour 0.0036
W hr/m2
(8)
I = Ib + Id
(9)
Finds Id

IT = Ib Rb + Id
Eqn 1.8.1
1 + Cos(slope)
1 Cos(slope)
+ I g
2
2
Eqn 2.15.1
(10)
(11)
f) If the selection of slope is based on maximizing incident radiation, what slope would you select for this day? What
would you think might be the answer to this question if a summers day had been used in the calculations?
It does not matter very much but 60 degrees is the highest.
g) What are H, KT and Ho?
H is the sum of I over all hours.

MJ/m2

H = Sumlookup(Data , I ) 0.0036
W hr/m2
(12)
70
(13)
KT = H/Ho
(14)
h) Calculate HT and its components for a slope of 60 degrees.

HT = Sumparametric(Slope=60 , I T )
(15)
T and what are its components for the month of February a slope of 60 degrees? The monthly average
i) What is H
radiation for February is 13.30 MJ/m2. Use the Liu and Jordan method.

= 13.3 MJ/m2
H
From Appendix G
(16)

T,LJ,p, H,
Lat, n, Slope, g : H
T beam,LJ , H
T dif f,LJ , H
T GrRef,LJ , H
T,LJ
call H
(17)
$TabStops 1 cm
Solution
CosZen = 0.1537
hours = 24 [hr]

T dif f,LJ = 2.853 MJ/m2
H

HT = 21.19 MJ/m2
Id = 0.1338 MJ/m2
Lon = 104.8 [deg]
g = 0.4
Key Variables

H = 13.37 MJ/m2
Ho = 21.51 MJ/m2
KT = 0.622

HT = 21.19 MJ/m2

T GrRef,LJ = 1.33 MJ/m2
H

T beam,LJ = 17.07 MJ/m2
H

T dif f,LJ = 2.853 MJ/m2
H

T,LJ = 21.26 MJ/m2
H
day = 16
HrAng = 67.5 [deg]

T GrRef,LJ = 1.33 MJ/m2
H

2
I = 0.60 MJ/m

IT = 1.46 MJ/m2
Lonstd = 105 [deg]
Rotation = 15 [deg/hr]
zero = 0 [deg]
g
g
g
h
i
i
i
i
Slope=30
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Slope
[deg]
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
HrAng
[deg]
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
I 2
MJ/m
0.26
0.78
1.46
1.81
1.72
2.29
1.58
1.67
1.19
0.60
IT 2
MJ/m
0.43
1.09
2.19
2.57
2.26
3.26
2.09
2.39
1.82
1.16
71

H = 13.37 MJ/m2
= 13.3 MJ/m2
H

2
HT,LJ = 21.26
MJ/m

Ib = 0.4638 MJ/m2
KT = 0.622
month = 2
Rb = 2.793
hour = 1 [hr]

T beam,LJ = 17.07 MJ/m2
H

Ho = 21.51 MJ/m2
Ib,n = 3.017 MJ/m2
Lat = 38.3 [deg]
n = 47
Slope = 60 [deg]
Slope=45
HrAng
[deg]
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
I 2
MJ/m
0.26
0.78
1.46
1.81
1.72
2.29
1.58
1.67
1.19
0.60
IT 2
MJ/m
0.48
1.17
2.39
2.76
2.38
3.50
2.21
2.57
2.00
1.35
HrAng
[deg]
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
I 2
MJ/m
0.26
0.78
1.46
1.81
1.72
2.29
1.58
1.67
1.19
0.60
IT 2
MJ/m
0.51
1.20
2.44
2.79
2.37
3.53
2.21
2.62
2.07
1.46
Slope
[deg]
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
HrAng
[deg]
-67.5
-52.5
-37.5
-22.5
-7.5
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
I 2
MJ/m
0.26
0.78
1.46
1.81
1.72
2.29
1.58
1.67
1.19
0.60
IT 2
MJ/m
0.51
1.16
2.36
2.67
2.25
3.38
2.10
2.52
2.02
1.48
Row
hour
1
2
3
7.5
8.5
9.5
I 2
W/m
72
218
406
Ibn 2
W/m
254
377
741
Tamb
[C]
2.8
5.4
8.0
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Slope
[deg]
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Slope=60
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Slope
[deg]
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Slope=75
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Data
72
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
503
478
637
440
463
330
166
705
490
853
485
739
756
838
10.6
12.1
13.5
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.4
IT vs time for various slopes
73
P03 01
Equations
3.1
Calculation of blackbody emissive power
Arrays are used but a Parametric Table could have been used.
We can use the EES built-in constants, C1# and C2#
1 = 10;
T1 = 1000
(1)
2 = 5;
T2 = 400
(2)
3 = 1;
T3 = 6000
(3)
duplicate i = 1, 3
E,b,i =
5i exp
(4)
C1#

C2#
i Ti
(5)
end
(6)
To show all variables in the Solutions Window use:

$Arrays off
The results are consistent with Figure 3.4.1.
Solution
Key Variables
T [1] = 1000 [K]

E,b,1 = 1164 W/m2 -micrometer
[1] = 10 [micrometer]
T [2] = 400 [K]

E,b,2 = 90 W/m2 -micrometer
T [3] = 6000 [K]

E,b,3 = 3.742 107 W/m2 -micrometer
a
a
a
b
b
b
c
c
c
74
P03 02
Equations
3.2
Determination of the fraction of blackbody radiation in a wavelength range
This can be done by computing the fraction of the energy in the spectrum from zero to the two wavelengths with Equation
3.6.4 and taking the difference. Table 3.6.1a could have been used to find the two fractions.
T = 300 [K]
(1)
1 = 8 [micrometer]
(2)
2 = 14 [micrometer]
(3)
f2 = BlBodyF ract (2 T )
(4)
f1 = BlBodyF ract (1 T )
(5)
f = f2 f1
(6)
Solution
f = 0.3757
2 = 14 [micrometer]
f1 = 0.1402
T = 300 [K]
f2 = 0.516
1 = 8 [micrometer]
75
P03 03
Equations
3.3 We could use EES to integrate Eqn 3.6.3 or we could use Eqn 3.6.4 and sum for 10 terms.
The second method is used for the SETP EES functions. Here we will do the integration using the EES integral function.
SubprogramBBf (LT 1, LT 2 : f )
Z
LT 2
f = (c1#/sigma#)
LT 1
(1)
1
5
LT (exp (C2#/LT ) 1)

dLT
(2)
end
(3)
LT 1 = 1000
(4)
LT 2 = 5000
(5)
call BBf (LT 1, LT 2 : f )
(6)
For the given conditions the table gives f=0.6334 and the integral gives 0,6335.
Note that a subprogram was not necessary but was requested in the problem statement. The solution could have been:
LT1=1000
LT2=5000
f=(c1#/sigma#)*Integral(1/(LT5 *(exp(C2#/LT)-1)), LT, LT1, LT2)
Solution
Variables in Subprogram BBf
f = 0.6335
LT = 5000 [micrometer]
LT 1 = 1000 [micrometer]
76
LT 2 = 5000 [micrometer]
P03 04
Equations
3.4
Calculation of radiant energy transport between large parallel plates:
T1 = 500;
qrad =
1 = 0.45;
T2 = 300;
T14 T24
(1/1 + 1/2 1)
qrad = hrad (T1 T2 )
2 = 0.20;
= sigma#
Eqn 3.8.4
Eqn 3.10.1
Solution
1 = 0.45

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
2 = 0.2
T1 = 500 [K]

hrad = 2.478 W/m2 -K
T2 = 300 [K]
77

qrad = 495.7 W/m2
P03 05
Equations
3.5
Calculation of a heat loss coefficient for combined wind and radiation loss for a plate facing up.
Tamb = ConvertTemp(C, K, 10)

TP late = ConvertTemp(C, K, 50)
TDewP oint = 3 [C]
T ime = 0
= 0.88

hwind = 25 W/m2 K
Estimate an equivalent sky temperature using the Berdahl & Martin method, Equation 3.9.2. Note the unusual units in this
Equation.

.25

2
Tsky = Tamb 0.711 + 0.0056 [1/C] TDewP oint + 0.000073 1/C2 (TDP ) + 0.013 Cos(15 [deg/hr] T ime)
Radiation heat transfer is given by Equation 3.9.1. Divide this heat transfer by (TP late - Tamb ) to get the radiation coefficient
based on the ambient temperature.
hRad = sigma#
4
TP4 late Tsky
TP late Tamb
Add the convection coefficient to get the total loss coefficient.

Uoverall = hRad + hwind
Solution
= 0.88
Tamb = 283.1 [K]

Uoverall = 32.7 W/m2 -K

hRad = 7.657 W/m2 -K
TDewP oint = 3 [C]
78

hwind = 25 W/m2 -K
TP late = 323.1 [K]
T ime = 0 [hr]
Tsky = 262.7 [K]
P03 06
Equations
3.6
Calculation of convection heat transfer in a collector.
The Rayleigh number is found from Eqn 3.11.2

Ra = g# beta0 (T1 T2 )
l3
The Nusselt Number is found from Eqn 3.11.4

1.6
N us = 1 + 1.44
(sin (1.8 min (Slope, 75)))

1 1708
Ra Cos(min (Slope, 75))
!
A+B
where A and B must be constrained to be positive or zero and for slopes greater than 75, use slope = 75:

1708
A = max 0, 1
Ra Cos(min (Slope, 75))
!!

.333
Cos(min (Slope, 75))
B = max 0,
Ra
1
5830
N us = hconv l/k
Qconv = hconv (T1 T2 )
T 1 + T2
T =
2

beta0 = Air, T = T ;

= air, T = T ;

= air, T = T, p = Patm ;
T1 = 100;
T2 = 50;
k = air, T = T

Cp = cp air, T = T ;
k
Cp
Patm = 101.3 [kPa]
The three conditions are done in a Parametric Table.
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
l
[m]
0.020
0.050
0.020
Slope
[deg]
0
0
45
N us
[-]
2.794
5.135
2.422
Ra
[-]
19030
297343
19030
hconv
Qconv2
W/m2 -K
W/m
4.07
203.7
3.00
149.8
3.53 79 176.6
P03 07
Equations
3.7
Calculation of equilibrium temperatures of plates exposed to solar radiation
a
For a plate in space with surface normal to the solar radiation an energy balance on the plate (which absorbes solar
radiation on one side and emits radiation from both) is:
4
Gsc# solar = 2 Sigma# Tplate,a
From Table 4.7.1 the solar absorptance is:

solar = 0.35
Assume the emittance of copper, from Table 4.7.1,can be approximated by a parabola
2
= a + b Tplate,a + c Tplate,a
2
0.041 = a + b 338 [K] + c 338 [K] ;
0.036 = a + b 463 [K] + c 463 [K] ;
0.039 = a + b 803 [K] + c 803 [K]
b
For a plate in the atmosphere with surface normal to the solar radiation and a zenith angle of 90 deg an energy balance
on the plate (which absorbes solar radiation on one side, exchanges radiation from the top side with the sky and from the
bottom side with the ground, and loses energy by convection from both sides to the atmosphere) is:
2
b = a + b Tplate,b + c Tplate,b
Gsc# atm solar = Sigma# b

atm = 0.8;
Tamb = 298 [K] ;

4
4
4
4
Tplate,b
Tsky
+ Tplate,b
Tground
+ 2 hwind (Tplate,b Tamb )
Tsky = 288 [K] ;

hwind = 23 W/m2 K ;
Tground = 288 [K]
The convection term in the energy balance dominates so it is clear that the exact value of the emittance is not critical.
Solution
a = 0.07095 [-]
= 0.03428
Tamb = 298 [K]
Tsky = 288 [K]
solar = 0.35
b = 0.0428
Tground = 288 [K]
b = 0.0001241
[1/K]

hwind = 23 W/m2 -K
Tplate,a = 592 [K]
80

c = 1.050 107 1/K2
atm = 0.8
Tplate,b = 306 [K]
P03 08
Equations
3.8
Energy balance calculations on a hypothetical instrument for measuring solar radiation.
Knowns

hconv = 16 W/m2 K ;
disk = 0.95;
Tdisk,b = ConvertTemp(C, K, 15);
cover = 0.90;
b = 0.95;
Tdisk,w = ConvertTemp(C, K, 5);
cover = 0.88
w = 0.35
An energy balance on each disk, assuming that the disks and cover act like parallel plates for radiation exchange:
!
4
4
Tdisk,b
Tcover
+ hconv (Tdisk,b Tcover )
G cover b = 2 Sigma#
(1/disk + 1/cover 1)
G cover w = 2
!
4
4
Tdisk,w
Tcover
Sigma#
+ hconv (Tdisk,w Tcover )
81
Heat transfer coefficient from disk to cover:

2
2
Udisk,cover,b = 2 Sigma# Tdisk,b
+ Tcover

Udisk,cover,w = 2 Sigma#
c
2
Tdisk,w
2
Tcover
Tdisk,b + Tcover
+ hconv
Tdisk,w + Tcover
+ hconv
An expression for incident radiation
Incident solar energy, G, is expressed in terms of the temperature difference between black and white disks. Note that the
first two equations are sufficient to solve for G; so the new variable G1 is introduced.
For the black disk:

G1* cover *b = Udisk,cover,b *(Tdisk,b -Tcover )
For the white disk:
G1* cover *w = Udisk,cover,w *(Tdisk,w -Tcover )
Solving for G1
G1 =
Tdisk,b Tdisk,w
(b /Udisk,cover,b w /Udisk,cover,w ) cover
Calculation of incident radiation
In the days before EES, the nonlinear radiation term would have been linearized using the second two equations. The
solution would then involve guessing the cover temperature, finding the Us, substituting into the equation of part c and then
checking the guess of the cover temperature using one of the commented equations of pary c.. With EES we do not need to
worry about the solution technique - let EES do it. Also note that the ambient temperature was not used except maybe to
get a reasonable guess of Tcover.
Solution
b = 0.95

G = 753.0 W/m2
Tcover = 272.2 [K]

Udisk,cover,w = 39.95 W/m2 -K
w = 0.35
cover = 0.88

hconv = 16 W/m2 -K
disk = 0.95

G1 = 753.0 W/m2
Tdisk,b = 288.2 [K]
Tdisk,w = 278.2 [K]

Udisk,cover,b = 40.4 W/m2 -K
82
cover = 0.9 [-]
P03 09
Equations
3.9
Convection loss coefficient and convection heat transfer in a collector
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
Tu = ConvertTemp(C, K, 110 [C]);
L = 0.020 [m] ;
T = Tu Tl ;

k = Air, T = T ;
kPa
K kJ
Tl = ConvertTemp(C, K, 60 [C]);
= 1/T
Slope = 60 [deg]

= Air, T = T ;

Cp = cp Air, T = T ;
Tl + Tu
T =
;
2
k

Cp 1000

= Air, T = T, P = 101.3 [kPa]
= /
J
kJ
We can use the SETP functions to fing the Nusselt Number

N u# = N uF latP late (Slope, Tu , Tl , L)
or we can evaluate the Rayleigh number and then find the Nusselt number.
Ra# =
g# T L3
1.6
N u# = 1 + 1.44
(sin (1.8 SlopeL))

1 1708
Ra# Cos(SlopeL)
!
A+B
SlopeL = min (Slope, 75 [deg]) Slope is constrained to be between 0 and 75

1708
A = max 0, 1
Ra# Cos(SlopeL)
!!

.333
Cos(SlopeL)
B = max 0,
Ra#
1
5830
As expected, both Nusselt numbers are identical.
N u# = h L/k;
q = h T
Solution
A = 0.7985
T = 50 [K]

= 0.00002149 m2 /s

= 0.9854 kg/m3
Tu = 383.2 [K]

= 0.00003006 m2 /s

h = 3.092 W/m2 -K
B = 0.1328
= 0.002792 [1/K]
Cp = 1.009 [kJ/kg-K]
k = 0.02988 [W/m-K]
L = 0.02 [m]

q = 154.6 W/m2
T = 358.2 [K]
= 0.00002117 [Pa-s]
N u# = 2.069 [-]
N u# = 2.069 [-]
Slope = 60 [deg]
SlopeL = 60 [deg]
83
Ra# = 16, 957 [-]

Tl = 333.2 [K]
P03 10
Equations
3.10
Effect of a slat-type honeycomb on the convection heat transfer of Problem 3.9
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
Tu = ConvertTemp(C, K, 110 [C]);
T = Tu Tl ;
L = 0.020 [m] ;

k = k Air, T = T ;
kPa
K kJ
Tl = ConvertTemp(C, K, 60 [C]);
Tl + Tu
T =
;
2
= 1/T
Slope = 60 [deg]

= Air, T = T ;
k

Cp 1000

Cp = cp Air, T = T ;
SlatSpace = 10 [mm] ;
P lSpace = 20 [mm]

= Air, T = T, P = 101.3 [kPa]
J
kJ
= /
AspectRatio = SlatSpace/P lSpace

From Figure 3.12.2 at an AspectRatio of 0.5:
C1 = 0.113;
C2 = 1.00
We need to evaluate the Rayleigh number and then find the Nusselt number.
Ra# =
g# T L3
From Eqn 3.12.1

N u# = max 1.1 C1 C2 Ra#0.28 , 1
N u# = h L/k
q = h T
Solution

= 0.00003006 m2 /s
AspectRatio = 0.5
= 0.002792 [1/K]
C1 = 0.113
C2 = 1
Cp = 1.009 [kJ/kg-K]
T = 50 [K]
k = 0.02988 [W/m-K]
L = 0.02 [m]
N u# = 1.90 [-]

= 0.9854 kg/m3
Tl = 333.2 [K]
P lSpace = 20 [mm]
= 0.00002117 [Pa-s]

q = 141.9 W/m2

h = 2.839 W/m2 -K

= 0.00002149 m2 /s
SlatSpace = 10 [mm]
Tu = 383.2 [K]
Slope = 60 [deg]
84
Ra# = 16, 957 [-]

T = 358.2 [K]
P03 11
Equations
Heat transfer coefficients for air flowing in a rectangular duct .
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
C kJ
Knowns, properties and definitions

Length = 2.0 [m] ;
width = 1 [m] ;
k = k (air, T = Tair ) ;
Tair = 25 [C] ;
Af low = width depth;
= (air, T = Tair ) ;
P = 2 (width + depth) ;
P r# = Pr (air, T = Tair )
Dh =
4 Af low
P
m=*A
f low *V and Re#=*V*Dh / so that when is eliminated we have

Re# =
m
Dh
Af low
Use a parametric table for the three situations. From Eqn 3.14.7
1.2
N u# = 4.9 + .0606
(Re# P r# Dh /Length)
.7
1 + .0909 (Re# P r# Dh /Length) P r#.17
N u# = h Dh /k
For situation 3 the Reynolds number is in the transition region. For conservative design use the laminar flow results. The
turblent heat transfer coefficient from Eqn 3.14.6 is 7.26 W/m2 -K
Solution

Af low = 0.015 m2
Length = 2 [m]
P r# = 0.7281
depth = 0.015 [m]

= 0.00001849 [kg/m-s]
Re# = 2, 558
Dh = 0.02956 [m]
m
= 0.024 [kg/s]
Tair = 25 [C]
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
depth
[m]
0.015
0.0075
0.015
[kg/s]
0.012
0.012
0.024
Re#
1,279
1,289
2,558
#
[-]
5.815
5.367
6.625
h

W/m2 -K
5.019
9.197
5.718
85

h = 5.718 W/m2 -K
N u# = 6.625 [-]
width = 1 [m]
k = 0.02551 [W/m-K]
P = 2.03 [m]
P03 12
Equations
3.12
Calculation of pressure drop in a packed bed using the Dunkle & Ellul correlation
$UnitSystem SI
Length = 2.0;
T = 40 [C] ;
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ C
M assF lowRate = 1.1 [kg/s] ;

Area = 12 m2 ;
DenAir = (Air, T = T, p = 101.3) ;
P artDiam = 0.02 [m]
V isc = (air, T = T )
M assV el = M assF lowRate/Area

Equation 3.16.5 or use the SETP function for pressure drop.
p = P resDrop (Length, M assV el, P artDiam, T )
Solution

Area = 12 m2
M assF lowRate = 1.1 [kg/s]
V isc = 1.918 105 [kg/m-s]
p = 29.31 [Pa]

M assV el = 0.09167 kg/s-m2
86

DenAir = 1.127 kg/m3
Length = 2 [m]
T = 40 [C]
P03 13
Equations
3.13
Estimation of particle size to get a pressure drop of 55 Pa for the circumstances of Problem 3.12
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ C
Note that with EES it is only necessary to delete the particle diameter in problem 3.12 and add the pressure drop.

Length = 2.0;
M assF lowRate = 1.1 [kg/s] ;
Area = 12 m2 ;
p = 55 [Pa]
T = 40 [C] ;
DenAir = (Air, T = T, p = 101.3) ;
V isc = (air, T = T )
M assV el = M assF lowRate/Area

Equation 3.16.5 or use the SETP function for pressure drop.
p = P resDrop (Length, M assV el, P artDiam, T )
An alternative solution is to use Equation 3.16.4 by McCorquodale et al.
V F = 0.45

p = Length
M assV el2
DenAir P artDiamM cC

(1 V F )

1.5
1.5
V isc
4.74
+
166
(1
V
F
)
V F 3/2
V F 3/2 M assV el P artDiamM cC
Solution

Area = 12 m2
Length = 2 [m]
P artDiam = 0.01321 [m]
V F = 0.45 [-]
p = 55 [Pa]
M assF lowRate = 1.1 [kg/s]
P artDiamM cC = 0.01032 [m]
V isc = 1.918 105 [kg/m-s]
87

3
DenAir = 1.127 kg/m

M assV el = 0.09167 kg/s-m2
T = 40 [C]
P03 14
Equations
3.14
Calculation of upward heat loss terms for a collector.
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data:
Tplate = ConvertTemp(C, K, 100);
plate = 0.10;
a
Slope = 50;
= sigma#;
g = g#;
Tsurr = ConvertTemp(C, K, 10)

L = .025 [m]
Radiation Heat Transfer
Qrad =
b
4
4
Tcover
Tplate
1/plate + 1/cover 1
Radiation coefficient
hrad =
c
cover = 0.88;
Tcover = ConvertTemp(C, K, 31.5);
Qrad
Tplate Tcover
Convection Heat Transfer
N u# = N uF latP late (Slope, Tcover , Tplate , L)

Tmean =
Equation 3.11.14
Tplate + Tcover
2
k = k (Air, T = Tmean )
N u# = hconv L/k
Qconv = hconv (Tplate Tcover )
Instead of using the NuFlatPlate EES function we could have used either Figure 3.11.1 or Eqn 3.11.4 along with the
following:
= 1/Tmean
Cp = cp (Air, T = Tmean )
88
= (Air, T = Tmean , P = 101.3)

=
(Air, T = Tmean )
k

Cp 1000
Ra =
d
J
kJ
g (Tplate Tcover ) L3
Radiation from cover to surroundings
4
4
QradCover,Surr = cover Tcover
Tsurr
We can determine QconvCover,Surr since loss is either convection or radiation.

QconvCover,Surr = Qconv + Qrad QradCover,Surr
Solution

= 0.00002717 m2 /s
cover = 0.88 [-]

hconv = 3.616 W/m2 -K
L = 0.025 [m]

Qconv = 247.7 W/m2

QradCover,Surr = 109.1
W/m2

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
Tmean = 338.9 [K]
= 0.002951 [1/K]
plate = 0.1 [-]

2
hrad = 0.8797 W/m
2 -K

= 0.00001953 m /s

QconvCover,Surr = 198.9 W/m2
Ra = 58, 368 [-]
Slope = 50 [deg]
Tplate = 373.1 [K]
89
Cp = 1.007
[kJ/kg-K]

g = 9.807 m/s2
k = 0.0285 [W/m-K]
N u# = 3.172

2
Qrad = 60.26
W/m

= 1.041 kg/m3
Tcover = 304.7 [K]
Tsurr = 283.1 [K]
p03 15
Equations
3.15
Estimation of wind convection coefficients
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data:
Length = 10 [M] ;
W idth = 2.5 [M] ;
TSurr = ConvertTemp(C, K, 10);
V el = 5.0 [m/s]
Tcover = ConvertTemp(C, K, 31.5)
Evaluate properties at the mean air tempeature.

Tprop =
Tsurr + Tcover
;
2
= (air , T = Tprop ) ;
a
k = k (air , T = Tprop ) ;
= (air , T = Tprop , P = 101.3)
P r = Pr (air, T = Tprop )
For a free standing colector:
LChar = 4 Length
W idth
;
2 (Length + W idth)
N u#wind = 0.86 Re1/2 P r1/3
Re = LChar V el /
Eqn 3.15.1
N u#wind = hwind,a Lchar /k

Note: The Re is 1.31*106 , which is slightly beyond the range of the experiments on which Equation 3.15.1 is based. With
no satisfactory alternative, use it.
b
For a flush-mounted collector on a building
V olume = 564;
hwind,b

= max 5 W/m2 K , 8.6
V el.6
V olume1/3
.4
Eqn 3.15.10
Note: Equations 3.15.9 and 3.15.10 are not dimensionally correct unless the 8.6 has units of (W/m2 -K)/(m0.2 /s0.6 ). For
empirical equations like this it is best to just turn off unit checking for that equation.
Solution

hwind,a = 5.587 W/m2 -K
LChar = 4 [m]
Re = 1.313 106 [-]
TSurr = 283.1 [K]

hwind,b = 9.706 W/m2 -K
= 0.00001829
[kg/m-s]

= 1.201 kg/m3
V el = 5 [m/s]
90
k = 0.02519 [W/m-K]
Length = 10 [M]
N u#wind = 887 [-]

Tcover = 304.7 [K]

V olume = 564 m3
P r = 0.7291 [-]
Tprop = 293.9 [K]
W idth = 2.5 [M]
P03 16
Equations
3.16
Effectiveness-NTU calculations for a counterflow heat exchanger
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data:
m
H2O = 3.75 [kg/s] ;
U A = 2.1 105 [W/K] ;
Tin,H2O = 49 [C] ;
Tin,Glycol = 65 [C] ;
Cp,Glycol = 3780 [J/kg K] ;
Ccold = m
H2O Cp,H2O
Chot = m
Glycol Cp,Glycol
Cmin = min (Ccold , Chot )
Cmax = max (Ccold , Chot )
N T U = U A/Cmin
C = Cmin /Cmax
Ef f =
1 exp (N T U (1 C ))
1 C exp (N T U (1 C ))
Q = Ef f Cmin (Tin,Glycol Tin,H2O )

Q = Ccold (Tout,H2O Tin,H2O )
Q = Chot (Tin,Glycol Tout,Glycol )
Run a parametric table with m
glycol reanging from 0 to 20. The solution is shown for the specific case of :
m
glycol = 5
Solution
Ccold = 15, 713 [W/K]
Cp,Glycol = 3, 780 [J/kg-K]
m
Glycol = 5.0 [kg/s]
Tin,Glycol = 65 [C]
U A = 210, 000 [W/K]
Chot = 18, 900 [W/K]

Cp,H2O = 4, 190 [J/kg-K]
m
H2O = 3.75 [kg/s]
Tin,H2O = 49 [C]
91
Cmax = 18, 900 [W/K]

C = 0.8313 [-]
N T U = 13.37 [-]
Tout,Glycol = 51.956419181 [C]
Cmin = 15, 713 [W/K]

Ef f = 0.981 [-]
Q = 246, 524 [W]
Tout,H2O = 64.69 [C]
Tout vs mdotg lycol
92
P03 17
Equations
3.17
Heat transfer from the hot absorber plate to the ambient.
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data:
p = 0.2;
g = 0.88;
P lateSp = 0.030 [m] ;

a
slope = 60 [deg] ;
= sigma#;

hwind = 7 W/m2 K ;
Tsky = Tamb ;
Tamb = ConvertTemp(C, K, 15)
Tplate = ConvertTemp(C, K, 85)
(1)
(2)
Heat loss from collector
We can use the SETP function for Eqn 3.11.4 to find hplate,cover
N u# = N uF latP late (Slope, Tcover , Tplate , P lateSp)
(3)
N u# = hplate,cover P lateSp/k

Tcover + Tplate
k = k air, T =
2
(4)
(5)
The various energy flows through the cover system are:

qconv,p,c = hplate,cover (Tplate Tcover )
qrad,p,c =
(6)
4
4
Tplate
Tcover
1/p + 1/g 1
(7)
qwind = hwind (Tcover Tamb )

4
4
qrad,sky = g Tcover
Tsky
(8)
(9)
The cover temperature is found from an energy balance on the cover.

qconv,p,c + qrad,p,c = qrad,sky + qwind
(10)
93
The heat loss through the cover is then:

qloss = qconv,p,c + qrad,p,c
(11)
b
Heat loss coefficient as a function of plate temperature is found by commenting out the equation above that sets the
plate temperature to 85 C and setting the plate temperature (in C) in a parametric table.
Tplate = ConvertTemp(C, K, TplateC )
(12)
qloss = U (Tplate Tamb )
(13)
c
What energy transfers are we neglecting in this analysis of a collector?
back losses through the insulation.
edge losses
two-dimensional losses in the corners.
Solution
g = 0.88 [-]
k = 0.02806 [W/m-K]

qloss = 236.5 W/m2

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
Tplate = 358.2 [K]
p = 0.2 [-]
N u# = 3.235 [-]

qrad,p,c = 83.03 W/m2

hplate,cover = 3.026 W/m2 -K
P lateSp = 0.03 [m]

qrad,sky = 101.6 W/m2

hwind = 7 W/m2 -K

qconv,p,c = 153.5 W/m2

qwind = 134.9 W/m2
slope = 60 [deg]
TplateC = 85 [C]
Tamb = 288.2 [K]

Tsky = 288.2 [K]
Tcover = 307.4
[K]
U = 3.379 W/m2 -K
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
TplateC
[C]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Tcover
[K]
289.0
290.2
291.4
292.7
294.0
295.4
296.8
298.3
299.7
301.2
302.7
304.3
305.8
307.4
309.0
310.7
312.3
314.0
U

W/m2 -K
2.112
2.425
2.595
2.716
2.813
2.897
2.971
3.039
3.103
3.163
3.220
3.274
3.327
3.379
3.429
3.479
3.528
3.576
94
U vs Tplate
95
P04 01
Equations
4.1
Calculation of equilibrium temprerature of a surface in space.
Assume that the 6000 K radiation is normal to the surface and that there is no loss other than radiation from the surface.

Tsun = 6000 [K] ;
S = 1367 W/m2
Use a Parametric table to specify the critical wavelength.
0, = 0.1;
, = 0.9
Fraction of the suns energy between zero and

fo, = BlBodyF ract ( Tsun )
From the EES SETP library.
sun = fo, 0, + (1 fo, ) ,

sun = 1 sun
Fraction of the IR radiation from surface at Tsurf ace
fo, surf = BlBodyF ract ( Tsurf )
surf = fo, surf 0, + (1 fo, surf ) ,
surf = 1 surf
surf = surf
Energy balance on surface assuming back is insulated.
4
sun S = surf sigma# Tsurf
If we did this by hand we would need to guess a surface temperature, find the fraction of the IR radiation in each band, find
a temperature from the energy balance and repeat the process until the guess and calculated temperatures are equal.
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
[micrometer]
1
2
3
fo,lambda
fo,lambda,surf
sun
surf
0.7378
0.9451
0.9808
3.322E-7
0.005337
0.049
0.690
0.856
0.885
96
0.100
0.104
0.139
Tsurf
[K]
638.7
667.0
625.7
P04 02
Equations
4.2
Calculation of absorptance and emittance for a surface with a step change in spectral reflectance
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data:
Tsun = 5777 [K] ;
,1 = 0.95;
Tsurf ace = ConvertTemp(C, K, 150)
,2 = 0.05;
(1)
= 1.8 [micrometer]
(2)
fraction of solar radiation below from Eqn 3.6.3.

fsol = BlBodyF ract ( Tsun )
(3)
From Eqn 4.6.4 for two bands

= ,1 fsol + ,2 (1 fsol )
(4)
fraction of IR radiation below from Eqn 3.6.3.

fIR = BlBodyF ract ( Tsurf ace )
(5)
From Eqn 4.6.1 for two bands and using = from Eqn 4.4.5
= ,1 fIR + ,2 (1 fIR )
(6)
Solution
= 0.880
fIR = 0.000007637
Tsurf ace = 423.1 [K]
,1 = 0.95
fsol = 0.9219
,2 = 0.05
= 1.8 [micrometer]
97
= 0.050
Tsun = 5, 777 [K]
p04 03
Equations
4.3
Calculation of absorptance and emittance of a surface from spectral reflectance data.
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
a
For the extraterrestrial solar spectrum. Using 10 equally spaced intervals from Table 1.3.1b, the wavelength at
center points are: 0.364, 0.455, 0.525, 0.599, 0.682, 0.787, 0.923, 1.113, 1.412, 2.117. Reading corresponding reflectance
values from figure 4.8.3
1 = 0.04;
2 = 0.04;
3 = 0.04;
4 = 0.04;
5 = 0.04
6 = 0.04;
7 = 0.05;
8 = 0.06;
9 = 0.10;
10 = 0.32
extraterrestrial = 1
Sum(i , i = 1, 10)
10
b
For the standard terrestrial solar spectrum. Using 10 equally spaced intervals from Table 2.6.1, the appropriate
wavelenghts are: 0.426, 0.508, 0.581, 0.653, 0.732, 0.822, 0.929, 1.080, 1.300, 1.974. Note that the numbers differ little
from part a. Reading reflectance values from figure 4.8.3:
r11 = 0.04;
r12 = 0.04;
r13 = 0.04;
r14 = 0.04;
r15 = 0.04
r16 = 0.04;
r17 = 0.05;
r18 = 0.06;
r19 = 0.08;
r110 = 0.31
terrestrial = 1
Sum(r1i , i = 1, 10)
10
c
Emittance of the surface at 350 C. Need to use radiation tables to generate the intervals. Using 10 points from Table
3.6.1b. The appropriate wavelenghts are: 3.02, 3.93, 4.65, 5.38, 6.15, 7.08, 8.23, 9.87, 12.6, 20.1. Reading reflectance
values from Figure 4.8.3
r21 = 0.59;
r22 = 0.72;
r23 = 0.77;
r24 = 0.84;
r25 = 0.87
r26 = 0.90;
r27 = 0.91;
r28 = 0.93;
r29 = 0.94;
r210 = 0.94
=1
Sum(r2i , i = 1, 10)
10
Solution
extraterrestrial = 0.923
terrestrial = 0.926
= 0.159
98
Estimated r2[9] and r2[10]
p04 04
Equations
4.4
Calculation of emittance for a real surface at two different temperatures.
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data
Ta = ConvertTemp(C, K, 175)
Tb = ConvertTemp(C, K, 30)
a
At 175 C
Use the 10 equal increments( from either Table 3.6.1b or as calculated here), and from the reflectance curve read the
reflectances at the characteristic (midpoint) wavelengths. Note that it was necessary to limit between 0 and 100.
duplicate i = 1, 10
i 0.5
10
fa,i =
fa,i = BlBodyF ract (a,i Ta )

end
Reading reflectances from curve C of Figure 4.8.2 are:
r11 = .32;
r12 = .63;
r13 = .66;
r18 = .90;
r19 = .92;
r110 = .88
175 = 1
b
r14 = .81;
r15 = .84;
Sum(r1i , i = 1, 10)
10
At 30 C
Repeat with new temperature.

duplicate i = 1, 10
fb,i =
i 0.5
10
fb,i = BlBodyF ract (b,i Tb )

end
99
r16 = .87;
r17 = .88
The corresponding reflectances from curve C of Figure 4.8.2 are:

r21 = .69;
r22 = .82;
r23 = .87;
r24 = .88;
r28 = .91;
r29 = .88;
r210 = .87
estimated
30 = 1
r25 = .90;
r26 = .91;
r27 = .92
Sum(r2i , i = 1, 10)
10
Note that it would have been useful to read the reflectances from the curve in small increments and place the values in a
lookup table. Software exists to automatically digitize curves.
Solution
175 = 0.229
30 = 0.135
Ta = 448.1 [K]
Tb = 303.2 [K]
Arrays
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
fa,i
[-]
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
a,i
[micrometer]
4.21
5.46
6.47
7.47
8.56
9.84
11.45
13.72
17.51
27.80
r1i
[-]
0.32
0.63
0.66
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.88
fb,i
[-]
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
b,i
[micrometer]
6.22
8.07
9.56
11.04
12.65
14.54
16.93
20.28
25.89
41.10
100
r2i
[-]
0.69
0.82
0.87
0.88
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.91
0.88
0.87
P04 05
Equations
4.5 Calculation of the / ratio for a surface in space.
$UnitSystem SI
Mass
Deg
kPa
K kJ
Data
,1 = 0.20;
1 = 0.6;
,2 = 0.75;
2 = 2.6;
,3 = 0.90
(1)
3 = 100
(2)
,1 = 1 ,1
(3)
,2 = 1 ,2
(4)
,3 = 1 ,3
(5)
T = 350 [K]
(6)
From Table 1.3.1 for solar radiation the fraction in each band is:
fsolar,1 = 0.351
(7)
fsolar,2 = 0.968 + 0.2 (0.981 0.968)
(8)
fsolar,3 = 1
(9)
f solar,1 = 0.351
(10)
f solar,2 = fsolar,2 fsolar,1
(11)
f solar,3 = fsolar,3 fsolar,2
(12)
From Eqn 4.6.4

= ,1 f solar,1 + ,2 f solar,2 + ,3 f solar,3
(13)
The fraction of the infrared radiation from 0 to is found from Table 3.6.1a or from the EES SETP function.
fIR,1 = BlBodyF ract (1 T )
(14)
101
1
fIR,2 = BlBodyF ract (2 T )
(15)
fIR,3 = BlBodyF ract (1000 [micrometer] T )
Note that we extended the data beyond the 100 micrometer limit.(16)
f IR,1 = fIR,1
(17)
f IR,2 = fIR,2 fIR,1
(18)
f IR,3 = fIR,3 fIR,2
Note that almost all of the energy is in band 3.
(19)
From Eqn 4.6.1

= ,1 f IR,1 + ,2 f IR,2 + ,3 f IR,3
(20)
Ratio
Ratio = /
(21)
Solution
= 0.4386
fIR,1 = 9.091 1026 [-]
fsolar,2 = 0.6196 [-]
,2 = 0.75
fIR,3 = 0.9997
1 = 0.6 [micrometer]
T = 350 [K]
,1 = 0.8
fIR,2 = 0.0001006 [-]
fsolar,3 = 0.0294 [-]
,3 = 0.9
fsolar,1 = 0.351 [-]
2 = 2.6 [micrometer]
,2 = 0.25
fIR,3 = 0.9996 [-]
= 0.8997
fIR,1 = 9.091 1026
fsolar,2 = 0.9706 [-]
3 = 100 [micrometer]
102
2
,3 = 0.1
fsolar,1 = 0.351 [-]
,1 = 0.2
fIR,2 = 0.0001006
fsolar,3 = 1 [-]
Ratio = 0.4875
P04 06
Equations
4.6 Calculation of solar absorptance as a function of angle of incidence.
function alpha/alphan ()
(1)
Equation 4.11.1
alpha/alphan = 1 1.5879 103 + 2.731 104 2 2.3026 105 3 + 9.0244 107 4
1.8000 108 5 + 1.7734 1010 6 6.9937 1013 7
(2)
end
(3)
Use 10 equally spaced intervals from Table 2.6.1. The appropriate wavelenghts (i.e., midpoints) are:
0.426, 0.508, 0.581, 0.653, 0.732, 0.822, 0.929, 1.080, 1.300, 1.9745. Reading reflectance values
at these wavelengths for curve C of Figure 4.8.2:
1 = 0.04;
2 = 0.08;
3 = 0.10;
4 = 0.07;
5 = 0.04
(4)
6 = 0.10;
7 = 0.14;
8 = 0.22;
9 = 0.28;
10 = 0.19
(5)
From Eqn 4.6.4

n = 1
Sum(i , i = 1, 10)
10
(6)
Use Equation 4.11.1 to find at angles of 30, 45 and 60 degrees.

30 = n alpha/alphan (30)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Solution
30 = 0.86 [-]
[4] = 0.07
45 = 0.85 [-]
[5] = 0.04
60 = 0.81 [-]
[6] = 0.1
n = 0.874
[7] = 0.14
103
[1] = 0.04
[8] = 0.22
[2] = 0.08
[9] = 0.28
[3] = 0.1
[10] = 0.19
P04 07a
Equations
4.7
Determine collector solar and IR radiation properties. This problem is best done in 4 parts.
function P lanck (, T )
C1 = C1#;
P lanck =
(1)
C2 := C2#
(2)
C1

C2
1
exp T
(3)
end P lanck
(4)
Subprogramemittance (T : )
(5)
T otal = sigma# T 4
R 100 [micrometer]
P lanck (, T ) Interpolate(Curve C Fig 4 8 2 , lambda , rho , lambda = ) d
0.01 [micrometer]
=
T otal
(6)
104
(7)
end emittance
a
(8)
What is the absorptance for solar radiation assuming the sun is a blackbody at 5777?
Tsun = 5777 [K]
(9)
4
T otal = sigma# Tsun
(10)
wavelength range 0.01 to 100

Z 100
E0.01to100 =
P lanck (, Tsun ) Interpolate(Curve C Fig 4 8 2 , lambda , rho , lambda = ) d
(11)
0.01
solar,0.01to100 = 1 E0.01to100 /total
(12)

Z 25
P lanck (lambda1, Tsun )Interpolate(Curve C Fig 4 8 2 , lambda , rho , lambda = lambda1) dLambda1(13
E0.041to25 =
0.041
solar,0.041to25 = 1 E0.041to25 /total
(14)
The energy beyond 25 micrometers is very small. The energy below 0.41 micrometers is about 14% of the total. It
isfortuitous that the two integrals give the same value to 3 significant figures.
Solution
solar,0.01to100 = 0.887
= 100 [micrometer]
solar,0.041to25 = 0.887
Lambda1 = 25 [micrometer]
Curve CF ig482
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
[micrometer]
0.01
0.41
0.4844
0.5195
0.5313
0.5547
0.6016
0.6367
0.6953
0.7773
0.8359
0.8711
0.9297
0.9883
1.012
1.21
1.309
0.04327
0.04327
0.05288
0.07692
0.09135
0.09615
0.09135
0.04808
0.03846
0.03846
0.0625
0.09615
0.1202
0.1346
0.1531
0.2343
0.2677
105

6
2
E0.01to100 = 7.139 10
W/m

T otal = 6.315 107 W/m2

E0.041to25 = 7.141 106 W/m2
Tsun = 5, 777 [K]
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
1.454
1.692
1.927
2.209
2.399
2.591
2.783
3.122
3.515
3.911
4.207
4.596
4.786
5.079
5.421
5.857
6.629
7
7.866
8.925
9.984
11.14
12.68
13.55
14.7
16.91
18.45
19.42
19.9
20.09
20.86
21.25
21.63
22.21
22.5
23.07
23.75
23.94
24.52
25
100
0.2819
0.2483
0.1859
0.1187
0.0898
0.09443
0.09428
0.1323
0.242
0.3901
0.4903
0.5522
0.5281
0.5901
0.6664
0.7187
0.7659
0.7933
0.8317
0.8606
0.8702
0.8846
0.8894
0.9086
0.9183
0.9135
0.9135
0.9086
0.899
0.9183
0.9135
0.9039
0.899
0.899
0.9086
0.9039
0.8846
0.8846
0.8846
0.8798
0.8798
106
Plot 1
107
P04 07b
Equations
4.7
C1 = C1#;
P lanck =
(1)
C2 := C2#
(2)
C1

C2
5 exp T
1
(3)
end P lanck
(4)
(5)
T otal = sigma# T 4
(6)
R 100 [micrometer]
=
0.01 [micrometer]

(7)
T otal
end emittance
b.
(8)
Repeat problem a but assume the solar radiation is distributed as in Table 2.6.1.
We will use 10 increments. The variable limit are the bounds of the bands from Table 2.6.1.
limit1 = .28;
limit2 = .47;
limit7 = .871;
limit8 = 1.012;
limit3 = .545;
limit4 = .617;
limit9 = 1.201;
limit5 = .691;
limit10 = 1.588;
limit11 = 5
duplicate i = 1, 10
R limiti+1
i =
limiti
(9)
(10)
(11)
Interpolate(Curve C Fig 4 8 2 , lambda , rho , lambda = i ) di

limiti+1 limiti
end
solar,b = 1
limit6 = .777
(12)
(13)
Sum(j , j = 1, 10)
10
(14)
Part a used a black body sun to estimate the solar absorptance as 0.887 whereas using the solar distribution of Table 2.6.1
the solar absorptance is estimated to be 0.876.
Part of this difference can be attributed to the different methods applied for integration.
Solution
solar,b = 0.876
108
P04 07c
Equations
4.7
C1 = C1#;
P lanck =
(1)
C2 := C2#
(2)
C1

C2
exp T
1
(3)
end P lanck
(4)
(5)
T otal = sigma# T 4
R 100 [micrometer]
0.01 [micrometer]
=
T otal
(6)
end emittance
(8)
(7)
What is the emittance for long-wave radiation at 325 K?
TIR = 325 [K]
(9)
4
T otalIR = sigma# TIR
(10)
T $ = Curve C Fig 4 8 2
(11)

Z 100
IR0.01to100 =
P lanck (lambda2, TIR ) Interpolate(T $, lambda , rho , lambda = lambda2) dLambda2(12)
0.01
IR,0.01to100 = 1 IR0.01to100 /totalIR
(13)

Z 25
IR0.041to25 =
P lanck (lambda3, TIR )Interpolate(T $, lambda , rho , lambda = lambda3) dLambda3(14)
0.041
IR,0.041to25 = 1 IR0.041to25 /totalIR
(15)
There is a very large difference between the two IR emittance values (0.376 vs 0.262) since about 14% of the energy is
beyond 25 micrometers.
Solution
109
IR,0.01to100 = 0.3755
TIR = 325 [K]
IR,0.041to25 = 0.2615
110

IR0.01to100 = 395 W/m2
T $ = Curve C Fig 4 8 2

2
IR0.041to25 = 467.1
W/m

T otalIR = 632.5 W/m2
P04 07d
Equations
4.7
C1 = C1#;
P lanck =
(1)
C2 := C2#
(2)
C1

C2
5 exp T
1
(3)
end P lanck
(4)
(5)
T otal = sigma# T 4
(6)
R 100 [micrometer]
=
0.01 [micrometer]

T otal
end emittance
(7)
(8)
d
Plot the emittance versus surface temperature for a range of temperatures from 300 K to 800 K.
Since EES has a limit on the number of integration variables that can be in the main program, an integral function is used.
duplicate k = 1, 11
(9)
TK = 250 + k 50
(10)
call Emittance (TK : k )
(11)
end
(12)
A second order curve fit does not fo a very good job. A third order does much better
epsilon[i]=-0.51218632 + 0.00637126087*T[i] - 0.0000106300682*T[i]2 + 5.39253381E-09*T[i]3
Solution
Arrays
Row
i
Ti
1
2
3
4
5
0.5821
0.654
0.6856
0.6931
0.6857
300
350
400
450
500
111
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.6689
0.6463
0.6205
0.5932
0.5655
0.5383
550
600
650
700
750
800
epsilon vs T
112
P05 01
Equations
Calculate the reflectance of one glass surface.
function r (n, 1 )
(1)
If(1<0 )or (1>180 ) then
(2)
r=0
(3)
else
(4)
If(1 = 0) then

r=
n1
n+1
(5)
2
(6)
else
(7)

2 = arcsin
rperp =
sin (1 )
n
sin (2 1 )
sin (2 + 1 )

(8)
(9)
rpar =
r=
tan (2 1 )
(10)
tan (2 + 1 )
rperp + rpar
2
(11)
endif
(12)
endif
(13)
end
(14)
knowns
n = 1.526;
a = 10;
ra = r (n, a ) ;
b = 30;
rb = r (n, b ) ;
c = 50;
d = 70
rc = r (n, c ) ;
(15)
rd = r (n, d )
Solution
n = 1.526
a = 10 [deg]
ra = 0.04338
b = 30 [deg]
rb = 0.04494
c = 50 [deg]
rc = 0.06147
d = 70 [deg]
113
rd = 0.1758
(16)
P05 02
Equations
Transmittance of three covers.
function (index, Nc , 1 )
(1)
If(1 < 0)or (1 > 180) then
(2)
=0
(3)
else
(4)
If(1 = 0) then

rperp =
(5)
index 1
index + 1
2
(6)
rpar = rperp
(7)
else
(8)

2 = arcsin
rperp =
sin (1 )
index
sin (2 1 )
sin (2 + 1 )

(9)
(10)
rpar =
tan (2 1 )
(11)
tan (2 + 1 )
endif
(12)

= 1/2
1 rpar
1 rperp
+
1 + (2 Nc 1) rpar
1 + (2 Nc 1) rperp
endif
(13)
(14)
end
(15)
knowns
n = 1.526;
Nc = 3;
a = (n, Nc , a ) ;
a = 10;
b = 70
b = (n, Nc , b ) ;
(16)
The results agree with Fig 5.1.3
Solution
n = 1.526
a = 10 [deg]
Nc = 3
b = 70 [deg]
a = 0.7862
b = 0.5326
114
(17)
P05 03
Equations
Transmittance of two covers at two angles.
function T ransIncAng (N cov, IncAng, KL, Ref rInd)

sin (IncAng)
Ref rAng = arcsin
Ref rInd
If(incAng 0) then
2

Ref rind 1
r=
;
Ref rind + 1
(1)
(2)
(3)
ref =
1r
1 + (2 N cov 1) r
(4)
else
(5)

rperp =

rpara =
sin (Ref rAng IncAng)

sin (Ref rAng + IncAng)
2
tan (Ref rAng IncAng)

tan (Ref rAng + IncAng)
(6)
2
(7)
perp =
1 rperp
1 + (2 N cov 1) rperp
(8)
para =
1 rpara
1 + (2 N cov 1) rpara
(9)
ref =
perp + para
2
(10)
endif
(11)

abs = exp N cov
KL
Cos(Ref rAng)

(12)
T ransIncAng = abs ref
(13)
end
(14)
Knowns
K = 20 [1/m] ;
L = 0.002 [mm] ;
Rindex = 1.526;
a = T ransIncAng (N, a , K L, Rindex) ;
N = 2;
a = 0 [deg] ;
b = 50 [deg]
b = T ransIncAng (N, b , K L, Rindex)
Solution
115
(15)
(16)
K = 20 [1/m]
a = 0.7814
L = 0.002 [mm]
b = 0.7446
N =2
a = 0 [deg]
Rindex = 1.526
b = 50 [deg]
116
P05 04
Equations
- product for two covers at two angles.
We will use SETP functions TransIncAng and Absn.
Knowns
N = 2;
a = 25;
b = 60;
KL = 0.037;
n = 0.96;
p = 0.96;
index = 1.526
(1)
From footnote 2 of Section 5.5

d = 0.22
(2)
Part a
a = T ransIncAng (N, a , KL, index)
(3)
a = n Abs/Absn (a )
(4)
T auAlphaP roducta =
a a
(1 (1 a ) d )
Eqn 5.5.1
(5)
Part b
b = T ransIncAng (N, b , KL, index)
(6)
b = n Abs/Absn (b )
(7)
T auAlphaP roductb =
b b
(1 (1 b ) d )
Eqn 5.5.1
(8)
Solution
a = 0.9475
index = 1.526
T auAlphaP roducta = 0.750
a = 25 [deg]
b = 0.8922
KL = 0.037
T auAlphaP roductb = 0.634
b = 60 [deg]
117
n = 0.96
N =2
a = 0.7828
p = 0.96
d = 0.22
b = 0.6936
P05 05
Equations
Estimate transmittance for diffuse sky and ground reflected radiation
We will use the SETP functions IncAngEffGrRef, IncAngEffDiff and TransIncAng
Knowns
N = 1;
KL = 0.037;
index = 1.526;
slopea = 45;
slopeb = 90
(1)
Part a
angleg,a = IncAngEf f GrRef (Slopea )
(2)
angled,a = IncAngEf f Dif f (Slopea )
(3)

g,a = T ransIncAng N, angleg,a , KL, index
(4)

d,a = T ransIncAng N, angled,a , KL, index
(5)
Part a
angleg,b = IncAngEf f GrRef (Slopeb )
(6)
angled,b = IncAngEf f Dif f (Slopeb )
(7)

= T ransIncAng N, angleg,b , KL, index
(8)

d,b = T ransIncAng N, angled,b , KL, index
(9)
g,b
Solution
angled,a = 56.49 [deg]
KL = 0.037
d,b = 0.81
angled,b = 59.33 [deg]

N =1
g,a = 0.70
angleg,a = 69.45 [deg]

slopea = 45
g,b = 0.81
118
angleg,b = 59.81 [deg]

slopeb = 90
index = 1.526
d,a = 0.83
P05 06
Equations

sin (IncAng)
Ref rAng = arcsin
Ref rInd
(1)
(2)
If(incAng 0) then

r=
(3)
Ref rind 1
Ref rind + 1
2
;
ref =
1r
1 + (2 N cov 1) r
(4)
else
(5)

rperp =

rpara =

2

(6)
2
(7)
perp =
1 rperp
(8)
para =
1 rpara
(9)
ref =
perp + para
2
(10)
endif
(11)

T ransIncAng = exp N cov
KL
Cos(Ref rAng)

ref
(12)
end
N = 1;
(13)
L = 0.002;
K = 10;
Angle = 58;
a = T ransIncAng (N, angle, K L, indexa ) ;
indexa = 1.6;
indexb = 1.40
Knowns
b = T ransIncAng (N, angle, K L, indexb )
Solution
Angle = 58
indexa = 1.6
indexb = 1.4
K = 10
119
L = 0.002
N =1
a = 0.819
b = 0.865
(14)
(15)
P05 07
Equations
Calculate transmittance and compare exact and approximate methods.

sin (IncAng)
Ref rAng = arcsin
Ref rInd
(1)
(2)
If(incAng 0) then

r=
(3)
Ref rind 1
Ref rind + 1
2
;
ref =
1r
1 + (2 N cov 1) r
(4)
else
(5)

rperp =

rpara =

2

(6)
2
(7)
perp =
1 rperp
(8)
para =
1 rpara
(9)
ref =
perp + para
2
(10)
endif
(11)

abs = exp N cov
KL
Cos(Ref rAng)

(12)
(13)
end
(14)
Knowns
L = 0.0025;
K = 25;
= 55;
index = 1.526;
N1 = 1;
120
N2 = 2
(15)
Part a - single surface

sin ()
2 = arcsin
Index

rP erp =

rP ar =
r=
sin (2 )
sin (2 + )
tan (2 )
tan (2 + )
(16)
2
(17)
2
(18)
rP erp + rP ar
2
(19)
Part b using the approximate method

1 = T ransIncAng (N1 , , K L, index)
(20)
Part c using the approximate method

2 = T ransIncAng (N2 , , K L, index)
(21)
Part d - calculate single cover transmittance by the exact method

L
Abs = exp K
Eqn 5.2.2
Cos(2 )
!

1 rP2 erp
1 rP erp
P erp = Abs
Eqn 5.3.1
2
1 + rP erp
1 (rP erp Abs )

P ar = Abs
1 rP ar
1 + rP ar
110 xact =
P ar + P erp
2
(23)
1 rP2 ar
1 (rP ar Abs )
(22)
Eqn 5.3.1
(24)
(25)
The two methods of calculation differ by 0.001 out of 0.808 or a little more than 0.1%
Solution
index = 1.526
rP ar = 0.0003372
P ar = 0.928
K = 25
rP erp = 0.1472
P erp = 0.6883
L = 0.0025
1 = 0.809
= 55 [deg]
N1 = 1
1Exact = 0.808
2 = 32.47 [deg]
121
N2 = 2
2 = 0.686
r = 0.074
Abs = 0.9286
P05 08
Equations
Estimate absorbed radiation for an inclined collector.

sin (IncAng)
Ref rAng = arcsin
Ref rInd
(1)
(2)
If(incAng 0) then

r=
(3)
Ref rind 1
Ref rind + 1
2
;
ref =
1r
1 + (2 N cov 1) r
(4)
else
(5)

rperp =

rpara =

2

(6)
2
(7)
perp =
1 rperp
(8)
para =
1 rpara
(9)
ref =
perp + para
2
(10)
endif
(11)

abs = exp N cov
KL
Cos(Ref rAng)

(12)
(13)
end
(14)
Knowns
N = 1;
KL = 0.037;

IbT = 4.1 MJ/m2 ;
index = 1.526;

Id = 0.4 MJ/m2 ;
b = 25 [deg] ;
= 25 [deg] ;
122
= 0.95;
g = 0.2

I = 3 MJ/m2
(15)
(16)
For the beam radiataion

(17)
From Figure 5.4.1 at 45 degrees or Eqn 5.4.2

d = 57
(18)
d = T ransIncAng (N, d , KL, index)
(19)
From Figure 5.4.1 at 45 degrees or Eqn 5.4.1

g = 69
(20)
g = T ransIncAng (N, g , KL, index)
(21)
From Equation 5.2.2

T auAlphab = 1.01 b
(22)
T auAlphad = 1.01 d
(23)
T auAlphag = 1.01 g
(24)
From Equation 5.9.1

Sb = IbT T auAlphab
Sd = Id T auAlphad
(25)
1 + Cos()
2
Sg = g I T auAlphag
(26)
1 Cos()
2
(27)
S = Sb + Sd + Sg
(28)
Solution
g = 0.2
= 25 [deg]

Id = 0.4 MJ/m2

S = 3.787 MJ/m2

I = 3 MJ/m2
KL = 0.037

Sb = 3.467 MJ/m2
index = 1.526
N =1

Sd = 0.3014 MJ/m2

Sg = 0.01906 MJ/m2
b = 0.8812
d = 57 [deg]
T auAlphab = 0.8455
d = 0.824
g = 69
T auAlphad = 0.7906
g = 0.7068
T auAlphag = 0.6781
b = 25 [deg]
= 0.95

IbT = 4.1 MJ/m2
123
P05 09
Equations
Estimate absorbed radiation for a collector.
We will use EES SETP functions TransIncAng, Absn , and IDIF F
Knowns
Lat = 48;
= 63;

Io = 1.58 MJ/m2 ;
a
b = 36.2;
n = 1;
Zenith = 71.5;
Index = 1.526;
g = 0.4;
n = 0.955
KL = 0.013;

I = 1.03 MJ/m2
(1)
(2)
For beam radiation
(3)
b = n Abs/Absn (b )
(4)
Need diffuse reflectance of the cover for use in Equation 5.5.1. The equivalent diffuse angle from Figure 5.4.1 is 59 degrees.
Note that this is NOT the same angle as required for the diffuse radiation in part b.
d59 = T ransIncAng (N, 59, KL, index)
T auAlphad59 =
(5)
d59
T ransIncAng (n, 59, KL, 1)
(6)
5.3.4
d59 = T auAlphad59 d59
(7)
5.3.6
T auAlphab = b
b
1 (1 b ) d59
(8)
Using Equation 5.5.2, TauAlphab =1.01* b *b =0.853 rather than 0.845
124
For the diffuse radiation
The equivalent angle for diffuse sky radiation on a collector sloped at an angle of 63 degrees is 57 from Fig 5.4.1.
d = 57
(9)
d = T ransIncAng (n, d , KL, index)
(10)
d = n Abs/Absn (d )
(11)
d
T auAlphad = d
1 (1 d ) d59
(12)
Using Equation 5.5.2, TauAlphad =1.01* d *d =0.772 rather than 0.766

c
For the ground reflected radiation
The equivalent angle for ground reflected radiation on a collector sloped at an angle of 63 degrees is 64 from Fig 5.4.1.
g = 64
(13)
g = T ransIncAng (n, g , KL, index)
(14)
g = n Abs/Absn (g )
(15)
g
T auAlphag = g
1 (1 d ) d59
(16)
The absorbed solar radiation
kT = I/Io
Id = I IDIF F/I (kT ) ;
Rb =
(17)
Ib = I Id
(18)
Cos(b )
Cos(Zenith)
(19)
Using Equation 5.9.1, the diffuse sky model:

Sb = T auAlphab Ib Rb
(20)
1 + Cos()
2
1 Cos()
Sg = T auAlphag I g
2
S = Sb + Sd + Sg
Sd = T auAlphad Id
(21)
(22)
(23)
Using Equation 5.9.2, the HDKR sky model, the results are S=1.99 rather than 1.75. This difference results from the
choice of sky models and more than offsets ifferences resulting from choosing Equation 5.5.2 to evaluate TauAlpha.
Ai = Ib /Io
p
f = Ib /I
(24)
Sbh = T auAlphab Rb (Ib + Id Ai )

1 + Cos()
3
Sdh = T auAlphad Id (1 Ai ) 1 + f (sin (/2))
2
1 Cos()
Sgh = T auAlphag I g
2
Sh = Sbh + Sdh + Sgh
(26)
(25)
Solution
125
(27)
(28)
(29)
b = 0.937
Ai = 0.4369
Index = 1.526
KL = 0.013
d = 0.9009
= 63 [deg]

Ib = 0.6903 MJ/m2
kT = 0.652
g = 0.8642
f = 0.8186

Id = 0.3397 MJ/m2
Lat = 48 [deg]
d59 = 0.021

Sh = 1.99 MJ/m2

Sdh = 0.12 MJ/m2
g = 0.4
Rb = 2.543

Sb = 1.48 MJ/m2

Sg = 0.07734 MJ/m2

Sbh = 1.80 MJ/m2

Sgh = 0.08 MJ/m2
T auAlphad = 0.766
d = 0.848
d = 57 [deg]
T auAlphad59 = 0.857
d59 = 0.836
g = 64 [deg]
T auAlphag = 0.6876
g = 0.7939
Zenith = 71.5 [deg]
126
n = 0.955

I = 1.03 MJ/m2
Io = 1.58 MJ/m2
n=1

S = 1.75 MJ/m2

Sd = 0.1891 MJ/m2
T auAlphab = 0.843
b = 0.899
b = 36.2 [deg]
P05 10
Equations
Determine a months absorbed radiation.
We will use EES SETP functions TransIncAng, Abs/Absn and HDIF F BAR /HBAR.
Knowns
Lat = 43;
slope = 90;
n = 1;
, Index = 1.526;
KL = 0.013;
g = 0.6;
n = 0.93
(1)
(From Appendix G)
= 6.44;
H
t = 0.47
K
(2)
First need to find average for the three components.

For beam radiation:
b = 40
(3)
b = T ransIncAng (n, b , KL, Index)
(4)
b = n Abs/Absn (b )
(5)
Need d of the cover for use in Equation 5.5.1. The equivalent diffuse angle from Figure 5.4.1 is 59 degrees -&
this is generally NOT the same angle as required for the diffuse sky radiation.
d59 = T ransIncAng (n, 59, KL, Index)
T auAlphad59 =
d59

T auAlphab = b
(6)
Eqn 5.3.4
Eqn 5.3.6
(7)
(8)
b
1 (1 b ) d59
(9)
For the diffuse radiation:

d = 59
(10)
The equivalent angle for diffuse sky radiation on a vertical collector is 59 from Fig 5.4.1 the same angle as used in some calculations in part a.
d = d59
(11)
127
d = n Abs/Absn (d )
T auAlphad = d
(12)
d
1 (1 d ) d59
(13)
For the ground reflected radiation:

From Fig 5.4.1 the equivalent angle for ground reflected radiation on a vertical collector is
exactly the same as for diffuse sky radiation.
T auAlphag = T auAlphad
(14)
Need to break total into beam and diffuse - use Erbs correlation for winter - i.e. s is less than 81.4 - use 50

d = H
Hdif f Bar/HBar Lat, n, K
T
H
(15)
b = H
H
d
H
(16)
b = 2.62
R
(17)
a)
From Figure 2.19.1d
The absorbed solar radiation components using Equation 5.10.2, the diffuse sky model.
b R
b
Sb = T auAlphab H
(18)
d 1 + Cos(slope)
Sd = T auAlphad H
2
(19)
g 1 Cos(slope)
Sg = T auAlphag H
2
(20)
b)
The total radiation
S = Sb + Sd + Sg
c)
(21)
T
The average transmittance-absorptance product: Need to find H
bT = H
b R
b
H
(22)
dT = H
d 1 + Cos(slope)
H
2
(23)
gT = H
g 1 Cos(slope)
H
2
(24)
T = H
bT + H
dT + H
gT
H
(25)
H
T
T auAlpha
= S/
(26)
Solution
b = 0.9102

b = 3.727 MJ/m2
H

gT = 1.932 MJ/m2
H
t = 0.47
K
g = 0.6

Sb = 7.97 MJ/m2
T auAlpha
= 0.7941
b = 0.8951
d = 59 [deg]

= 6.44 MJ/m2
H

dT = 1.357 MJ/m2
H
KL = 0.013
d59 = 0.02137

S = 10.37 MJ/m2
d = 0.869

bT = 9.765 MJ/m2
H

T = 13.05 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 43 [deg]
b = 2.62
R

Sd = 0.9881 MJ/m2
n = 0.93

d = 2.713 MJ/m2
H
Index = 1.526
n=1
slope = 90 [deg]

Sg = 1.407 MJ/m2
T auAlphab = 0.8163
T auAlphad = 0.7284
d = 0.8358
d59 = 0.8358
T auAlphag = 0.7284
b = 40 [deg]
128
P05 11
Equations
Transmittance of cover with wavelength-dependent properties
function P lanck(, T )
P lanck =
5 exp
(1)
C1#

C2#
T
(2)
end
(3)
Although only two temperatures were requested, 12 temperatures are evaluated, including 45 C and 145 C.
A plot shows the source temperature dependence of the IR transmittance.
At 318 K, 95% of the blackbody radiation is between 5.22and 33.3 micrometers.
At 418 K, 95% of the blackbody radiation is between 4.0 and 25.4 micrometers.
Therefore, at a minimum, the tedlar transmittances needs to cover the range from 4 to 33 micrometers.
However, Figure 5.7.2 only covers the range out to 15 mircometers. The transmittance beyond 15 will be assumed to be 0.8.
The free program, Plot Digitizer, was used to generate the Lookup table.
duplicate i = 1, 12
(4)
T C i = 5 + (i 1) 50
(5)
Ti = ConvertTemp(C, K, T C i )
R 100
P lanck(, Ti ) Interpolate1(tau vs lambda , lambda , tau , lambda = ) d
i = 2.5
sigma# Ti4
(6)
end
(7)
(8)
Note that at 45 C and 145 C the transmittances are nearly the same
Arrays
129
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ti
[K]
268.2
318.2
368.2
418.2
468.2
518.2
568.2
618.2
668.2
718.2
768.2
818.2
i
[-]
0.670
0.649
0.645
0.651
0.663
0.676
0.689
0.700
0.707
0.709
0.708
0.705
T Ci
[C]
-5
45
95
145
195
245
295
345
395
445
495
545
tau vs lambda
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
[micrometer]
2.5
2.823
2.857
3.064
3.373
3.399
3.509
3.856
4.062
4.235
4.475
4.751
5.06
5.371
5.921
6.301
6.919
7.018
7.185
7.293
7.533
7.605
7.71
7.917
8.018
8.12
8.294
8.675
8.804
9.011
9.181
9.492
9.767
10.08
10.36
0.9726
0.9725
0.8903
0.9175
0.8489
0.2529
0.7598
0.9103
0.8554
0.9169
0.8483
0.9235
0.8479
0.9231
0.8475
0.9226
0.799
0.4839
0.1207
0.4769
0.3877
0.6205
0.7643
0.7368
0.5997
0.4901
0.6612
0.7638
0.1746
0.2019
0.05114
0.1332
0.09191
0.3109
0.4272
130
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
10.84
11.18
11.63
11.84
11.94
12.42
12.56
12.67
12.88
13.12
13.36
13.84
14.12
14.67
14.98
15
100
0.4681
0.4062
0.543
0.3648
0.1455
0.3165
0.5425
0.789
0.8231
0.8024
0.8708
0.7883
0.8224
0.781
0.774
0.8
0.8
tau vs lambda
tau vs T
131
P05 12
Equations
Energy absorbed in a room for a month
We will use EES SETP functions TransIncAng, abs/absn and HdiffBar/H.

This is essentially the same as Problem 5.10.
Knowns
Lat = 43;
slope = 90;
= 6.44;
H
kt = 0.47
n = 2;
Index = 1.526;
KL = 0.0125;
g = 0.7;
n = 0.92
From Appendix G for January
(1)
(2)
First need to find average for the three components.

For beam radiation:
b = 40
(3)
b = T ransIncAng (n, b , KL, Index)
(4)
b = n Abs/Absn (b )
(5)
Need d of the cover for use in Equation 5.5.1. The equivalent diffuse angle from Figure 5.4.1 is 59 degrees this is generally NOT the same angle as required for the diffuse sky radiation.
d59 = T ransIncAng (n, 59, KL, Index)
T auAlphad59 =
d59

T auAlphab = b
(6)
Eqn 5.3.4
Eqn 5.3.6
(7)
(8)
b
1 (1 b ) d59
(9)
For the diffuse radiation:

d = 59
(10)
The equivalent angle for diffuse sky radiation on a vertical collector is 59 from Fig 5.4.1 the same angle as used in some calculations in part a.
d = d59
(11)
132
d = n Abs/Absn (d )
T auAlphad = d
(12)
d
1 (1 d ) d59
(13)
For the ground reflected radiation:

From Fig 5.4.1 the equivalent angle for ground reflected radiation on a vertical collector is
exactly the same as for diffuse sky radiation.
T auAlphag = T auAlphad
(14)
Need to break total into beam and diffuse - use Erbs correlation for winter - i.e. s is less than 81.4 - use 50

d = H
Hdif f Bar/HBar Lat, n, K
T
H
(15)
b = H
H
d
H
(16)
b = 2.62
R
(17)
a)
From Figure 2.19.1d
The absorbed solar radiation components using Equation 5.10.2, the diffuse sky model.
b R
b
Sb = T auAlphab H
(18)
d 1 + Cos(slope)
Sd = T auAlphad H
2
(19)
g 1 Cos(slope)
Sg = T auAlphag H
2
(20)
b)
The total radiation
S = Sb + Sd + Sg
c)
(21)
T
The average transmittance-absorptance product: Need to find H
bT = H
b R
b
H
(22)
dT = H
d 1 + Cos(slope)
H
2
(23)
gT = H
g 1 Cos(slope)
H
2
(24)
T = H
bT + H
dT + H
gT
H
(25)
H
T
T auAlpha
= S/
(26)
Solution
b = 0.9004

b = 3.727 MJ/m2
H

gT = 2.254 MJ/m2
H
kt = 0.47
g = 0.7

Sb = 7.19 MJ/m2
T auAlpha
= 0.7111
b = 0.8144
d = 59 [deg]
d = 0.8597

bT = 9.765 MJ/m2
H

T = 13.38 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 43 [deg]
b = 2.62
R

Sd = 0.87 MJ/m2
n = 0.92

d = 2.713 MJ/m2
H
Index = 1.526
n=2
T auAlphad = 0.6436
d = 0.7448
d59 = 0.7448
slope = 90 [deg]

Sg = 1.45 MJ/m2
133

= 6.44 MJ/m2
H

dT = 1.357 MJ/m2
H
KL = 0.0125
d59 = 0.03704

S = 9.51 MJ/m2
T auAlphab = 0.736
T auAlphag = 0.6436
b = 40 [deg]
P05 13
Equations
5.13 Daily solar absorbed by a collector.
We will use the SETP EES functions as much as possible.
The Boulder-Week data does not indicate whether it is based on clock time or solar time. If we assume time is clock
time we find that kT exceeds 1.0 at 4:30 pm. If we plot Ih versus clock time we see that the data is not symmetrical around
solar noon on the 10th and 14th, the two clear days (See Plot 1). However, for Boulder (meridian = standard meridian) solar
time minus clock time is -6.7 minutes (i.e., -1.68 degrees of hour angle) ,which is both small and in the wrong direction.
Looking at Plot 1, we need to shift the hour angle by about +5 degrees (about +20 minutes) . Finally, the peak radiation
between 11 and 12 on the 13th has a kT of 0.97 which is very high. The conclusion is that this data is not very good. We
will add a time shift of +20 minutes in order to solve this problem. .
knowns
n = 0.85;
KL = 0.031;
Ref rInd = 1.526;
lat = 40 [deg] ;
M onth = 1;
Day = 10;
Long = 105 [deg] ;
Surf AzAng = 0;
g = 0.6;
shif t = 5 [deg]
nCov = 1(1)
(2)
a) we will use 4 parametric tables, one for each slope.

nday = nDay (M onth, Day)
slope = Stringval(T ableN ame$)
(3)
Note the use of the TableName# function to determine the slope
(4)
The Boulder data starts at 1am on Jan 8

LookU pRow = (Day 8) 24 + T ableRun# + 7
Row 1 in LookTable starts at 8am of Day.
hour = Lookup(Boulder Week , LookU pRow, hour ) 0.5 [hr]
134
(5)
Start at midpoint of hour between 7 and 8am .(6)
HrAng = (hour 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr] Shif t
here we used the empirically found Shift
(7)
CosT heta = cosIncAng (Lat, nDay, HrAng, Slope, Surf AzAng)
(8)
= arccos (CosT heta)
(9)
= n abs/absn ()
(10)

MJ
Ih = Lookup(Boulder Week , LookU pRow, I ) 0.001
kJ
(11)
I0 = IZero, (nDay, lat, HrAng 7.5deg , HrAng + 7.5 [deg])
(12)
kT = Ih /I0
(13)
Id = Ih Idif f /I (kT )
(14)
IT = IT,HDKR, (Ih , Lat, nDay, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
This function uses Eqns 2.10.1 and 2.16.7 (15)
ST = ST,HDKR, (Ih , lat, nDay, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng, Ncov , KL, Ref rInd, n )
(16)
The general shape of ST and IT versus hour angle are similar. For this day the values at slopes 60 and 75 degrees are nearly
equal.
b) the average transmittance-absorptance.
taave = ST /IT
(17)
In the range of greatest importance (e.g.,3 hours before and after noon) the values differ by about 10% . Early in the morning
and late in the afternoon the values drops considerably.
c) addition of a second cover. We added a column in Parametric table 45 for the absorbed solar radiation with two
covers.
We have added a sum column option under the main menu Options/Preferences.
slope2 = 45
(18)
ncov,2 = 2
(19)
ST,2 = ST,HDKR, (Ih , lat, nDay, slope2 , Surf AzAng, g , HrAng, Ncov,2 , KL, Ref rInd, n )
(20)
The absorbed radiation for one cover was 17.6 MJ/m2 and for two covers was 15.6 MJ/m2. Although the absorbed radiation
was reduced the thermal losses will also be reduced. It is not possible to tell if the second cover is appropriate
d) Use a higher absorptance black paint absorber surface.
black = 0.96
(21)
ST,black = ST,HDKR, (Ih , lat, nDay, slope, Surf AzAng, g , HrAng, Ncov , KL, Ref rInd, black )
(22)
The black absorber had an absorbed solar of 19.8 MJ/m2 whereas the selective surface had an absorber radiation value of
17.6 MJ/m2. Again it is not possible to to tell if this increased absorbed solar radiation more than offsets the increase in IR
radiation losses that will occur with the flat black absorber. We need information from Chapter 6 to fully answer parts c and
d.
30
135
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
hour
[hr]
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
HrAng
[deg]
-72.5
-57.5
-42.5
-27.5
-12.5
2.5
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
[deg]
77.9
64.8
52.6
41.9
34.3
32.1
36.3
45.2
56.5
69.1
82.4
kT
[-]
0.640
0.592
0.734
0.799
0.789
0.790
0.786
0.747
0.643
0.471
0.400
hour
[hr]
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
HrAng
[deg]
-72.5
-57.5
-42.5
-27.5
-12.5
2.5
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
[deg]
71.9
58.1
44.5
31.6
20.9
17.2
24.0
35.8
49.0
62.7
76.6
kT
[-]
0.640
0.592
0.734
0.799
0.789
0.790
0.786
0.747
0.643
0.471
0.400
hour
[hr]
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
HrAng
[deg]
-72.5
-57.5
-42.5
-27.5
-12.5
2.5
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
[deg]
67.0
53.4
39.6
25.7
11.8
3.1
16.5
30.3
44.2
58.0
71.5
kT
[-]
0.640
0.592
0.734
0.799
0.789
0.790
0.786
0.747
0.643
0.471
0.400
hour
[hr]
7.5
8.5
HrAng
[deg]
-72.5
-57.5
[deg]
63.7
51.4
kT
[-]
0.640
0.592
Id
MJ/m2
0.012
0.191
0.208
0.259
0.297
0.308
0.286
0.251
0.269
0.147
0.003
Ih 2
MJ/m
0.033
0.419
1.047
1.570
1.805
1.872
1.733
1.352
0.775
0.205
0.004
Id
MJ/m2
0.012
0.191
0.208
0.259
0.297
0.308
0.286
0.251
0.269
0.147
0.003
Ih 2
MJ/m
0.033
0.419
1.047
1.570
1.805
1.872
1.733
1.352
0.775
0.205
0.004
Id
MJ/m2
0.012
0.191
0.208
0.259
0.297
0.308
0.286
0.251
0.269
0.147
0.003
Ih 2
MJ/m
0.033
0.419
1.047
1.570
1.805
1.872
1.733
1.352
0.775
0.205
0.004
Id
MJ/m2
0.012
0.191
Ih 2
MJ/m
0.033
0.419
0.60
0.76
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.84
0.83
0.83
0.80
0.73
0.46
IT 2
MJ/m
0.008
1.016
2.193
2.987
3.282
3.371
3.183
2.618
1.610
0.446
0.003
ST 2
MJ/m
0.005
0.608
1.519
2.166
2.409
2.480
2.330
1.880
1.078
0.250
0.002
taave
[-]
0.625
0.599
0.692
0.725
0.734
0.736
0.732
0.718
0.670
0.561
0.658
IT 2
MJ/m
0.009
1.242
2.598
3.467
3.771
3.864
3.665
3.052
1.911
0.539
0.003
ST 2
MJ/m
0.006
0.821
1.870
2.551
2.799
2.877
2.714
2.234
1.347
0.339
0.002
taave
[-]
0.625
0.661
0.720
0.736
0.742
0.745
0.740
0.732
0.705
0.628
0.658
IT 2
MJ/m
0.011
1.398
2.852
3.747
4.044
4.138
3.938
3.310
2.105
0.606
0.003
ST 2
MJ/m
0.007
0.963
2.076
2.770
3.017
3.092
2.931
2.436
1.512
0.401
0.002
taave
[-]
0.635
0.689
0.728
0.739
0.746
0.747
0.744
0.736
0.718
0.662
0.657
IT 2
MJ/m
0.012
1.473
ST 2
MJ/m
0.008
1.028
taave
[-]
0.644
0.698
45
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.70
0.80
0.83
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.78
0.62
60
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.75
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.80
0.70
75
Run
1
2
136
0.77
0.82
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
-42.5
-27.5
-12.5
2.5
17.5
32.5
47.5
62.5
77.5
39.2
27.3
17.0
13.1
20.1
31.2
43.3
55.5
67.7
0.734
0.799
0.789
0.790
0.786
0.747
0.643
0.471
0.400
0.208
0.259
0.297
0.308
0.286
0.251
0.269
0.147
0.003
1.047
1.570
1.805
1.872
1.733
1.352
0.775
0.205
0.004
Plot 1
IT vs Omega
137
0.83
0.84
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.74
2.936
3.808
4.083
4.172
3.982
3.375
2.178
0.640
0.003
2.138
2.807
3.032
3.104
2.951
2.479
1.567
0.433
0.002
0.728
0.737
0.743
0.744
0.741
0.734
0.720
0.676
0.656
ST vs omega
taave vs omega
138
P06 01
Equations
function UT op,Klein, (Tpl , Tamb , Slope, W indCoef f , Emitt, N cov)
If Unitsystem(SI ) then
(1)
(2)
If Unitsystem(C ) then
(3)
T $ = C
(4)
Tpl0 = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tpl )
(5)
Tamb0 = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tamb )
(6)
else
(7)
T $ = K
(8)
Tpl0 = Tpl
(9)
Tamb0 = Tamb
(10)
endif
(11)
else
(12)
call Error(Units must be set to SI to use the function U TOP klein. Your plate temperature is xxxF1 R or F. , Tpl )(13)
endif
(14)
2

f = 1 + 0.089 m K/W W indCoef f 0.1166m2 K/W W indCoef f Emitt (1 + 0.07866 N cov) (15)

[K]
e = 0.430 1 100
Tpl0
(16)
If Slope < 70 then
(17)
slope0 = Slope
(18)
else
(19)
slope0 = 70
(20)
endif
(21)

c = 520 1 0.000051 1/deg2 slope02
(22)
139
w=
Tpl0 Tamb0
N cov + f
(23)
If w 0 then w0 = 0.1 else w0 = w

e
x = (w0 ) c/Tpl0
(24)
(25)
2
2
y = sigma# (Tpl0 + Tamb0 ) Tpl
0 + Tamb0
(26)

1 2 N cov + f 1 + 0.133 Emitt
N cov
+
z = Emitt + 0.00591 m2 K/W N cov W indCoef f
0.88

1
UT op,Klein,= 1 m2 K/W N cov/x + 1/W indCoef f
+
y
z [W/m2 K]
(27)
(28)
end
(29)
Calculation of top loss coefficient for flat-plate collector

Knowns. Note that the slope used in Figure 6.4.4 is 45.
Slope = 45 [deg] ;
b = 0.1;
a)
a = 0.95;
Tamb,b = 40 [C] ;
Tamb,a = 10 [C] ;
Tpl,b = 100 [C] ;
Tpl,a = 60 [C] ;

hw,a = 5 W/m2 K ;

hw,b = 20 W/m2 K ;
Ncov,b = 1
Ncov,a = 2(30)
(31)
Non-selective black absorber
Ut,a = UT op,Klein, (Tpl,a , Tamb,a , Slope, hw,a , a , Ncov,a )
(32)
From Fig 6.4.4a Ut,a =3.0

b)
Selective absorber
Ut,b = UT op,Klein, (Tpl,b , Tamb,b , Slope, hw,b , b , Ncov,b )
(33)
FromFig 6.4.4f Ut,b =4.1
Solution
a = 0.95
Ncov,b = 1
Tpl,b = 100 [C]
b = 0.1
Slope = 45 [deg]

Ut,a = 3.03 W/m2 -K

hw,a = 5 W/m2 -K
Tamb,a = 10 [C]

Ut,b = 3.78 W/m2 -K
140

hw,b = 20 W/m2 -K
Tamb,b = 40 [C]
Ncov,a = 2
Tpl,a = 60 [C]
P06 02
Equations
Calculation of overall loss coefficient for flat-plate collector.
We could use the SETP EES functions but we will do this in detail.
Knowns. The temperature units are set to C so we need to be careful where K is needed.
Tplate = 100 [C] ;
W indSp = 6.5;
Tamb = 25 [C] ;
plate = 0.11;
kIns = 0.034 [W/m K] ;
P lateSpacing = 0.025 [m] ;

HouseV ol = 300 m3 ;
InsulT hick = 0.070 [m] ;
glass = 0.88
Slope = 43 [deg] ;
= sigma#;
(1)
Patm = 101.3 [kPa]
Tdp = 20 [C] ;
Wind heat transfer coefficient from Equation 3.15.9

W indSp.6
hwind = max 5, 8.6
HouseV ol0.4/3
T ime = 12 [hr]
(2)
(3)
(4)
Sky temp from Equation 3.9.2

.25
2
Tsky = Tamb 0.711 + 0.0056 Tdp + 0.000073 Tdp
+ 0.013 Cos(15 time)
(5)
Tsky,K = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tsky )
(6)
Back loss from Equation 6.4.10

Ub = kIns/InsulT hick
(7)
Qback = Ub (TP late Tamb )
(8)
Use Equation 3.11.4 to determine the heat transfer coefficient between absorber and cover.
Tplate,K = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tplate )
(9)
Tcover,K = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tcover )
(10)
Tplate + Tcover
T =
2
(11)
141
k = k Air, T = T
(12)
1

v Air, T = T, P = Patm

Air, T = T
=

J

Cp = cp Air, T = T 1000
kJ
=
(13)
(14)
(15)
k
Cp
(16)
T = Tplate Tcover
(17)
P lateSpacing 3

ConvertTemp C, K, T
!

1.6
sin (1.8 Slope)
1708
1 1708
max 0, 1
Ra Cos(Slope)
Ra Cos(Slope)
Ra = g# T
(18)
a = 1.44
(19)

b = max 0,
Cos(Slope)
Ra
5830
1/3
(20)
N usselt = 1 + a + b
(21)
N usselt = hcp,c P lateSpacing/k
(22)
Use Equation 6.4.1 for losses from absorber to cover glass.

Qtop = hcp,c (Tplate Tcover ) +
4
4
Tplate,K
Tcover,K
1/plate + 1/glass 1
(23)
Equation 6.4.2 for losses from glass to surroundings

4
4
Qtop = hwind (Tcover Tamb ) + glass Tcover,K
Tsky,K
(24)
The definition of an overall loss coefficient is:

Qtop + Qback = UL (Tplate Tcover )
(25)
Solution
a = 1.307
T = 60.01 [C]
HouseV ol = 300 m3
kIns = 0.034 [W/m-K]
Patm = 101.3
[kPa]

= 1.028 kg/m3
Tamb = 25 [C]
Tdp = 20 [C]
Tsky,K = 297.1 [K]

= 0.0000278 m2 /s
glass = 0.88

2
hwind = 12.36 W/m
2 -K
= 0.00001995 m /s
2
Qback = 36.43 W/m

8
= 5.670 10
W/m2 -K4
T = 70 [C]
Tplate = 100 [C]

Ub = 0.4857 W/m2 -K
142
b = 0.8231
plate = 0.11
InsulT hick = 0.07 [m]
N usselt = 3.13
[-]
Qtop = 276.4 W/m2
Slope = 43 [deg]
Tcover = 39.99 [C]
Tplate,K = 373.2 [K]

UL = 5.214 W/m2 -C
Cp = 1, 007 [J/kg-K]

hcp,c = 3.606 W/m2 -K
k = 0.02881 [W/m-K]
P lateSpacing = 0.025 [m]
Ra = 48, 304
T ime = 12 [hr]
Tcover,K = 313.1 [K]
Tsky = 23.93 [C]
W indSp = 6.5 [m/s]
P06 03
Equations
We will use the $If directive to solve for parts a and b. Comment out one of the following two equations:
P art$ = a
(1)
Part a, Verfication of convective heat transport shown in Figure 6.4.3(a).

$UnitSystem SI kPa K kJ
Knowns
Tplate = 100;
Ta = 10;
P lateSpacing = 0.025;
T K plate = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tplate );

plate = 0.95;
Slope = 45;
glass = 0.88;
Tsky = Ta
T K a = ConvertTemp(C, K, Ta );
= sigma#;
hwind = 10;
g = g#
(2)
T K sky = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tsky )(3)

(4)
Heat transfer from absorber to cover glass:

$IF Part$=a then
N u# = N uF latP late (Slope, T K cover , T K plate , P lateSpacing)
(5)
$Else
= (AIR, T = T K ave , P = 101.3)
=
(6)
(AIR, T = T K ave )
(7)

J
Cp = cp (AIR, T = T K ave ) 1000
kJ
=
(8)
k/Cp
(9)
Ra = g (1/T K ave ) (T K plate T K cover )

C1 = 0.088;
P lateSpacing 3
C2 = 1.0
(From Figure 3.12.2)

N u# = max 1.1 C1 C2 Ra0.28 , 1
(10)
(11)
(12)
$EndIf
143
T K ave =
T K plate + T K cover
2
(13)
k = k (air, T = T K ave )
(14)
N u# = hp,c P lateSpacing/k
(15)
Qconv = hp,c (T K plate T K cover )
(16)
Qrad,P late,Cover =
T K 4plate T K 4cover
1/plate + 1/glass 1
(17)
Heat transfer from cover to surroundings:

Qwind = hwind (T K cover T k a )
Qrad,Sky = glass T K 4cover T K 4sky
(18)
(19)
Energy Balance on cover:

Qrad,P late,Cover + Qconv Qwind Qrad,Sky = 0
(20)
Definition of top loss coeffficient:

Ut =
Qwind + Qrad,Sky
T Kplate T Ka
(21)
Tcover = ConvertTemp(K, C, T K cover )
(22)
In part a here are small differences between these calculated values and those in Figure 6.4.3 (which was done using a
simple calculator).
Part b, Effects of adding convection suppression slats to Problem 6.3a.
The only thing that changes between parts a and b is the calculation of the Nusselt Number. The top loss coefficient,
Ut , in part a is 6.60 W/m2 and in part b is 6.13. The convection suppression device provided a 7% reduction.
Solution
glass = 0.88

hwind = 10 W/m2 -K

Qwind = 382.3 W/m2
T K ave = 347.3 [K]
Ta = 10 [C]

Ut = 6.599 W/m2 -K
plate = 0.95
k = 0.0291 [W/m-K]

Qconv = 178.1 W/m2

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4

g = 9.807 m/s2
N u# = 2.956
Slope = 45
T K a = 283.1 [K]
T K cover = 321.4 [K]

Tcover = 48.23 [C]
T K plate = 373.1 [K]

Tplate = 100 [C]
T K sky = 283.1 [K]

Tsky = 10 [C]
144

Qrad,P late,Cover = 415.8 W/m2

hp,c = 3.441 W/m2 -K
P art$ = a

Qrad,Sky = 211.6 W/m2
P06 03 b
Solution

= 0.00002823 m2 /s
glass = 0.88

hwind = 10 W/m2 -K
C1 = 0.088
plate = 0.95
k = 0.02901 [W/m-K]
P art$ = b

Qwind = 357 W/m2

Qrad,Sky = 195 W/m2

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
T K cover = 318.8 [K]
Tcover = 45.7 [C]
Slope = 45
T K plate = 373.1 [K]
Tplate = 100 [C]
145
C2 = 1

g = 9.807 m/s2

= 0.00002024 m2 /s

Qconv = 120.3 W/m2
Cp = 1, 008 [J/kg-K]

hp,c = 2.215 W/m2 -K
N u# = 1.908
Ra = 42, 094 [-]

Qrad,P late,Cover = 431.7 W/m2

= 1.02 kg/m3
T K a = 283.1 [K]
T K sky = 283.1 [K]
Tsky = 10 [C]
T K ave = 346 [K]

Ta = 10 [C]

Ut = 6.133 W/m2 -K
P06 04
Equations
Calculation of collector top and overall loss coefficients
There are three methods to solve this problem: Equation 6.4.9; Figure 6.4.4; or the detailed method of Example 6.4.3. We
will use all three.
$UnitSystem SI, kJ, K
Knowns
Slope = 45 [deg] ;
Tamb = 10 [C] ;
pl = 0.95;
Tpl =, 110 [C] ;

hwind = 10 W/m2 K ;
Tsky = Tamb ;
Ncov = 2;
Space = 0.025 [m] ;
P lSpc1,c2 = 0.025 [m] ;
kinsulation = 0.035;
P lSpp,c1 = 0.025 [m] ;
P = P o#(2)
P lateLength = 2 [m]
(3)
P lateW idth = 1 [m]
(4)
Convert temperatures to K.
T 0 amb = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tamb )
(5)
T 0 pl = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tpl )
(6)
T 0 c1 = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tc1 )
(7)
T 0 c2 = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tc2 )
(8)
T 0 sky = ConvertTemp(C, K, Tsky )
(9)
HT from cover 2 to sky

c1 = 0.88;
c2 = 0.88
(10)
qc2,s = qw + qr0 c2,s
(11)
qw = hwind (T 0 c2 T 0 amb )

4
4
qr0 c2,s = sigma# T 0 c2 T 0 sky c2
(12)
(13)
HT from cover 1 to cover 2

qc1,c2 = qc0 c1,c2 + qr0 c1,c2
(14)
146
l = 0.0
qc0 c1,c2 = hc0 c1,c2 (T 0 c1 T 0 c2 )
(15)

hc0 c1,c2 = N uF latP late Slope, T 0 c2 , T 0 c1 , P lSpc1,c2 Condc1,c2 /P lSpc1,c2

condc1,c2 = k Air, T =
T 0 c1 + T 0 c2
2
4
qr0 c1,c2 = sigma#
(16)

(17)
T 0 c1 T 0 c2
1/c1 + 1/c2 1
(18)
HT from plate to cover 1

qp,c1 = qc0 p,c1 + qr0 p,c1
(19)
qc0 p,c1 = hc0 p,c1 (T 0 pl T 0 c1 )
(20)

hc0 p,c1 = N uF latP late Slope, T 0 c1 , T 0 pl , P lSpp,c1 condp,c1 /P lSpp,c1
(21)
condp,c1

T 0 pl + T 0 c1
= k Air, T =
2
4
qr0 p,c1 = sigma#
(22)
T 0 pl T 0 c1
1/pl + 1/c1 1
(23)
qtop = qp,c1
(24)
qp,c1 = qc1,c2
(25)
qc1,c2 = qc2,s
(26)
Utop =
qtop
0 T0
Tpl
amb
(27)
Using the SETP function, we get the same value for the top loss coefficient.
Reading Utop From Figure 6.4.4b, Ut =4.0 W/m2K
Ub = kinsulation /l
(28)
UL = Utop + Ub
(29)
Solution
Condc1,c2 = 0.02787 [W/m-K]
pl = 0.95
kinsulation = 0.035 [W/m-K]
P lateLength =
2 [m]
qc1,c2 = 401.5 W/m2
qp,c1 = 401.5 W/m2
qtop = 401.5 W/m2
Tamb = 10 [C]
Tsky = 10 [C]
condp,c1 = 0.03051
[W/m-K]

hc0 c1,c2 = 3.298 W/m2 -K
l = 0.05 [m]
P lateW idth =
1 [m]2
qc2,s = 401.5 W/m

2
qr0 c1,c2 = 265.5
W/m

qw = 264.1 W/m2
Tc1 = 77.64 [C]
T 0 amb = 283.1 [K]
T 0 pl = 383.2 [K]

Utop = 4.015 W/m2 -K
T 0 sky = 283.1 [K]
147
c1 = 0.88

hc0 p,c1 = 2.964 W/m2 -K
Ncov = 2
P lSpc1,c2 = 0.025
[m]

2
qc0 c1,c2 = 136 W/m

qr0 c2,s = 137.4 W/m2
Slope = 45 [deg]
Tc2 = 36.41 [C]
T 0 c1 = 350.8 [K]

Ub = 0.7 W/m2 -K
c2 = 0.88

hwind = 10 W/m2 -K
P = 101.3 [kPa]
P lSpp,c1 = 0.025
[m]
qc0 p,c1 = 95.91 W/m2
qr0 p,c1 = 305.6 W/m2
Space = 0.025 [m]
Tpl = 110 [C]
T 0 c2 = 309.6 [K]

UL = 4.715 W/m2 -K
P06 05
Equations
6.5
Calculation of collector efficiency factor F and flow factor FR
Knowns
Cb = 1 109 ;
UL = 8;
hf i = 300;
= .0005;
Di = 0.020;
D = 0.020;
mdot/Ac = 0.012;
W = 0.100
Cp = 4180
(1)
(2)
The temperature is not given - assume:

T = 75 [C]
(3)
k = k (M aterial$, T = T )
r
UL
m=
6.5.4a
k
(4)
mL = m
F =
(5)
W D
2
tanh (mL)
mL
(6)
6.5.12
(7)
1/UL
F0 =
W
1
UL (D+(W D)F )
F lowP ar = mdot/Ac
+ 1/Cb +
1
Dihf i
6.5.18
(8)
Cp
UL F 0
(9)
F 00 = F lowP ar (1 exp (1/F lowP ar))
(10)
FR = F 0 F 00
(11)
Table 1
Run
M aterial$
1
2
3
Copper
Aluminum
Carbon Steel
k
[W/m-K]
397.1
237.9
58.67
mL
[-]
0.2539
0.328
0.6606
F
[-]
0.9791
0.9656
0.8761
F0
0.9439
0.9339
0.8677
148
FR
[-]
0.8762
0.8677
0.8104
P06 06
Equations
6.6
Calculation of F from UL and plate dimensions
Knows
Di = 0.010;
D = 0.020;
kSolder = 20;
W = 0.16;
W idthSolder = 0.005;
hf i = 300;
k = 385;
UL = 3;
del = .001
T hickSolder = 0.002
(1)
(2)
Use Equation 6.5.18:

Cb = kSolder W idthSolder/T hickSolder
r
UL
m=
6.5.4a
k del
mL = m
F =
6.5.16
(4)
W D
2
tanh (mL)
mL
(5)
6.5.12
(6)
1/UL
F0 =
W
(3)
1
UL (D+(W D)F )
+ 1/Cb +
1
Dihf i
6.5.18
(7)
Solution
Cb = 50 [W/m-C]
F = 0.9875 [-]
kSolder= 20 [W/m-C]

UL = 3 W/m2 -C
D = 0.02 [m]
F 0 = 0.9332 [-]
m = 2.791 [1/m]
W = 0.16 [m]
del = 0.001 [m]

hf i = 300 W/m2 -C
mL = 0.1954 [-]
W idthSolder = 0.005 [m]
149
Di = 0.01 [m]
k = 385 [W/m-C]
T hickSolder = 0.002 [m]
P06 07
Equations
6.7
Derivation of F for type (b) air heater
The energy balance equation is:

Qu = Ac (S UL (Ti Ta ))
(1)
Useful energy transfer to air by convection is:

Qu /Ac = h1 (T1 Tf ) + h2 (T2 Tf )
(2)
With no back losses:

h2 (T2 Tf ) = hr (T1 T2 )
(3)
Solve for T2
T2 =
hr T1 + h2 Tf
hr + h2
(4)
Substitute (4) in (2)

h2 hr
(T1 Tf )
Qu /Ac = h1 +
h2 + hr
(5)
Solve for T1
T1 = Tf + Qu /Ac
1
h1 +
!
(6)
h2 hr
(h2 +hr )
Substitute (6) in (1)

Qu /Ac = S UL
Tf Ta (Qu /Ac )
!!
1
h1 +
h2 hr
(h2 +hr )
150
(7)
Solve for Qu /Ac
Qu /Ac =
1+
UL

h h
h1 + h 2+hrr
(S UL (Ti Ta ))
(8)
Then
Qu /Ac = F 0 (S UL (Ti Ta ))
where
F0 =
(9)
1
1+
UL

h h
h1 + h 2+hrr
(10)
151
P06 08
Equations
6.8
Calculation of collector output from two parameter model
Use Equation 6.7.6 - and watch units. The radiation (in MJ/m2 ) is not a rate but is total energy for the hour.
Knowns

IT = 3.4 MJ/m2 ;
Qu/A,c

FRU,L = 6.3 W/m2 C ;
FRta = 0.83;
Ti = 56 [C] ;
Ta = 14 [C] ;

6 MJ

= FRta IT FRU,L (Ti Ta ) hr 1 10
J
Solution
FRta = 0.83

Qu /Ac = 1.869 MJ/m2

FRU,L = 6.3 W/m2 -C
Ta = 14 [C]
hr = 3, 600 [s]
Ti = 56 [C]
152

IT = 3.4 MJ/m2
hr = 3600 [s]
P06 10
Equations
6.10
Calculation of a days collector output
Knowns:

UL = 5.2 W/m2 C ;
FR = 0.92;
Ti = 35 [C] ;
hr = 1
Others are set in the table.
Equation 6.7.6 - units are MJ. Allow only positive values of Qu \Ac.

MJ/hr
2
,
0
MJ/m
Qu/A,c = max FR S UL (Ti Ta ) hr 0.0036
W
We can find the daily output two ways. Under the Menu Options/Preferences we have turned on the sum column. An
alternative is to use the SumParametric command and sum from row 1 to the current row solving the table. We cannot sum
the whole column at one time since many cells have not yet been filled in.
SumQ = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q uA c , 1, T ableRun#)
Solution
FR = 0.92

SumQ = 12.15 MJ/m2
hr = 1 [hr]
Ta = 4 [C]

Qu /Ac = 0.00 MJ/m2
Ti = 35 [C]
Table 1
Run
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sum
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
115
S 2
MJ/m
0.01
0.40
1.90
2.85
3.02
3.42
3.21
1.54
1.07
0.52
17.94
Ta
[C]
-3
0
4
5
7
9
11
5
1
-4
35
Qu \Ac2
MJ/m
0.00
0.00
1.21
2.11
2.30
2.70
2.54
0.90
0.40
0.00
12.15
153

S = 0.52 MJ/m2
UL = 5.2 W/m2 -C
P06 11
Equations
6.11
Calculation of FR for an air heater.
$UnitSystem SI, C, J, kPa

Calculate the dimensionless flow parameter and F.
Knowns:

F low/Ac = 10 l/s m2 ;
F 0 = 0.75;

UL = 6.0 W/m2 K
1
v (AIR, T = 20, P = 101.3)

m3

mdot/Ac = F lowAc 0.001
l
=
Cp = cp (AIR, T = 20)
=
mdot/Ac Cp
UL F 0
F 00 = (1 exp ( (1/)))
FR = F 00 F 0
Solution
Cp = 1, 004 [J/kg-K]
F 00 = 0.835

UL = 6 W/m2 -K

2
F low/Ac = 10 l/s-m

mdot/Ac = 0.01204 kg/s-m2
154
FR = 0.6263
= 2.687
F 0 = 0.75

= 1.204 kg/m3
P06 12
Equations
6.12
Calculation of useful gain from no-flow temperature
Knowns

F RU L = 5.5 W/m2 C ;
Ti = 30 [C] ;
Tp = 118 [C]
Equation 6.7.6 - when the pump is off the absorbed energy equals thermal losses:
0=FR *S-FRU,L *(Tp -Ta ).
Therefore, when the pump is on Qu \Ac =Qu =FRU,L *(Tp -Ta )-FRU,L *(Ti -Ta ) or:
Q00 u = F RU L (Tp Ti )
Solution

F RU L = 5.5 W/m2 -C

Q00 u = 484 W/m2
Ti = 30 [C]
155
Tp = 118 [C]
P06 13
Equations
6.13
Calculation of mean plate and fluid temperatures.
Knowns:

m
= 0.015 kg/s m2 ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;

UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
Ti = 55 [C] ;
F 0 = 0.9;
T auAlphae = 0.85

IT = 1000 W/m2 ;
Ta = 15 [C] ;
Dust = 1 0.015
Calculate the dimensionless flow parameter, , and FR with Equation 6.7.5:

=m

Cp
F 0 UL
F 00 = (1 exp (1/))
Eqn 6.7.5
FR = F 00 F 0
Qu = FR (IT T auAlphae Dust UL (Ti Ta ))
1 FR
Tplate = Ti + Qu
UL FR
Eqn 6.9.4
1 F 00
Tf luid = Ti + Qu
UL FR
Eqn 6.9.2
Eqn 6.7.6
Solution
Cp = 4, 190 [J/kg-C]
F 00 = 0.9719

Qu = 592.4 W/m2
Tplate = 76.21 [C]
Dust = 0.985

IT = 1, 000 W/m2
T auAlphae = 0.85
Ti = 55 [C]
FR = 0.8747

m
= 0.015 kg/s-m2
Ta = 15[C]

UL = 4 W/m2 -C
156
F 0 = 0.9
= 17.46
Tf luid = 59.76 [C]
P06 14
Equations
6.14
Calculation of critical radiation level

UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
F 0 = 0.9;
T auAlphae = 0.85;
Ti = 55 [C] ;
See Section 6.8. The critical radiation level is that at which the Qu is zero is:
0 = ItCrit T auAlphae Dust UL (Ti Ta )
Solution
Dust = 0.985
Ta = 15 [C]
F 0 = 0.9
Ti = 55 [C]

2
ItCrit =191.1 W/m

UL = 4 W/m2 -C
157
T auAlphae = 0.85
Ta = 15 [C] ;
Dust = 1 0.015
P06 15
Equations
6.15
Estimation of no-flow plate temperature
Knowns:

UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
T auAlphae = 0.85;
Ti = 55 [C] ;
Ta = 15 [C] ;

It = 1000 W/m2 ;
Dust = 1 0.015
Use Equation 6.7.6, with Q = 0. The value of FR does not matter.

Qu =FR *(IT *TauAlphae*Dust-UL *(Tplate -Ta ))
Qu =0
0 = (IT T auAlphae Dust UL (Tplate Ta ))
Figure 6.4.4 indicates that UL rises as plate temperature increases. The calculation above is based on the assumption that
UL stays at 4 W/m2C. Thus the UL used is low and the estimate of Tplate is high.
Solution
Dust = 0.985
Ti = 55 [C]

It = 1, 000 W/m2
Tplate = 224.3 [C]
T auAlpha
e = 0.85
UL = 4 W/m2 -C
158
Ta = 15 [C]
P06 16
Equations
6.16
Calculation of effective * product for diffuse radiation on a collector.
We will solve part a using the basic equations and part b using the SETP functions.
Knowns:
N = 1;
KLa = 0.0524;
KLb = 0.0125;
Ref Index = 1.526;
n = 0.9
Part a
Considering all of the radiation to be diffuse then the equivalent surface slope is zero. For diffuse radiation from Figure
5.4.1the angle is 59.
slope = 0
d = 59.7 [deg] 0.1388 Slope + 0.001497 [1/deg] Slope2

Abs/Absn = 1.0000 1.5879 103 [1/deg] d + 2.7314 104 1/deg2 d2 2.3026 105 1/deg3 d3 +

9.0244 107 1/deg4 d4 1.8000 108 1/deg5 d5 + 1.7734 1010 1/deg6 d6

6.9937 1013 1/deg7 d7
= n Abs/Absn
Find the transmittance
N cov = 1

Ref rAng = arcsin

REF perp =

REF para =
sin (d )
Ref Index
sin (Ref rAng d )

sin (Ref rAng + d )
Eqn 5.1.4
2
tan (Ref rAng d )

tan (Ref rAng + d )
Eqn 5.1.1
2
Eqn 5.1.2
T RAN Sperp =
1 REF perp
1 + (2 N cov 1) REF perp
T RAN Spara =
1 REF para
1 + (2 N cov 1) REF para
159
T RAN Sperp + T RAN Spara

Eqn 5.1.9
2

KLa
Eqn 5.2.2
T RAN Sabs = exp N cov
Cos(Ref rAng)
T RAN Sref =
= T RAN Sabs T RAN Sref

d = 0.15
Eqn 5.3.4
Using the approximation in footnote 2 of Section 5.5.
T auAlphaP rod,a =
1 (1 ) d
Eqn 5.5.1
If we use the EES SETP function

T auAlphaP rod,a2 = T auAlphaP rod (N cov, d , KLa , Ref Index, n )
According to comments near Eqn 6.10.10a,
T auAlphae,a = 1.02 T auAlphaP rod,a
Part b
Here we will use the SETP EES function. KL is small so absorption is small and we can use Eqn 6.10.10b
T auAlphaP rod,b = T auAlphaP rod (N cov, d , KLb , Ref Index, n )
T auAlphae,b = 1.01 T auAlphaP rod,b
Solution
Abs/Absn = 0.931
KLb = 0.0125
REF para = 0.001174
slope = 0 [deg]
T auAlphaP rod,a = 0.680
T RAN Sabs = 0.9384
= 0.8379
N =1
REF perp = 0.1828
= 0.7923
T auAlphaP rod,a2 = 0.680
T RAN Spara = 0.9977
160
n = 0.9
N cov = 1
Ref rAng = 34.46 [deg]
T auAlphae,a = 0.694
T auAlphaP rod,b = 0.714
T RAN Sperp = 0.6909
KLa = 0.0524
Ref Index = 1.526
d = 0.15
T auAlphae,b = 0.7212
d = 59.7 [deg]
T RAN Sref = 0.8443
bill2
Equations
7.1
Calculation of collector efficiency factor and collector flow factor for a concentrator with cylindrical receive
$UnitSystem SI C J, kPa
Knowns
Dout = 0.054 [m]
(1)
Din = 0.045 [m]
(2)
m
= 0.0168 [kg/s]
(3)
Length = 3.1 [m]
(4)
Apertrue = 0.3 [m]
(5)
Tave = 100 [C]
(6)
P = 300 [kPa]
(7)

UL = 7.5 W/m2 K
(8)
Properties:
The pipe material in not known but the results are not a strong functions of the pipe thermal conductivity.
kwall = k (Carbon steel AISI1010 , Tave )
(9)
= (SteamIAP W S , T = Tave , P = P )
(10)
P r# = Pr (SteamIAP W S , T = Tave , P = P )
(11)
k = k (SteamIAP W S , T = Tave , P = P )
(12)
Cp = cp (SteamIAP W S , T = Tave , P = P )
(13)
Dhyd = Dout Din
(14)
From Equation 3.14.3
161
Re# = Dhyd *Vel*Density/ = m*D
hyd /(*AXsect ) = 4*m/(**(D

out -Din ))
Re# = 4
(Dout + Din )
(15)
LoverD = Length/Dhyd
(16)
RelRough = 0
(17)
smooth tubes
call P ipeF lowN (Re#, P r#, LoverD, RelRough : N usseltT , N usseltH , f )
(18)
The flow in the annulus is laminar. We might have used Figure 3.14.1 to estimate the convection heat transfer
coefficient in the annulus but this figure is for constant wall temperature conditions. The abscissa is:
X = Re# P r# Dhyd /Length
(19)
At X = 3.89, from Figure 3.14.1 is about 3.9 - this is close to NusseltT found above, providing confidence in the function.
hf i Dhyd /k = N usseltH
F0 =
(1/UL ) +
Dout
hf i Din
The system is subject to a constant heat flux.
1/U
L
+ Dout
ln (Dout /Din )
2kwall
Eqn 7.3.10
ARec = Dout Length

Y =m

(21)
(22)
Cp
ARec UL F 0
(23)
FR = F 0 Y (1 exp (1/Y ))
Eqn 7.3.13
(24)
Solution
Apertrue = 0.3 [m]
Dhyd = 0.009 [m]
f = 0.08704

hf i = 371.9 W/m2 -K
Length = 3.1 [m]
m
= 0.0168 [kg/s]
P = 300 [kPa]
RelRough = 0
X = 3.893
(20)

ARec = 0.5259 m2
Din = 0.045 [m]
FR = 0.9497
k = 0.6792 [W/m-K]
LoverD = 344.4
N usseltH = 4.928 [-]
P r# = 1.749
Tave = 100 [C]
Y = 18.4
Cp = 4215 [J/kg-K]
Dout = 0.054 [m]
F 0 = 0.9758
kwall = 60.1 [W/m-K]
= 0.0002818 [kg/m-s]
N usseltT = 3.897 [-]
Re# = 766.7
[-]

UL = 7.5 W/m2 -K
162
P07 02
Equations
7.2.
Redo Examples 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 with emittance of the tube at 0.18.
$UnitSystem SI K J kPa
Knowns from Example 7.3.1
V = 5 [m/s] ;
Dcover = 0.090 [m] ;
cover = 0.88;
tube = 0.18;
Ta = 283 [K] ;
Dcover,i = Dcover 0.008m ;
Dtube = 0.060 [m] ;
Ttube = 473 [K] ;
= sigma#
kglass = 1.4 [W/m k]
Tsky = 275 [K]
(1)
(2)
(3)

L = 10 [m] ;
W = 2.5 [m] ;
Cp = 3260 [J/kg K] ;
m
= 0.0537 [kg/s] ;
ktube = 16 [W/m k] ;
Dtube,i = Dtube 0.010m ;
Tf luid,in = ConvertTemp(C, K, 156.9 [C])

hf i = 300 W/m2 K

S = 430 W/m2
(4)
(5)
(6)
Guess the cover temperatue to develop the governing equations.

Tcover =290 [K]
Properties of air - assume atmospheric pressue is 101.3 [kPa]
Tcover + Ta
T =
2
(7)
patm = 101.3 [kPa]
(8)
= Air, T = T
(9)
= Air, T = T, P = Patm

k = k Air, T = T
(10)
(11)
Re# = V Dcover /
N u# = 0.30 Re#.6
(12)
Eqn 3.15.12
(13)
N u# = hw Dcover /k
(14)
163
Convection and radiation heat loss from cover.

Acover = Dcover L
(15)
4
4
Qloss = Acover hw (Tcover Ta ) + cover Tcover
Tsky
(16)
Find temperature inside tube.

Qloss =
((2 kglass L) (Tcover,i Tcover ))

ln (Dcover /Dcover,i )
(17)
Radiation from tube to inside cover must equal heat loss from cover.
At this point it is necessary to update guesses and then comment out the initial guess for cover temperatue.
Atube = Dtube L
Qloss = Atube
(18)
T4 T4
tube cover,i
cover
1/tube + 1
Dtube /Dcover,i
cover
(19)
The collector loss coefficient (based upon the tube temperatue and absorber area) is then found from Eqn 7.3.1
Qloss = UL Atube (Ttube Ta )
(20)
Calculate F:
F0 =
1/UL +
Dtube
(Dtube,i hf i )
1/U
L
Dtube
2ktube
Eqn 7.3.10
(21)
ln (Dtube /Dtube,i )
Calculate area of receiver, ARec :

ARec = Dtube L
(22)
Calculate unshaded area of aperture, AAper :

AAper = (W Dcover ) L
(23)
Calculate the dimensionless flow rate DimFlowRate to use in calculation of F:

DimF lowRate = m

Cp
ARec UL F 0
F 00 = DimF lowRate (1 exp (1/DimF lowRate))
(24)
Eqn 7.13.13
(25)
FR = F 00 F 0
(26)
Find the useful gain from Eqn 7.3.12.

Qu = AAper FR (S UL (ARec /AAper ) (Tf luid,in Ta ))
(27)
Solution

AAper = 24.1 m2
Cp = 3, 260 [J/kg-K]
Dtube = 0.06 [m]
FR = 0.9783

hw = 40.62 W/m2 -K
L = 10 [m]
patm = 101.3
[kPa]
= 1.235 kg/m3
T = 285.8 [K]
Tsky = 275 [K]

Acover = 2.827 m2
ARec = 1.885 m2
DimF lowRate = 41.3 [-] Dcover = 0.09 [m]
Dtube,i = 0.05 [m]
cover = 0.88
F 0 = 0.9902
F 00 = 0.988 [-]
k = 0.02459 [W/m-K]
kglass = 1.4 [W/m-k]
= 0.0000179 [kg/m-s]
m
= 0.0537 [kg/s]
Qloss = 813.3
[W]
Q
164u = 9, 523 [W]

S = 430 W/m2
= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
Tcover = 288.6 [K]
Tcover,i = 289.4
[K]
Ttube = 473 [K]
UL = 2.271 W/m2 -K

Atube = 1.885 m2
Dcover,i = 0.082 [m]
tube = 0.18

hf i = 300 W/m2 -K
ktube = 16 [W/m-k]
N u# = 148.7 [-]
Re# = 31, 039
Ta = 283 [K]
Tf luid,in = 430.1 [K]
V = 5 [m/s]
P07 03
Equations
7.3
Estimation of the output of a full CPC
Knowns
Surf Ref l = 0.85;
Lat = 43;
= 60;
KL = 0.0370;
a
nr = 0.89;

Ibeam = 1.20 MJ/m2 ;
M onth = 1;
Ref rInd = 1.526;
day = 26;

Idif f use = 0.36 MJ/m2 ;
c = 15
(1)
time = 10 : 30;
Surf AzAng = 0;
Ncov = 1
(2)

Ta = 5 [C] ;
UL = 9.0 W/m2 C ;
FR = 0.92 (3)
Tin = 55 [C] ;
Calculation of absorbed radiation
b = 0.95
From Figure 4.11.1 at an angle of 21deg.
(4)
d = 0.95
Assumed to be the same as for beam.
(5)
cover,b = T ransIncAng (Ncov , b , KL, Ref rInd)
(6)
cover,d = T ransIncAng (Ncov , 60, KL, Ref rInd)
(7)
Angles
= (T ime 12 [hr]) 15 [deg/hr]
(8)
n = nDay (month, Day)
(9)
Rbeam = RBeam, (Lat, n, , , Surf AzAng)
(10)
= Dec (n)
(11)
z = arccos (CosZenAng (Lat, n, ))
(12)
b = arccos (cosIncAng (Lat, n, , , Surf AzAng))
(13)
s = SolAzAng (Lat, n, )
(14)
165
Equation 7.7.2 is used to determine the ContFunct, F:

ContF unct1 = If(( c ) , (arctan (tan (z ) Cos(s ))) , 1, 1, 0)
(15)
ContF unct2 = If((arctan (tan (z ) Cos(s ))) , ( + c ) , 1, 1, 0)
(16)
ContF unct = ContF unct1 ContF unct2
(17)
Use Equations 7.7.1 to calculate S:

C=
1
sin (c )
(18)
T ransCP C = Surf Ref lnr
(19)
AbsBeam = ContF unct Ibeam Rbeam cover,b b T ransCP C
(20)
AbsDif f use = (Idif f use /C) cover,d T ransCP C T ransCP C d
(21)
AbsGrRef lected = 0
(Since (beta + thetac ) < 90)
(22)
S = AbsBeam + AbsDif f use + AbsGrRef lected
(23)
b
Q00 u
Calculation of collector gain per unit area

MJ/hr m2

= FR S (UL /C) 1 [hr] (Tin Ta ) 0.0036
W/m2
(24)
Solution

AbsBeam = 1.945 MJ/m2
d = 0.95
ContF unct1 = 1
FR = 0.92
KL = 0.037
Ncov = 1
Ref rInd = 1.526
Surf Ref l = 0.85
c = 15 [deg]
Ta = 5 [C]

AbsDif f use = 0.05336 MJ/m2
= 60 [deg]
ContF unct2 = 1
s = 23.45 [deg]
Lat = 43 [deg]
nr = 0.89
Rbeam = 2.235
cover,b = 0.8821
z = 65.39 [deg]
Tin = 55 [C]
166

AbsGrRef lected = 0 MJ/m2
C = 3.864 [-]
day = 26

Ibeam = 1.2 MJ/m2
M onth = 1
= 22.5[deg]
S = 1.998 MJ/m2
cover,d = 0.8051
time = 10.5 [hr]
UL = 9 W/m2 -C
b = 0.95
ContF unct = 1
= 19.03 [deg]

Idif f use = 0.36 MJ/m2
n = 26

Q00 u = 1.375 MJ/m2
Surf AzAng = 0
b = 21.48 [deg]
T ransCP C = 0.8653
P07 04
Equations
7.4
Absorbed radiation for a truncated CPC array
$UnitSystem SI C J kPa
Knowns
surf = 0.85;
nr = 0.90;
c = 9 [deg] ;
C = 6.0;
cover,b = 0.90;

Ib,n = 1.13 MJ/m2 ;
Lat = 45;

Id = 0.37 MJ/m2 ;
= 65 [deg]
cover,d = 0.85
HrAng = 22.5 [deg]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Use the parametric table for the two dates.

n = nday (month, day)
(4)
s = SolAzAng (Lat, n, HrAng)
(5)
z = arccos (CosZenAng (Lat, n, HrAng))
(6)
Dec = Dec (n)
(7)
b = arccos (cos (Lat ) cos (Dec) cos (HrAng) + sin (Lat ) sin (Dec))
(8)
Equation 7.7.2 is used to determine the ContFunct F

ContF unct1 = If(( c ) , (arctan (tan (z ) Cos(s ))) , 1, 1, 0)
(9)
ContF unct2 = If((arctan (tan (z ) Cos(s ))) , ( + c ) , 1, 1, 0)
(10)
ContF unct = ContF unct1 ContF unct2
(11)
Equation 7.7.1 is used for the absorbed solar.

r
CP C = nsurf
Eqn 7.7.4
(12)
AbsBeam = ContF unct Ib,n Cos(b ) cover,b CP C 0.88
(13)
AbsDif f use = (Id /C) cover,d CP C 0.88
(14)
AbsGrRef lected = 0
(15)
Since (beta - thetac < 90)
S = AbsBeam + AbsDif f use + AbsGrRef lected
(16)
Solution
167

AbsBeam = 0 MJ/m2
C=6
day = 15

Ib,n = 1.13 MJ/m2
n = 74
cover,b = 0.9
c = 9 [deg]

AbsDif f use = 0.03985 MJ/m2
ContF unct = 0
Dec = 2.819
[deg]

Id = 0.37 MJ/m2
nr = 0.9
cover,d = 0.85
z = 51.85 [deg]

AbsGrRef lected = 0 MJ/m2
ContF unct1 = 0
s = 29.08 [deg]
Lat = 45 [deg]
surf = 0.85
CP C = 0.8639
= 65 [deg]
ContF unct2 = 1
HrAng = 22.5 [deg]
month = 3

S = 0.04 MJ/m2
b = 27.88 [deg]
Table 1
Run
month
day
1
2
1
3
2
15
Dec
[deg]
-22.93
-2.819
s
[deg]
-21.89
-29.08
AbsBeam

MJ/m2
0.7212
0
AbsDif
f use

MJ/m2
0.03985
0.03985
168
AbsGrRef
lected

MJ/m2
0
0
ContF unct
nr
1
0
0.9
0.9
S 2
MJ/m
0.76
0.04
P07 05
Equations
7.5
Performance of a linear concentrator with given focal zone flux distribution
Knowns
M onth = 3;
W = 1.8 [m] ;
day = 16;
Lat = 32 [deg] ;
L = 10.5 [m] ;
T ransAbsorptP rod = 0.78;
Wreceiver = 0.022 [m] ;
Tin = 120 [C] ;
Ref lconc = 0.87
(1)

hf i = 3000 W/m2 C
(2)
For linear concentrator on N-S horizontal axis, use Equation 1.7.3a

Use the parametric table for time.
n = nDay (month, Day)
(3)
Dec = Dec (n)
(4)
z = arccos (CosZenAng (Lat, n, HrAng))
(5)
169
= arccos

(cos (z )) + (cos (Dec)) (sin (HrAng))
.5
Eqn 1.7.3a
(6)
The intercept factors IntFact must be determined. The image width with radiation normal to the aperture is 0.020m, from
the figure. At times 9:30 and 11:30, when HrAngs are -37.5 and -7.5, the image widths are 0.020/cos(), and are 0.22 m
and 0.024 m. These broadened images will be centered on the normal incidence images. From the plot, the intercept factors
are 17/22 = 0.77 and 18/24 = 0.75, respectively.
Areaaper = (W Wreceiver ) L
(7)
AbsRad = Areaaper Ib,n Cos() Ref lconc IntF ract T ransAbsorptP rod

UL = 9.6 W/m2 C
From Figure 7.13.2
(8)
(9)
Use Equation 7.3.12 to estimate Qu. First estimate FR. Since liquid is being boiled, there is no temperature gradient in the
flow direction, and FR = F. Assume that all of the absorber is wetted by the boiling liquid. By analogy with Figure 6.14.1:
F0 =
1
;
1 + UL /hf i
FR = F 0
(10)
Areceiver = Wreceiver L

3600
Qu = FR AbsRad UL Areceiver
(Tin Tamb )
106
(11)
(12)
Solution
AbsRad = 25.36 [MJ]
Dec = 2.418
[deg]
hf i = 3, 000 W/m2 -C
Lat = 32 [deg]
Ref lconc = 0.87
Tamb = 9 [C]
Wreceiver = 0.022 [m]

Areaaper = 18.67 m2
F 0 = 0.9968
IntF ract = 0.77
M onth = 3
= 34.1 [deg]
Tin = 120 [C]
Areceiver = 0.231
FR = 0.9968

Ib,n = 3.14 MJ/m2
n = 75
z = 35.1 [deg]
UL = 9.6 [W/m2-C]
day = 16
HrAng = 7.5 [deg]
L = 10.5 [m]
Qu = 24.4 [MJ]
T ransAbsorptP rod = 0.78
W = 1.8 [m]
IntF ract
Qu
[MJ]
16.43
24.4
Table 1
Run
1
2
HrAng
[deg]
-37.5
-7.5
Ib,n 2
MJ/m
2.06
3.14
Tamb
[C]
2
9
[deg]
27.1
34.1
z
[deg]
49.5
35.1
0.75
0.77
170
AbsRad
[MJ]
17.42
25.36
P07 06
Equations
7.6
Calculation of maximum concentration ratios for collectors on Venus.
Use Equations 7.2.5 and 7.2.6. Calculate s for Venus at 67*106 miles from the sun.

4.32 105
s = arcsin
67 106
Cmax,lin =
1
sin (s )
(1)
(2)
For linear concentrator use Equation 7.2.6:

Cmax,circ =
(3)
(sin (s ))
For circular concentrator use Equation 7.2.5:
Solution
Cmax,circ = 24, 054
Cmax,lin = 155.1
s = 0.3694
171
P07 07
Equations
7.7
Use of Incidence Angle Modifier for a CPC.
Knowns
FRT A,n = .66;

FRU,L = 1.2 W/m2 C ;
= 40 [deg] ;
lat = 38 [deg] ;
month = 3;
day = 21
=0
(1)
(2)
At the equinox, with Slope nearly equal to the Latitude, the sun is in the plane perpendicular to the tubes. Since the sun
travels 15 degrees/hr in this plane, the angles of incidence in the perpendicular plane will be approximately 0, 30, and 60 at
noon, 2PM and 4PM. (The exact values are calculated using Equation 1.6.2.)
Values of IncAngMod are read from the plot and entered in the table with the data.
Incident angle
(3)
Cos() = cosIncAng (Lat, n, HrAng, , )
(4)
Since collector performance data are on the basis of the array area, use Equation 6.17.9.
Qu/Areac = FRT A,n IncAngM od GT FRU,L (Ti Ta )
(5)
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
Ti
[C]
75.0
75.0
75.0
Ta
[C]
20.0
22.0
22.0
GT 2
W/m
925
760
385
HrAng
[deg]
0
30
60
[deg]
1.6
30.0
60.0
IncAngM od
1.00
1.13
0.91
172
Qu\Area

c
W/m2
545
503
168
P07 08
Equations
7.8
Output of linear parabolic collector for perfect and imperfect concentrators.
Knowns:
Aperture = 1.36 [m] ;
F ocLength = 1.26 [m] ;

UL = 14 W/m2 C ;
Tin = 230 [C] ;
FR = 0.9;
T ransAbsP rod = .78;
Lat = 35 [deg] ;
Tamb = 7 [C] ;
Dec = 0 [deg] ;
InterceptF act = .95;

Ib,n = 2.14 MJ/m2 ;
L = 10 [m]
(1)
Ref lconc = .87;
(2)
HourAngle = 0 [deg]
(3)
Calculate RimAngle with Equation 7.9.2:

RimAngle = arctan 8
F ocLength/Aperture
2
16 (F ocLength/Aperture) 1
(4)
For the perfect reflector, use Figure 7.10.1b, at a rim angle of 30. For the intercept factor to be 0.95, Y/f*103 = 4.2.
Wperf ect = 2 4.2
F ocLength
103
(5)
For the imperfect reflector, use Figure 7.11.1 at = 0.15. It is necessary to graphically integrate to get intercept factor vs
Y/f*103. This results in a value of Y/f*103 = 13 at an intercept factor of 0.95
Wimperf ect = 2 13
F ocLength
103
(6)
Neglecting shading by receiver:

AAperture = L Aperture
(7)
ARec = L Wimperf ect
(8)
hr = 1 [hr]
(9)
173
Calculate Qu :
Qu = FR AAperture (Ib,n InterceptF act T ransAbsP rod Ref lconc

MJ
(A
/A
)
(T
T
)
UL hr 0.0036
Rec
Aperture
in
amb
W hr
(10)
Solution
Aperture = 1.36 [m]
F ocLength = 1.26 [m]
InterceptF act = 0.95 [-]
Qu = 13.57 [MJ]
Tamb = 7 [C]
Wperf ect = 0.01058 [m]

AAperture = 13.6 m2
FR = 0.9 [-]

Ib,n = 2.14 MJ/m2
Ref lconc = 0.87 [-]
Tin = 230 [C]

ARec = 0.3276 m2
HourAngle = 0 [deg]
L = 10 [m]
RimAngle
= 30.2 [deg]

UL = 14 W/m2 -C
174
Dec = 0 [deg]
hr = 1 [hr]
Lat = 35 [deg]
T ransAbsP rod = 0.78
Wimperf ect = 0.03276 [m]
P07 09
Equations
7.9
Geometry of heliostat - central receiver collectors.
If the incident beam radiation is approximately notmal to the heliostat, and if there is no pointing error, the receiver dimension is the width of a beam from a point on the heliostat to to the receiver L meters away., plus the plus the largest linear
dimension of the heliostat, W m. For L - 1000 m and W = 10 m, and with the half-angle subtended by the sun of 0.27 degrees:
knowns:
L = 1000 [m] ;
W = 10 [m]
(1)
RecDimension = 2 L sin (0.27) + W
(2)
If there is a pointing error of P degrees, it will add to the 0.27 half-angle in the same way as a dispersion angle. The
relationship between the receiver dimension and the pointing error for L = 100 and W = 10 is:
RecDimension0 = W + 2 L sin (0.27 + P )
(3)
so

P = arcsin
RecDimension0 W
2L

0.27
(4)
Solution
L = 1, 000 [m]
W = 10 [m]
P = 0.6205
RecDimension = 19.42 [m]
175
RecDimension0 = 41.08 [m]
P08 01
Equations
8.1.
Track temperature changes on a fully mixed storage tank.
Loads and inputs are given as independent of tank temperature. This is not realistic; a real system will have inputs and
outputs that are tank-temperature dependent, as shown, for example, in Chapter 10.
Knowna:
m = 500 [kg] ;
Tamb = 20 [C] ;
U As = 5.56 [W/C] ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;
Ta = 20 [C] ;
hr = 1 [hr](1)
We will use two parametric tables. Note that in Row 1 we have entered the tank initial condition so, solutions start at row 2.
Assume there are no constraints on temperature:
$IF ParametricTable = Solution A

J/hr
J
+

Ts Ts m Cp = (Qu Load) 1000000
U As (Ts Ta ) hr 3600
MJ
W
Ts = Tablevalue(Solution A , tablerun# 1, Tplus s )
(2)
Used to extract the tank temperature for the next hour. (3)
$EndIf
If these calculations were carried through more hours on a clear day, the tank temperature would go well over 100 C. The
temperature can not go below 0 C unless the store goes to ice, which requires a different formulation. The temperature
cannot exceed 100C unless the tank is pressurized (not common in solar systems). In practice the temperature of a store
must be constrained by the characteristics of the storage medium or the mechanisms for adding or removing energy, or both.
Solution B: Assume that temperature is constrained between 20 and 100, representing a minimum temperature for energy
delivery and a maximum temperature for energy storage. Other constraints could be assumed.
The constraints can be programmed thus:
$If ParametricTable=Solution B

J/hr
J
+

3600
TsCalc
Ts m Cp = (Qu Load) 1000000
U
A
(T
T
)
hr
s
s
a

MJ
W

+
+
Ts+0 = If TsCalc
, 100, TsCalc
, 100, 100

Ts+ = If Ts+0 , 20, 20, 20, Ts+0
Ts = Tablevalue(Solution A , tablerun# 1, Tplus s )
(4)
(5)
(6)
Used to extract the tank temperature for the next hour. (7)
$EndIf
Here the temperature did not reach 100. Assuming reasonable values for Qul and Load for the following hours results in
temperatures that are constrained to 100. Note also that during hours when the tank temperature is constrained the load
must be met by other energy supplies. The Load deficiencies for the four hours when Tplus s is at 20 are 8, 14, 18, and 21
MJ. Thus 61 MJ would have to be supplied from another source.
Solution
176
Cp = 4, 190 [J/kg-C]
Qu = 75 [MJ/hr]
Ts+ = 50.61
hr = 1 [hr]
Ta = 20 [C]
+
TsCalc
= 50.61
Load = 16 [MJ/hr]
Tamb = 20 [C]
Ts+0 = 50.61
Solution A
Run
T ime
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Load
[MJ/hr]
Qu
[MJ/hr]
Ts
[C]
12
12
11
11
13
14
18
21
20
20
18
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
41
60
75
45.0
39.0
33.1
27.7
22.4
16.2
9.5
1.1
-8.8
-8.0
2.3
22.5
Load
[MJ/hr]
Qu
[MJ/hr]
Ts
[C]
12
12
11
11
13
14
18
21
20
20
18
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
41
60
75
45.0
39.0
33.1
27.7
22.4
16.2
9.5
1.1
-8.8
-8.0
2.3
22.5
Tsplus
45
39.03
33.12
27.75
22.42
16.19
9.548
1.056
-8.787
-8.034
2.257
22.47
50.61
Solution B
Run
T ime
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Tsplus
45
39.03
33.12
27.75
22.42
20
20
20
20
20
20
22.47
50.61
177
m = 500 [kg]
Ts = 22.5 [C]
U As = 5.56 [W/C]
P08 02
Equations
8.2
Develop equations for a partially stratified, two node tank.
It can be assumed that water supplied from the mains at Tm will always enter the bottom node. The two node tank is shown
in the diagram Window.
Equation 8.4.1 becomes:
F1c = If(To , T1 , 0, 0, 1)
(1)
Is the flow between nodes up or down?

Fdown = If(F1c m
c, m
L , 0, 0, 1);
Fup = 1 Fdown
(2)
For node 1 the energy balance is:

m1
T1+ T1
= (U A/Cp ) (T 0 a T1 ) + F1c m
c To m
L T1 Fdown (F1c m
cm
L ) T1
T
+ Fup (F1c m
cm
L ) T2
(3)
For node 2 the energy balance is:

m2
T2+ T2
= (U A/Cp) (T 0 a T 2) + (1 F1c ) m
c To + Fdown (F1c m
cm
L ) T1
T
Fup (F1c m
cm
L ) T2
(4)
178
P08 03
Equations
8.3
Calculation of pressure drop across a packed bed store.
$UnitSystem SI C, kPa
Knowns
Length = 1.80 [m] ;
P artDiam = .0125 [m] ;
Patm = 101.3 [kPa] ;
Ta = 35 [C]

Af rontal = 14.8 m2 ;
V = 0.053 [m/s]
estimated
(1)
(2)
= (air, p = Patm , T = Ta )
(3)
m
= Af rontal V
(4)
M assV el = m/A
f rontal
(5)
P = P resDrop (Length, M assV el, P artDiam, Ta )
(6)
This design does not satisfy the minimum pressure drop of 55 Pa.
Solution

Af rontal = 14.8 m2
m
= 0.8984 [kg/s]
Ta = 35 [C]
P = 29.98 [Pa]
V = 0.053 [m/s]
Length = 1.8 [m]

Patm = 101.3 [kPa]
179

M assV el = 0.0607
kg/s-m2

= 1.145 kg/m3
P08 04
Equations
8.4
Estimation of equivalent heat capacity of a phase change storage medium.
From Eqn 8.8.9:

EquivHeatCap

= mass
1 106 MJ
J
LatentHeat
+
18.3 2
TP haseChange
18.3
TP2 haseChange
!
Cp,Solid + 18.3
Cp,Liquid
TP2 haseChange
!
(1)
Data on the paraffin wax are from Table 13.7.1:

Cp,Solid = 2890;
Cp,Liquid = 2890
TP haseChange = 46.7 [C] ;
Assumed same as solid
LatentHeat = 209000 [J/kg] ;
(2)
mass = 1300 [kg]
(3)
Solution
Cp,Liquid = 2, 890 [J/kg-C]
mass = 1, 300 [kg]
Cp,Solid = 2, 890 [J/kg-C]

TP haseChange = 46.7 [C]
180
EquivHeatCap = 6.037 [MJ/C]
LatentHeat = 209, 000 [J/kg]
P08 05
Equations
function Vcell, (I, F, Qm )
(1)
Battery Parameters from Eckstein thesis (1990)

KDI = 29.3 [1/V]
(2)
IDI = 2.5 [amp]
(3)
mc = 0.864 []
(4)
md = 1.0 []
(5)
Rsc = 3
[ohm amp hr]

Qm
Rsd = 0.5
(6)
[ohm amp hr]

Qm
(7)
Gc = 0.08 [V]
(8)
Gd = 0.08 [V]
(9)
Esc = 2.25
(10)
Esd = 2.10
(11)
Qc = 0.035 Qm
(12)
Qd = Qm /0.85
(13)

VDI = 1/KDI ln
Voc =
abs (I)
+1
IDI

(14)
Esc + Esd
2
(15)
H =1F
If I < 0 then
(16)
Discharge
(17)

Vcell,=V,oc VDI Gd H + I Rsd 1 + md
H
Qd /QM H
181

(18)
else
Charge
(19)

Vcell,=V,oc + VDI Gc H + I Rsc 1 + mc
H
Qc /QM H
endif
(20)
(21)
end Vcell,
(22)
The problem must be run in two parts, one charging and one discharging. The charging part is trial and error. Select a
voltage until the charge time equals 11 hours.
Must uncomment one of these two statements
Charging$=True
Charging$ = False
(23)
ChargeEf f iciency = 0.95
(24)
Imax = 11 [amp]
(25)
Ns = 6
(26)
Np = 1
(27)
Qm = 50 [amp hr]
(28)
Qm,cell = Qm /Ns
(29)
Vcell = Vcell, (Icell , F, Qm,cell )
Simple function to evaluate equations 8.10.1 and 8.10.2
(30)
Vbatt = Ns Vcell
(31)
Ibatt = min (Icell Np , Imax )
(32)
= If(Ibatt , 0, 1, 1, ChargeEf f iciency)
eta = 1 when discharging and eta=0.95 when charging
F = Q/Qm
(33)
(34)
T imef inal
Ibatt dtime
Q = Qo +
(35)
T imeinitial
T imef inal
Ibatt Vbatt dtime
P =
(36)
T imeinitial
$IF Charging$=True
Qo = 10 [Amp hr]
(37)
T imeinitial = 0 [hr]
(38)
T imef inal = 11
(39)
Vbatt = 15.2
(40)
By trial and error a voltage of 15.2V will charge the battery in 11 hours.
182
$Else
Rload = 2 [ohm]
(41)
Qo = 50 [Amp hr]
(42)
(43)
T imef inal = 19.25 [hr]

Vbatt = Ibatt Rload
By trial and error the battery lasts 19.25 hr.
(44)
Resistance load
(45)
$EndIF
$IntegralTable time: 0.5,Q,F,I_batt, V_batt,P
Find the cycle efficiency. The power to charge was 640 Wh and the power delivered discharge was 391 Wh. The cycle
efficiency is:
cycle = 391/640
(46)
Solution
ChargeEf f iciency = 0.95
F = 0.200 [-]
Np = 1
Qm = 50 [amp-hr]
time = 19.25 [hr]
Vcell = 1.33 [V]
Charging$ = False
Ibatt = 3.989 [amp]
Ns = 6
Qm,cell = 8.333 [Amp-hr]
T imef inal = 19.25 [hr]
= 1 [-]
Icell = 3.989 [amp]
P = 391 [W-hr]
Qo = 50 [Amp-hr]
Integral Table
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
time
[hr]
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
Q
[amp-hr]
50.0
47.3
44.6
42.0
39.4
36.8
34.2
31.7
29.2
26.7
24.3
22.0
19.7
17.4
15.2
13.1
11.0
F
[-]
1.000
0.946
0.892
0.839
0.787
0.735
0.684
0.634
0.584
0.535
0.487
0.439
0.393
0.348
0.304
0.261
0.220
Ibatt
[amp]
-5.430
-5.380
-5.327
-5.271
-5.213
-5.150
-5.084
-5.014
-4.938
-4.857
-4.769
-4.675
-4.573
-4.462
-4.341
-4.210
-4.066
Vbatt
[V]
10.859
10.759
10.654
10.543
10.425
10.301
10.168
10.027
9.876
9.713
9.539
9.350
9.146
8.924
8.682
8.419
8.132
P
[W-hr]
0
-29
-58
-86
-113
-140
-166
-192
-217
-241
-264
-286
-308
-328
-347
-366
-383
183
cycle = 0.6109
Imax = 11 [amp]
Q = 10.0 [amp-hr]
Rload = 2 []
Vbatt = 7.979 [V]
18
19.25
10.0
0.200
-3.989
7.979
-391
F vs time (Problem 8.5)
184
P09 01
Equations
9.1 Calculation of water heating loads on a commercial building.
$UnitSystem SI C J kPa
Knowns
U Aloop = 38.1 [W/C] ;
U Atank = 11 [W/C] ;
U seM,F = 610 [L/day] ;
Tave =
U seS,S = 210 [L/day] ;
Tcold = 12 [C] ;
Thot = 38 [C]
Troom = 20 [C] ;
L = 122 [m] ;
(1)
D = 0.019 [m]
Thot + Tcold
2
(2)
(3)
Cp = cp (W ater, T = Tave , P = 200)

1/Liter

= (W ater, T = Tave , P = 200) 0.001
1/m3
(4)
(5)
a Energy to heat water only:

Loadhw = (U seM,F 5 [day/week] + U seS,S

6 MJ

2 [day/week]) Cp (Thot Tcold ) 1 10
J
(6)
b Add piping and tank losses:

Load = Loadhw + Losstank + Losspiping
(7)

MJ
Losstank = U Atank (Thot Troom ) 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr/day] 7 [day/week] 1 106
j
(8)
Losspiping

6 MJ

= U Aloop (Thot Troom ) 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr/day] 7 [day/week] 1 10
j
185
(9)
c With night shut-down:

If flow loop is shut down for 14 hours per day, assume that piping and water therein cools to 20 C. The energy loss from
piping will then be losses for 10 hours per day, plus the heat to bring pipe and water therein back up to 38 C.

MJ
(10)
LosspipingRed = U Aloop (Thot Troom ) 3600 [s/hr] 10 [hr/day] 7 [day/week] 1 106
J

6 MJ

ReheatEnergy = W aterM ass Cp 7 [1/week] (Thot Troom ) 1 10
J
(11)

liter
W aterM ass = D2 L/4 1000 3
m
(12)
LoadRed = Loadhw + Losstank + LosspipingRed + ReheatEnergy
(13)
Solution
Cp = 4183 [J/kg-K]
Load = 910.8 [MJ/week]
Losspiping = 414.8 [MJ/week]
ReheatEnergy = 18.18 [MJ/week]
Tcold = 12 [C]
U Aloop = 38.1 [W/C]
U seS,S = 210 [L/day]
D = 0.019 [m]
Loadhw = 376.3 [MJ/week]
LosspipingRed = 172.8 [MJ/week]
= 0.9971 [kg/liter]
Thot = 38 [C]
U Atank = 11 [W/C]
W aterM ass = 34.49 [kg]
186
L = 122 [m]
LoadRed = 687 [MJ/week]
Losstank = 119.8 [MJ/week]
Tave = 25 [C]
Troom = 20 [C]
U seM,F = 610 [L/day]
P09 02
Equations
9.2 Degree-day calculation of house heating load.
Knowns
Thouse = 19;
IntGen = 1.5 103 ;
U Ahouse = 335;
Tamb = 3
(1)
Use Equation 9.3.3 for balance temperature:

Tbase = Thouse IntGen/U Ahouse
(2)
Use Equation 9.3.4 for load rate in terms of Tbase :

Loadrate = U Ahouse (Tbase Tamb )
(3)
Solution
IntGen = 1500 [W]
Tbase = 14.52 [C]
Loadrate = 5870 [W]

Thouse = 19 [C]
Tamb = 3 [C]
U Ahouse = 335 [W/C]
187
P09 03
Equations
9.3 Calculation of annual degree-days and loads for building of Problem 9.2.
Use the degree-day method of Section 9.3. Note that from Example 9.3.1 yr = 10.6.
We will use two dimensional arrays for this solution. We could have used three parametric tables.
Checking Units shows a large number of problems. This is due to the empirical nature of some of the Equations.
Knowns
U Ah,1 = 112 [W/C] ;
Tset = 19 [C] ;
U Ah,2 = 224 [W/C] ;
yr = 10.6 [C] ;
U Ah,3 = 335 [W/C]
(1)
q = 1500 [W]
(2)
Ta,1..12 = [-8, -5, 1, 9, 14, 19, 22, 20, 15, 11, 2, -5]
(3)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(4)
Ni = N umDay (i)
(5)
m,i = 1.45 [C] 0.0290 Ta,i + 0.0664 yr
Eqn 9.3.10
(6)
end
(7)
duplicate k = 1, 3
(8)
Tbase,k = Tset
q
U Ah,k
Eqn 9.3.3
(9)
duplicate i = 1, 12
hi, k =
(10)
Tbase,k Ta,i
p
m,i Ni 1 [1/day]

DegDayAi, k = m,i Ni1.5
T i, k = Tbase,k Ta,i
Eqn 9.3.9

(11)
hi, k
ln (cosh (1.698 hi, k ))
+
+ 0.2041
2
3.396

(12)
(13)
DegDayB i, k = Ni T i, k
(14)
DegDay 0 i, k = If T i, k , 6 [C] , DegDayAi, k , DegDayAi, k , DegDayB i, k

DegDay i, k = max DegDay 0 i, k , 0 [C day]
(15)
(16)
188

MJ
Li, k = U Ah,k DegDay i, k 24 [hr/day] 3600 [s/hr] 1 106
J
Eqn 9.3.6
(17)
end
(18)

GJ

Lk = Sum(Lii, k , ii = 1, 12) 0.001
MJ
(19)
end
(20)
For the three different values of (UA)h the base temperatures are,
respectively, 5.6, 12.3, and 14.5 C and
annual Energy requirements are, respectively, 13.6, 50.3, and 89.9 GJ
Note: Decreasing the building UA has two effects on building heating loads. It reduces the number of degree-days, and the
loss per degree-day.
Solution
q = 1500 [W]
yr = 10.6 [C]
Tset = 19 [C]
Arrays
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ta,i
[C]
-8
-5
1
9
14
19
22
20
15
11
2
-5
Ni
[day]
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31
DegDayAi,2
[C-Day]
630.1
485.3
354.5
125.8
39.11
5.606
1.54
3.951
26.67
87.01
313.8
537.6
m,i
[C]
2.386
2.299
2.125
1.893
1.748
1.603
1.516
1.574
1.719
1.835
2.096
2.299
Tbase,i
[C]
5.6
12.3
14.5
DegDayAi,3
[C-Day]
698.6
547.1
421.4
179.6
70.04
12.63
3.709
9.041
50.79
134.4
378.1
605.8
U Ah,i
[W/C]
112
224
335
Li
[GJ]
13.6
50.3
89.9
DegDayB i,1
[C-Day]
422
297
143
-102
-260
-402
-508
-446
-282
-167
108
329
DegDayAi,1
[C-Day]
426
302
168
26
5
0
0
0
3
14
138
336
DegDayB i,2
[C-Day]
629.4
484.5
350.4
99.11
-52.59
-200.9
-300.6
-238.6
-80.89
40.41
309.1
536.4
189
DegDayB i,3
[C-Day]
698.2
546.6
419.2
165.7
16.19
-134.3
-231.8
-169.8
-14.33
109.2
375.7
605.2
DegDay 0 [i, 1]
[C-Day]
422
297
168
26
5
0
0
0
3
14
138
329
DegDay 0 [i, 2]
[C-Day]
629.4
484.5
350.4
125.8
39.11
5.606
1.54
3.951
26.67
87.01
309.1
536.4
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DegDay 0 [i, 3]
[C-Day]
698.2
546.6
419.2
179.6
70.04
12.63
3.709
9.041
50.79
134.4
375.7
605.2
Li,1
[MJ]
4082
2874
1629
252.1
44.75
4.191
0.9999
2.902
26.71
139
1337
3182
Li,2
[MJ]
12181
9377
6782
2435
757
108.5
29.8
76.46
516.1
1684
5982
10381
DegDay i,1
[C-day]
421.8
297
168.3
26.05
4.624
0.4331
0.1033
0.2999
2.76
14.36
138.2
328.8
Li,3
[MJ]
20209
15822
12133
5197
2027
365.6
107.4
261.7
1470
3889
10873
17517
DegDay i,2
[C-day]
629.4
484.5
350.4
125.8
39.11
5.606
1.54
3.951
26.67
87.01
309.1
536.4
hi,1
[-]
1.024
0.872
0.3894
-0.3273
-0.8624
-1.526
-1.942
-1.643
-0.9977
-0.5279
0.3142
0.8287
hi,2
[-]
1.528
1.422
0.9555
0.3186
-0.1743
-0.7628
-1.149
-0.8783
-0.2864
0.1276
0.8976
1.352
DegDay i,3
[C-day]
698.2
546.6
419.2
179.6
70.04
12.63
3.709
9.041
50.79
134.4
375.7
605.2
hi,3
[-]
1.695
1.605
1.143
0.5327
0.05368
-0.51
-0.886
-0.6251
-0.05073
0.3448
1.091
1.525
190
T i,1
[C]
13.61
10.61
4.607
-3.393
-8.393
-13.39
-16.39
-14.39
-9.393
-5.393
3.607
10.61
T i,2
[C]
20.3
17.3
11.3
3.304
-1.696
-6.696
-9.696
-7.696
-2.696
1.304
10.3
17.3
T i,3
[C]
22.52
19.52
13.52
5.522
0.5224
-4.478
-7.478
-5.478
-0.4776
3.522
12.52
19.52
P10 01
Equations
10.1 Energy balance on a system for 1 hour.
Knowns
Ts = 43 [C] ;

Ac = 5 m2 ;
Ls = 5.20;
IT = 18.0/5;
M ass = 400 [kg] ;
U AT ank = 0.81 [W/C] ;
F RT A = 0.76;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;
Ta = 12 [C] ;

F RU L = 4.80 W/m2 C
T ime = 1 [hr]
(2)
T 0 a = 19 [C]
(3)
Equation 10.1.3 in finite difference form, for fully mixed Tank, in MJ:

J

M ass Cp (Tplus,s Ts ) = (Qu Ls LossT ank ) 1000000
MJ

MJ/hr

Qu = Ac F RT A IT F RU L (Ts Ta ) 1 [hr] 0.0036
J/s
LossT ank
(4)
(5)

MJ/hr

= U AT ank (Ts T a ) T ime 0.0036
J/s
0
(6)
Solution
2
Ac = 5 m

IT = 3.6 MJ/m2
Ta = 12 [C]
Cp = 4190 [J/kg-C]
LossT ank = 0.07 [MJ]
Tplus,s = 46.42 [C]
T ime = 1 [hr]
Ls = 5.2 [MJ]
Ts = 43 [C]
191
(1)
F RT A = 0.76
M ass = 400 [kg]
T 0 a = 19 [C]

F RU L = 4.8 W/m2 -C
Qu = 11 [MJ]
U AT ank = 0.81 [W/C]
P10 02
Equations
10.2
Energy balance on fully mixed Tank over 24 hours
$Tabstops 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Knowns

Ac = 30 m2 ;
T ime = 1 [hr] ;
FRT auAlpha = 0.78;

T 0 a = 20 [C] ;

FRU,L = 7.62 W/m2 C ;
U AT ank = 11.1 [W/C] ;
M ass = 1500 [kg]
hr = 1 [hr] ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg c]
(1)
(2)
Use finite difference form of Equation 10.1.3, in MJ in the parametric table. Note that the Solve Table must start at run 2.:

J
(Qu Ls LossT ank ) 1000000 MJ
(Ts+ Ts )
M ass Cp
=
(3)
T ime
hr

MJ
Qu = max 0, Ac FRT auAlpha IT FRU,L hr (Ts Ta ) 0.0036
(4)
W hr

MJ
0

LossT ank = U AT ank hr (Ts T a ) 0.0036
(5)
J h/s
Ts = Tablevalue(tablerun# 1, Tplus s )
(6)
$DoLast
192
Qu,day = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q u , 2, 25)
(7)
Qloss,day = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Loss tank , 2, 25)
(8)
Loadday = Sumparametric(Table 1 , L s , 2, 25)
(9)
Tinitial = Tablevalue(1, Tplus s )
(10)
Tf inal = Tablevalue(25, Tplus s )
(11)

J
M ass Cp (Tf inal Tinitial ) = (Qu,day Qloss,day Loadday ) 1000000
+ EBE
MJ
(12)
$EndDoLast
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
T IM E
[HR]
Ls
[MJ]
IT 2
MJ/m
Ta
[C]
Ts
[C]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
12
12
11
11
13
14
18
21
20
20
18
16
14
14
13
18
22
24
18
20
15
11
10
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.09
1.75
2.69
3.78
3.87
3.41
2.77
1.82
1.53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4
-4
-5
-3
-1
0
0
1
0
2
4
10
10
8
8
6
4
4
3
5
6
6
7
6
45.0
42.9
40.9
39.0
37.1
34.9
32.6
29.7
26.3
23.7
24.1
28.6
37.7
46.1
51.4
53.8
51.2
47.5
43.5
40.5
37.2
34.7
32.9
31.2
Tsplus
[C]
45.0
42.9
40.9
39.0
37.1
34.9
32.6
29.7
26.3
23.7
24.1
28.6
37.7
46.1
51.4
53.8
51.2
47.5
43.5
40.5
37.2
34.7
32.9
31.2
29.7
193
Qu
[MJ]
LossT ank
[MJ]
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.9
23.1
46.4
73.1
67.8
48.4
29.1
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.7
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
P10 03
194
P10 04
Equations
10.4 Calculate collector heat exchanger factor.
Knowns
= 0.60;

F RU L = 3.75 W/m2 C ;

Ac = 50 m2 ;
m
coll = 0.7 [kg/s] ;
m
tank = 0.7 [kg/s]
(1)
Cp,coll = 3350 [J/kg C] ;
Cp,tank = 4190 [J/kg C]
(2)
C tank = m
tank Cp,tank ;
C coll = m
coll Cp,coll
(3)
Ccoll
1

C min
F 0 R/F R = 1 + Ac F RU L/C coll
Eqn 10.2.3:

C min = min C tank , C coll
(5)
Solution

Ac = 50 m2
Cp,coll = 3350 [J/kg-C]
F 0 R/F R = 0.9494
C coll = 2345 [J/s-C]

Cp,tank = 4190 [J/kg-C]
m
coll = 0.7 [kg/s]
(4)
C min = 2345 [J/s-C]

= 0.6
m
tank = 0.7 [kg/s]
195
C tank = 2933 [J/s-C]

F RU L = 3.75 W/m2 -C
P10 05
Equations
10.5 Pipe loss factors modifying Qu equation.
Knowns
C coll = 295 [W/C] ;
F Rta = 0.72;
Do = Di + 2 Insul;

F RU L = 4.65 W/m2 C ;
Di = 0.019 [m] ;
L = 20 [m] ;

hconv = 25 W/m2 C ;
insul = 0.018 [m]

Ac = 5.2 m2
(1)
(2)
kinsul = 0.05 [W/m C]
(3)
Ao = Do L;
(4)
ta0 /ta =
1
1 + Upipe Ao /C coll
U L0 /U L =
Upipe =
Ai = Di L
Eqn 10.3.9
(5)
i +Ao
1 Upipe Ai /C coll + Upipe AA

c F RU L
1 + Upipe Ao /C coll
Eqn 10.3.10
(6)
1
Do
ln (Do /Di )
(2kinsul )
(7)
+ 1/hconv
Equation 6.7.6 (or 10.1.1) is then modified as follows:

Qu = Ac *(FRta*ta \ta *GT - FRUL*UL \UL*(Ti - Ta ))
Solution

Ac = 5.2 m2
Di = 0.019 [m]

hconv = 25 W/m2 -C
ta0 /ta = 0.9816

Ai = 1.194 m2
Do = 0.055 [m]
Insul = 0.018 [m]
U L0 /U L = 1.277

Ao = 3.456 m2
F Rta = 0.72
kinsul = 0.05 [W/m-C]

Upipe = 1.601 W/m2 -C
196
C coll = 295 [W/C]

F RU L = 4.65 W/m2 -C
L = 20 [m]
P10 06
Equations
10.6 Air heater simulation with fully mixed liquid storage tank
Knowns:
TsupplyAir = 35 [C] ;

Ac = 80 m2 ;
Tdelivery = 55 [C] ;
F 0 Rta = 0.78;
m
water = 0.056 [kg/s] ;
T ime = 1 [hr] ;

F 0 RU L = 4.45 W/m2 C ;
m
air = 0.056 [kg/s] ;
M ass = 5000 [kg] ;
Tinitial = 47 [C]
U AT ank = 140 [kJ/hr C] ;
Cp,air = 1013 [J/kg C] ;
(1)
hr = 1 [hr] (2)
Cp,water = 4190 [J/kg C]
(3)
For a perfect heat exchanger the fluid with the minimum capacity will go through the maximum temperature rise.
C h = m
water Cp,water
(4)
C c = m
air Cp,air

C min = min C h , C c
(5)
Qmax
(6)

MJ/hr

= Cmin (Ts TsupplyAir ) hr 0.0036
W
197
(7)
The required energy to heat the air from 35 to 55 C is:

MJ/hr
Qreqd = C min (Tdelivery TsupplyAir ) hr 0.0036
J/s
(8)
The energy removed from storage is then:

Ls = min (Qreqd , Qmax )
(9)
The auxiliary energy is then:

Aux = max (0, Qreqd Qmax )
(10)
Note that this control would be implemented by reducing the water mass flow rate.
The tank energy balance (Equation 10.9.2) is:

(Tplus,s Ts )
MJ
M ass Cp,water
= (Qu Ls LossTank )
hr 1 106
T ime
J
Ts = Tablevalue(Table 1 , tablerun# 1, T plus s )

MJ/hr
Qu = max 0, Ac F 0 Rta IT F 0 RU L hr 0.0036
(T
T
)
s
a
W

MJ
LossT ank = U AT ank hr 0.001
(Ts Ta )
kJ
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Energy removed from store to supply load

Estore = Sumparametric(Table 1 , L s , 2, T ableRun#)
(15)
AuxiliaryEnergy required to meet the load

EAux = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Aux , 2, T ableRun#)
(16)
Energy supplied to store from solar

Esolar = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q u , 2, T ableRun#)
(17)
Energy lost from store to surroundings

Eloss = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Loss tank , 2, T ableRun#)
(18)
Energy gain (or loss) of tank over 12 hours.

MJ
Estored = M ass Cp,water (Tplus,s Tinitial ) 1 106
J
(19)
Store energy balance to determine Energy Balance Error:

EBE = Esolar Eloss Estored Estore
(20)
Energy balance on air stream.

Check = Qreqd 12 Estore Eaux
(21)
Solution
198
Aux = 0.00 [MJ]

C h = 234.6 [J/s-C]
T ime = 1 [hr]
Esolar = 821.1 [MJ]

F 0 RU L = 4.45 W/m2 -C
Ls = 4.08 [MJ]
Qmax = 9.353 [MJ]
Tdelivery = 55 [C]
TsupplyAir = 35 [C]

Ac = 80 m2
C min = 56.73 [J/s-C]
EBE = 7.326 107 [MJ]
Estore = 40.97 [MJ]
hr = 1 [hr]
M ass = 5000 [kg]
Qreqd = 4.084 [MJ]
Tinitial = 47 [C]
U AT ank = 140 [kJ/hr-C]
Check = 1.776 1015 [MJ]

Cp,air = 1013 [J/kg-C]
EAux = 8.044 [MJ]
Estored = 694.2
[MJ]

IT = 0.00 MJ/m2
m
air = 0.056 [kg/s]
Qu = 0 [MJ]
Tplus,s = 80.1 [C]
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sum
Ta
[C]
7
8
9
9
9
12
15
14
12
12
12
11
130
IT
MJ/m2
Ts
[C]
Qu
[MJ]
Ls
[MJ]
Aux
[MJ]
LossT ank
[MJ]
0.00
0.00
1.09
1.75
2.69
3.78
3.87
3.41
2.77
1.82
1.53
0.00
22.71
47
46.62
46.24
46.85
49.38
54.51
62.7
70.79
76.9
80.55
81.13
80.8
743.5
0
0
20.28
60.69
116.1
181.4
180.4
140
89.67
25.71
6.879
0
821.1
2.45
2.37
2.30
2.42
2.94
3.99
4.08
4.08
4.08
4.08
4.08
4.08
40.97
1.63
1.71
1.79
1.66
1.15
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.04
5.60
5.41
5.21
5.30
5.65
5.95
6.68
7.95
9.09
9.60
9.68
9.77
85.89
199
Tplus,s
[C]
47.0
46.6
46.2
46.9
49.4
54.5
62.7
70.8
76.9
80.6
81.1
80.8
80.1
823.6
C c = 56.73 [J/s-C]
Cp,water = 4190 [J/kg-C]
Eloss = 85.89 [MJ]
F 0 Rta = 0.78
m
water = 0.056 [kg/s]
Ta = 11 [C]
Ts = 80.8 [C]
P10 07
Equations
10.7 Air heating simulation of Problem 10.6 with mixed liquid tank and a real load HX.
Knowns:
TsupplyAir = 35 [C] ;

Ac = 80 m2 ;
Tdelivery = 55 [C] ;
F 0 Rta = 0.78;
m
water = 0.056 [kg/s] ;
T ime = 1 [hr] ;

F 0 RU L = 4.45 W/m2 C ;
m
air = 0.056 [kg/s] ;
M ass = 5000 [kg] ;
Tinitial = 47 [C]
U AT ank = 140 [kJ/hr C] ;
Cp,air = 1013 [J/kg C] ;
(1)
hr = 1 [hr] (2)
Cp,water = 4190 [J/kg C]
= 0.58
(3)
(4)
For a perfect heat exchanger the fluid with the minimum capacity will go through the maximum temperature rise.
C h = m
water Cp,water
(5)
C c = m
air Cp,air

C min = min C h , C c
(6)
(7)
Calculating the new maximum heat transfer in the HX is the only change from Problem 10.6

MJ/hr

Qmax = Cmin (Ts TsupplyAir ) hr 0.0036
W
The required energy to heat the air from 35 to 55 C is:

MJ/hr

Qreqd = Cmin (Tdelivery TsupplyAir ) hr 0.0036
J/s
(8)
(9)
The energy removed from storage is then:

Ls = min (Qreqd , Qmax )
(10)
The auxiliary energy is then:

Aux = max (0, Qreqd Qmax )
(11)
Note that this control would be implemented by reducing the water mass flow rate.
The tank energy balance (Equation 10.9.2) is:

(Tplus,s Ts )
6 MJ

M ass Cp,water
hr 1 10
= (Qu Ls LossTank )
T ime
J
200
(12)
Ts = Tablevalue(Table 1 , tablerun# 1, T plus s )

MJ/hr
(T
T
)
Qu = max 0, Ac F 0 Rta IT F 0 RU L hr 0.0036
s
a
W

MJ

LossT ank = U AT ank hr 0.001
(Ts Ta )
kJ
(13)
(14)
(15)
Energy removed from store to supply load

Estore = Sumparametric(Table 1 , L s , 2, T ableRun#)
(16)
AuxiliaryEnergy required to meet the load

EAux = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Aux , 2, T ableRun#)
(17)
Energy supplied to store from solar

Esolar = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q u , 2, T ableRun#)
(18)
Energy lost from store to surroundings

Eloss = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Loss tank , 2, T ableRun#)
(19)
Energy gain (or loss) of tank over 12 hours.

Estored

6 MJ

= M ass Cp,water (Tplus,s Tinitial ) 1 10
J
(20)
Store energy balance to determine Energy Balance Error:

EBE = Esolar Eloss Estored Estore
(21)
Energy balance on air stream.

Check = Qreqd 12 Estore Eaux
(22)
Reducing the heat exchanger effectiveness from 1 to 0.58 increased the Aux from 8.04 to 15.65 MJ
and reduced the energy supplied from the store from 40.97 to 33.36 MJ. These are significant chages but
general conclusions about the impact over a full year should not be drawn from this one-day simulation.
In an annual simulation the expected percentage increase in auxiliary energy is expected to be much smaller.
Solution
Aux = 0.00 [MJ]
C h = 234.6 [W/C]
T ime = 1 [hr]
Eloss = 86.21 [MJ]
F 0 Rta = 0.78
m
water = 0.056 [kg/s]
Ta = 11 [C]
Ts = 81.03 [C]

Ac = 80 m2
C min = 56.73 [W/C]
EBE = 7.334 107 [MJ]
Esolar = 818.5 [MJ]

F 0 RU L = 4.45 W/m2 -C
Ls = 4.08 [MJ]
Qmax = 5.452 [MJ]
Tdelivery = 55 [C]
TsupplyAir = 35 [C]
Check = 3.553 1015 [MJ]

Cp,air = 1013 [J/kg-C]
= 0.58
Estore = 33.36 [MJ]
hr = 1 [hr]
M ass = 5000 [kg]
Qreqd = 4.084 [MJ]
Tinitial = 47 [C]
U AT ank = 140 [kJ/hr-C]
201
C c = 56.73 [W/C]
Cp,water = 4190 [J/kg-C]
EAux = 15.65 [MJ]
Estored = 698.9 [MJ]
IT = 0 MJ/m2
m
air = 0.056 [kg/s]
Qu = 0.00 [MJ]
Tplus,s = 80.36 [C]
Table 1
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sum
Ta
[C]
7
8
9
9
9
12
15
14
12
12
12
11
130
IT
MJ/m2
Ts
[C]
Qu
[MJ]
Ls
[MJ]
Aux
[MJ]
LossT ank
[MJ]
0
0
1.09
1.75
2.69
3.78
3.87
3.41
2.77
1.82
1.53
0
22.71
47.00
46.66
46.34
46.99
49.56
54.73
62.98
71.09
77.18
80.81
81.37
81.03
745.75
0.00
0.00
20.16
60.51
115.88
181.10
180.00
139.61
89.31
25.38
6.57
0.00
818.52
1.42
1.38
1.34
1.42
1.72
2.34
3.31
4.08
4.08
4.08
4.08
4.08
33.36
2.66
2.70
2.74
2.66
2.36
1.75
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.65
5.60
5.41
5.23
5.32
5.68
5.98
6.72
7.99
9.13
9.63
9.71
9.80
86.21
202
Tplus,s
[C]
47.00
46.66
46.34
46.99
49.56
54.73
62.98
71.09
77.18
80.81
81.37
81.03
80.36
826.11
P10 08
Equations
10.8 Simulation of water heater with variable load.
Knowns
T ime = 1 [hr] ;
F Rta = 0.73;
M ass = 1000 [kg] ;

F RU L = 5 W/m2 C ;
C tank = 1120 [W/C] ;
Tsupply = 11 [C] ;

Ac = 20 m2 ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;
U AT ank = 6.0 [W/C] ;
Tinitial = 35 [C] ;
C coll = 1020 [W/C]
Troom = 20 [C] ;
Use FR \FR to account for the collector-store heat exchanger, Equation 10.2.3.

C min = min C T ank , C coll
203
= 0.6
hr = 1 [hr]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Ccoll
1

C min
F 0 R/F R = 1 + Ac F RU L/C coll
(5)
F 0 Rta = F Rta F 0 R/F R
(6)
F 0 RU L = F RU L F 0 R/F R
(7)
Use a form of Equation 10.9.2, in MJ:

+

Ts Ts
MJ
= (Qu Ls LossTank )
M ass Cp
hr 1 106
T ime
J

MJ/hr
0
0

Qu = max 0 [MJ] , Ac F Rta IT F RU L 0.0036
(T
T
)
hr
s
a
W

MJ
(Ts Tsupply ) hr
Ls = m
load Cp 1 106
J

MJ/hr

LossT ank = U AT ank 0.0036
(Ts Troom ) hr
W
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Ts = Tablevalue(tablerun# 1, Tplus s )
(12)
Find total quantities.

Eu = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q u , 2, tableRun#)
(13)
Eloss = Sumparametric(Table 1 , Loss tank , 2, tableRun#)
(14)
Eload = Sumparametric(Table 1 , L s , 2, tableRun#)
(15)
Tf inal = Ts+
(16)

6 MJ

U = M ass Cp (Tf inal Tinitial ) 1 10
J
(17)
Tank Energy Balance Error

EBE = Eu Eloss Eload U
(18)
Solution

Ac = 20 m2
Cp = 4190 [J/kg-C]
= 0.6
F Rta = 0.73
F 0 R/F R = 0.9387 [-]
Ls = 19.99 [MJ]
Ta = 20 [C]
Ts = 42.81 [C]
C coll = 1020 [W/C]

T ime = 1 [hr]
Eload = 47.85
[MJ]
F RU L = 5 W/m2 -C
hr = 1 [hr]
M ass = 1000 [kg]
Tf inal = 45.08 [C]
Tsupply = 11 [C]
C min = 1020 [W/C]

U = 42.22 [MJ]
Eloss = 1.337 [MJ]
F 0 Rta = 0.6852

IT = 2.75 MJ/m2
m
load = 150 [kg/hr]
Tinitial = 35 [C]
Ts+ = 45.08 [C]
Table 1
204
C tank = 1120 [W/C]

EBE = 8.462 108 [MJ]
Eu = 91.41 [MJ]

F 0 RU L = 4.693 W/m2 -C
Qu = 29.98 [MJ]
Troom = 20 [C]
U AT ank = 6 [W/C]
Run
1
2
3
4
5
Ta
[C]
IT 2
MJ/m
m
load
[kg/hr]
Qu
[MJ]
LossT ank
[MJ]
Ls
[MJ]
Ts
[C]
14
17
18
20
0.09
1.75
3.45
2.75
150
150
0
150
0.00
19.14
42.28
29.98
0.32
0.24
0.28
0.49
15.08
12.77
0.00
19.99
35.00
31.32
32.78
42.81
205
Tsplus
[C]
35.00
31.32
32.78
42.81
45.08
P10 09
Equations
10.9 Effects of changes in the conditions of Problem 10.8
Each change can be tested using the program of Problem 10.8 but here we wanted answers based on knowledge of solar
system performance.
a) Tplus s will be higher, as FR0 will be higher and Qu will be higher.

b) Tplus s will be lower, as UL will be higher resulting in higher collector losses and lower Qu.
c) Tplus s will be lower, as FR and FR0 will be lower, resulting in lower Qu.
d) Tplus s will be higher, as the temperature of operation of the whole system would be higher.
The increase would be less than 3 C, since there would be increased thermal losses from the collector and tank.
206
P10 10
Equations
10.10 Develop Qu equation for collector subsystem.
Work from the collector back to the tank, making a series of corrections on FRta and FRUL. The bo correction can be made
any time; it is left to the end.
$UnitSystem C J kPa
Knowns
F avtan = 0.75;
F avU L = 0.75/0.165;
v tank = 0.050 [l/s] ;

Ttest = 30 [C] ;
Nseries = 2;
v test = 0.0246 [l/s] ;
Dpipe = 0.012 [m] ;
Pf luid = 200 [kPa] ;
Nparallel = 3;
thick insulation = 0.009 [m] ;
Conc = 50;
v coll = 0.040

Ac = 1.64 m2 ;
[l/s]
Nparallel
Ta = 20 [C] ;
= 0.45
Lpipe = 12 [m] ;
Ncoll = 6
(1)
F I$ = EG (2)
assumed
(3)
so the flow through each collector is:
(4)
kinsulation = 0.043 [W/m C]
(5)
Fluid properties - watch units in BRINEPROP.

call BRIN EP ROP 2 F I$, Conc, Ttest
Cp,EG
, k , , P rEG
: F reezingP tEG , EG ,
1000 J EG EG
kJ
= (water, T = Ttest , P = pf luid )
!
(6)
(7)
207
= (water, T = Ttest , P = Pf luid )
(8)
Cp = cp (water, T = Ttest , P = Pf luid )
(9)
1. Convert from basis of Fav to FR , Section 6.19.

m3
m
test = v test 0.001
l
(10)

1
Ac F avU L
F Rtan,1 = F avtan 1 +
2m
test Cp

Ac F avU L
F RU L1 = F avU L 1 +
2m
test Cp
(11)
1
(12)
2. Apply flow rate correction, Equation 6.20.1:

m3

m
use = v coll EG 0.001
l

0
m
use Cp,EG
Ac F U L
exp
Ac
m
use Cp,EG
r=
Eqn 6.20.2
F RU L1

m
test Cp
Ac
0
F UL =
ln 1 F RU L1
Equation 6.20.4
Ac
m
test Cp
F RU L2 = F RU L1 r;
F Rtan,2 = F Rtan,1 r
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
3. Two arrays in series:

K=
Ac F RU L2
m
use Cp,EG
Eqn 10.5.4
(17)
F Rtan,3 = F Rtan,2 (1 K/2)
Eqn 10.5.8
(18)
F RU L3 = F RU L2 (1 K/2)
Eqn 10.5.9
(19)
4. Pipe heat loss - Section 10.3

Dinsul = Dpipe + 2 thick insulation
U Ao = 2 kinsulation
(20)
Lpipe
ln (Dinsul /Dpipe )
(21)
U Ao = U Ai
(22)
The pipe heat loss is for all 6 collectors. So the total flow rate and total collector area are used here.

1
U Ai
F Rtan,4 = F Rtan,3 1 +
Eqn 10.3.9
m
use Nparallel Cp,EG
F RU L4 = F RU L3
U Ai
U Ai +U Ao
(m
use Nparallel Cp,EG ) + Ncoll Ac F RU L3
U Ai
1 + (m use Nparallel
Cp,EG )
208
Eqn 10.3.10
(23)
(24)
5. Collector-heat exchanger correction

C coll = Nparallel m
use Cp,EG

m3
C tank = v tank Cp 0.001
l

C min = min C coll , C tank
(25)
(26)
(27)
Ncoll Ac F RU L4 Ccoll
1
F R0 /F R = 1 +

C coll
C min
Eqn 10.2.3
(28)
F Rtan,5 = F Rtan,4 F R0 /F R
(29)
F RU L5 = F RU L4 F R0 /F R
(30)
6. Incidence angle modifier and Qu equation

Kta = 1 - 0.15*(1/cos()-1) Eqn 6.17.10
a = Ncoll Ac F Rtan,5
(31)

MJ/hr

b = Ncoll Ac F RU L5 0.0036
W
(32)
The final equation for Qu in MJ/hr (assuming IT is in MJ/m2 -hr) for the complete assembly is:
Qu = 4.498*IT *(1 - 0.15(1/cos()-1)) - 0.1138*(Ti - Ta )
Solution

a = 4.498 m2
C coll = 142 [J/s-C]
Cp,EG = 3349 [J/kg-K]
F avtan = 0.75 [-]
F Rtan,1 = 0.7237 [-]
F Rtan,5 = 0.4571

F RU L4 = 4.413 W/m2 -C
K = 0.1458
= 0.0007977 [kg/m-s]
Ncoll = 6 [-]
Pf luid = 200 [kPa]
thick insulation = 0.009 [m]
U Ao = 3.538 [W/C]

Ac = 1.64 m2
C min = 142 [J/s-C]
Dinsul = 0.03 [m]

F avU L = 4.545 W/m2 -C
F Rtan,2 = 0.6942

F RU L1 = 4.386 W/m2 -C
F RU L5 = 3.212 W/m2 -C
kEG = 0.3953 [W/m-K]
EG = 0.002831 [Pa-s]
Nparallel = 3 [-]
r = 0.9593
Ta = 20 [C]
v coll = 0.01333 [l/s]
209
b = 0.1138 [MJ/C-hr]
C tank = 208.2 [J/s-C]
Dpipe = 0.012 [m]
F I$ = EG
F Rtan,3 = 0.6436 [-]

F RU L2 = 4.207 W/m2 -C
F R0 /F R = 0.728
kinsulation = 0.043 [W/m-C]
m
test = 0.02449 [kg/s]
Nseries = 2 [-]

= 995.7 kg/m3
Ttest = 30 [C]
v tank = 0.05 [l/s]
Conc = 50
Cp = 4183 [J/kg-K]
= 0.45
F reezingP tEG = 36.03 [C]
F Rtan,4 = 0.628 [-]

F RU L3 = 3.901
W/m2 -C

F 0 U L = 4.547 W/m2 -C
Lpipe = 12 [m]
m
use = 0.01414 [kg/s]
P rEG = 23.98

EG = 1060 kg/m3
U Ai = 3.538 [W/C]
v test = 0.0246 [l/s]
P10 11
Equations
10.11 Performance of partially shaded collectors
Assume that the solar azimuth angle is 0, i.e., that the sun is directly south of the arrays; then the angle of incidence of beam
radiation is 5 deg on the unshaded collector. Assume that the combination of diffuse and reflected radiation is isotropic and
at the same level as the diffuse on the unshaded collector; the mean angle of incidence is then about 59 deg. Refer to the
diagram on p. 39 for dimensions. Use as a basis of calculation a unit width of row, i.e., 2.10 m2 area.
Knowns

Ac1 = 0.88 m2 ;

Ac2 = 1.22 m2 ;

m
= 0.011 kg/s m2 (Ac1 + Ac2 ) ;

IT 1 = 0.88 MJ/m2 hr ;
F Rtan = 0.83;

F RU L = 4.07 W/m2 C ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;
IT 2 = 0.88 + 2.95;
Ti = 40 [C] ;
1 = 59 [deg] ;
bo = 0.14
2 = 5 [deg]
Ta = 14 [C]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Eqn 10.6.4

MJ/hr

Qu = Ac1 F Rta1 (1 K) IT 1 + Ac2 F Rta2 IT 2 F RU L (Ac1 (1 K) + Ac2 ) (Ti Ta ) 0.0036
(4)
W
K = Ac2
F RU L
m
Cp
Eqn 10.6.5
(5)

F Rta1 = F Rtan 1 + bo

1
1
Cos(1 )

1
1
Cos(2 )
(6)
(7)
Solution

Ac1 = 0.88 m2
F Rta1 = 0.7206

IT 1 = 0.88 MJ/m2 -hr
Qu = 3.623 [MJ/hr]
Ti = 40 [C]

Ac2 = 1.22 m2
F Rta2 = 0.8296

IT 2 = 3.83 MJ/m2 -hr
1 = 59 [deg]
bo = 0.14
F Rtan = 0.83
K = 0.0513
2 = 5 [deg]
210
Cp = 4190 [J/kg-C]

F RU L = 4.07 W/m2 -C
m
= 0.0231 [kg/s]
Ta = 14 [C]
P10 12
Equations
10.12 Output of collectors with two parts at different orientations
Knows
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
month = 3;
Slope1 = 20 [deg] ;

Ac1 = 50 m2 ;
day = 16;
Slope2 = 70 [deg] ;

Ac2 = 50 m2 ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C] ;
= 52.5 [deg] ;
Ti = 40 [C] ;
F Rtan = 0.83;
m
= 1.10 [kg/s] ;
= 0 [deg]
(1)
Ta = 14 [C]

F RU L = 4.07 W/m2 C ;
GrRef = 0.2;
(2)
bo = 0.14

G = 580 W/m2
(3)
(4)
N = nDay (month, day)
(5)
dec = Dec (N )
(6)
CosZen = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos() + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)
Eqn 1.6.5
(7)
CosT heta1 = sin (Dec) sin (Lat) Cos(Slope1) sin (Dec) Cos(Lat) sin (Slope1) Cos()
+ Cos(Dec) Cos(Lat) Cos(Slope1) Cos() + Cos(Dec) sin (Lat) sin (Slope1) Cos() Cos()
+ Cos(Dec) sin (Slope1) sin () sin ()
Eqn 1.6.2
(8)
CosT heta2 = sin (Dec) sin (Lat) Cos(Slope2) sin (Dec) Cos(Lat) sin (Slope2) Cos()
+ Cos(Dec) Cos(Lat) Cos(Slope2) Cos() + Cos(Dec) sin (Lat) sin (Slope2) Cos() Cos()
+ Cos(Dec) sin (Slope2) sin () sin ()
Rb1 = Costheta1/CosZen;
Rb2 = CosT heta2/CosZen;
Eqn 1.6.2
T heta1 = arccos (CosT heta1)

T heta2 = arccos (CosT heta2)
(9)
(10)
(11)
It could be assumed that most radiation is beam - it is a very sunny day with kT =0.958 and Go = 604 W/m2, so the diffuse
fraction will be 0.165 by Equation 2.10.1. Then GT 1 = G*Rb1 and GT 2 = G*Rb2. This leads to Qu = 42.2 kW.
Using the isotropic sky model to calculate radiation on the collectors:
Go = Gsc# (1 + .033 Cos(360 [deg] n/365)) CosZen
211
(12)
Apply the concept of kT to irradiance rather than irradiation:

kT = G/Go
(13)
Gd = 580 0.165;
Gb = 580 0.835
(14)
GT 1 = Gb Rb1 + Gd
1 + Cos(Slope1)
1 Cos(Slope1)
+ G GrRef
2
2
(15)
GT 2 = Gb Rb2 + Gd
1 + Cos(Slope2)
1 Cos(Slope2)
+ G GrRef
2
2
(16)
K = Ac2
F RU L
m
Cp
Eqn 10.6.5


(17)
1
1
Cos(T heta1)

1
1
Cos(T heta2)

(18)
(19)
Qu = Ac1 F Rta1 (1 K) GT 1 + Ac2 F Rta2 GT 2 F RU L (Ac1 (1 K) + Ac2 ) (Ti Ta )
Solution

Ac1 = 50 m2
CosT heta2 = 0.5478
dec = 2.418 [deg]

2
F RU L = 4.07
-C
W/m

Gb = 484.3 W/m2
GT 2 = 707 W/m2
month = 3
Qu = 40673 [W]
Slope2 = 70 [deg]
Ti = 40 [C]

Ac2 = 50 m2
CosZen = 0.4388
F Rta1 =0.7376
2
G = 580 W/m

Gd = 95.7 W/m2
K = 0.04415
m
= 1.1 [kg/s]
Rb1 = 1.27
T heta1 = 56.14 [deg]
bo = 0.14
Cp = 4190 [J/kg-C]
F Rta2 = 0.7341
= 0 [deg]

Go = 605.3 W/m2
kT = 0.9582 [-]
N = 75
Rb2 = 1.248
T heta2 = 56.78 [deg]
212
CosT heta1 = 0.5571

day = 16
F Rtan = 0.83
GrRef = 0.2

GT 1 = 711.2 W/m2
Lat = 40 [deg]
= 52.5 [deg]
Slope1 = 20 [deg]
Ta = 14 [C]
Eqn 10.6.4 (20)
P11 01
Equations
11.1 Calculation of present worth.
Knowns
A = 5700 [$] ;
N = 10;
d1 = .08;
d2 = .12
(1)
From Equation 11.4.1

PW1 =
PW2 =
A
N
(2)
(3)
(1 + d1)
A
(1 + d2)
Solution
A = 5700 [$]
P W 1 = 2640 [$]
d1 = 0.08 [-]
P W 2 = 1835 [$]
d2 = 0.12 [-]
N = 10 [-]
213
P11 02
Equations
11.2 Calculation of uniform loan payment
Knowns
M = 20000 [$] ;
1
PWF =
di
NL = 15;

1
i = 0;
1+i
1+d
P eriodP ay = M/P W F
d = 0.085
(1)
NL !
Eqn 11.5.1
(2)
Eqn 11.5.2
(3)
Solution
d = 0.085
P eriodP ay = 2408.41 [$]
i=0
P W F = 8.304
M = 20000 [$]
214
NL = 15
P11 03
Equations
11.3 Calculation of Present Worth Factor PWF
Knowns
d = .095;
PWF =
i = .078;
1
di
N = 18

1+i
1+d
(1)
N !
Eqn 11.5.1
(2)
Solution
d = 0.095 [-]
i = 0.078 [-]
N = 18 [-]
P W F = 14.44 [-]
215
P11 04
Equations
11.4 Calculation of present worth of a series of costs.
Knowns
A = 1000;
i = .05;
d1 = .03;
d2 = .07;
N = 10
(1)
Use Equation 11.5.1 with each discount rate:

N !

1
1+i
PWF1 =
1
d1 i
1 + d1
(2)
PW1 = A PWF1
1
PWF2 =
d2 i
(3)

1
1+i
1 + d2
N !
(4)
PW2 = A PWF2
(5)
Solution
A = 1000 [$]
N = 10 [-]
P W F 2 = 8.598 [-]
d1 = 0.03 [-]
P W 1 = 10603 [$]
d2 = 0.07 [-]
P W 2 = 8598 [$]
216
i = 0.05 [-]
P W F 1 = 10.6 [-]
P11 05
Equations
11.5 Present worth of a series of triennial payments.
Knowns:

Glazing cost = 15 $/m2 ;
i = 0.07;

Ac = 75 m2 ;
Nyr = 20
d = 0.10
(1)
(2)
Two solutions are shown.

The PWF factors of Chapter 11 can be used for any time period; e.g., month, year or multiple years. We need to determine
the 3-year interest rate from yearly interest (and discount) rates. Note that the rates are not 3 times the yearly rates.
The 3-year interest and discount rates are:
3
(3)
(1 + d) = (1 + d3)
(4)
N3 = 6
(5)
(1 + i) = (1 + i3)
there are 6 three-year periods in the 20 years.
We can now use the PWF.

3
Cost3 = Glazing cost Ac (1 + i)
(6)
P W 1 = Cost3 P W F (N 3, i3, d3)
(7)
The second method could use either the parametric table or arrays. We have chosen to use arrays.
Cost0 = Glazing cost Ac
(8)
duplicate j = 1, 6
(9)
Y rj = 3 j
(10)
Costj = costj1 (1 + i3)
(11)
PWj =
Costj
(12)
(1 + d3)
end
(13)
P W 2 = Sum(P W k , k = 1, 6)
(14)
Solution
217

Ac = 75 m2

Glazing cost = 15 $/m2
Nyr = 20
Cost3 = 1378.17 [$]

i = 0.07
P W 1 = 5099.87 [$]
d = 0.1
i3 = 0.225
P W 2 = 5099.87 [$]
Arrays
Row
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Costi
[$]
1125.00
1378.17
1688.32
2068.27
2533.72
3103.91
3802.42
Y ri
PWi
[$]
3
6
9
12
15
18
1035.44
953.01
877.15
807.32
743.05
683.90
218
d3 = 0.331
N3 = 6
P11 06
Equations
11.6 Loan payments and present worth of payments.
Knowns:
N = 8;
m = 0.105;
d = 0.095;
Loan = 2700 [$]
(1)
a) Annual payment to lender is given by Equation 11.5.2. The PWF is calculated with i = 0 and d = mortgage interest rate.
P W F 1 = P W F (N, 0, m)
AnnualP ay = Loan/P W F1
(2)
Eqn 11.5.1
(3)
b) The monthly payment calculation is the same except that i = 0.105/12 and N = 8*12 = 96.
M onthP ay =
Loan
P W F (12 N, 0, m/12)
Eqn 11.5.2
(4)
c) The present worth of interest payments of part a. is given by Equation 11.5.3. This equation contains 3 PWFs. Note that
Nmin =N
P W int = Loan (P W F 2 /P W F 1 + P W F 3 (m 1/P W F 1 ))
(5)
P W F 2 = P W F (N, 0, d)
(6)
P W F 3 = P W F (N, m, d)
(7)
Solution
AnnualP ay = 515.35 [$]
N =8
d = 0.095
P W F 1 = 5.239
Loan = 2700 [$]

P W F 2 = 5.433
219
m = 0.105
P W F 3 = 7.544
M onthP ay = 41.69 [$]

P W int = 1051.10 [$]
P11 07
Equations
11.7 Present worths of single and series payments.
a Present worth of a single cost in the future:
Ca = 4500 [$] ;
da = 0.08;
Na = 7;
PWa =
Ca
Eqn 11.4.1
Na
(1 + da )
(1)
b An inflating cost, starting with known cost now:

Ab = 700 [$] ;
ib = 0.05;
Nb = 7;
Nb
Cb = Ab (1 + ib )
Eqn 11.4.4
(2)
c An inflating cost, starting with known cost at end of first period:

Ac = 700;
ic = 0.05;
Nc = 7;
Nc 1
Cc = Ac (1 + ic )
11.4.2
(3)
d Present worth of one of a series of inflating costs, with cost at end of first period known:
Nd 1
Ad = 175;
id = 0.05;
dd = 0.08;
Nd = 10;
P W d = Ad
(1 + id )
Eqn 11.4.3
Nd
(1 + dd )
(4)
e Present worth of the series of inflating costs:

Ae = 175;
ie = 0.05;
de = 0.08;
Ne = 10;
P W F e = Ae
de ie

1
1 + ie
1 + de
Ne !!
Eqn 11.5.1(5)
Solution
Ab = 700.00 [$]
Cc = 938.1 [$]
id = 0.05 [-]
Ne = 10
Ac = 700 [$]
da = 0.08 [-]
ie = 0.05 [-]
P W F e = 1432 [$]
Ad = 175 [$]
dd = 0.08 [-]
Na = 7 [-]
P W a = 2625.71 [$]
220
Ae = 175 [$]
de = 0.08 [-]
Nb = 7 [-]
P W d = 125.75 [$]
Ca = 4500.00 [$]
ib = 0.05 [-]
Nc = 7 [-]
Cb = 984.97 [$]
ic = 0.05 [-]
Nd = 10 [-]
P11 08
Equations
11.8 Effects of increasing income tax rates in late years of an economic analysis.
An increase in the effective income tax rate at any time in the analysis when interest on a mortgage is being paid, i.e.
until period NL , would result in increased income tax savings and thus in increased solar savings. (At the same time, tax
payments would go up.) The dollar impact would not be great, as the additional savings would occur late in the period of
the analysis when the present worths of the savings are small.
221
P11 09
Equations
11.9 Life cycle savings - by tabular method.
Knowns
i = 0.10;
Load = 124;
d = 0.09;
NL = 5;
F = 0.64;
DownP ayment = 1000;
CF = 12;
iF = 0.07;
Investment = 6000;
T axBracket = 0.42
(1)
(2)
a. 10 year analysis and no resale value

M ortgage = Investment DownP ayment
interest = OldP rincipal i

AnnualP ay = If year, NL + 1,
(3)
(4)
M ortgage
P W F (NL , 0, i)
year1
F uelSav = CF Load F (1 + iF )

, 0, 0
Mortgage payments for NL years
CF assumed to be value at end of 1st year
(5)
(6)
OldP rincipal = Tablevalue(Table 1 , year, 4)
(7)
P rincipalBal = max (0, OldP rincipal AnnualP ay + interest)
(8)
T axSav = interest T axBracket
(9)
SolarSav = F uelSav + T axSav AnnualP ay

P W Sav,A =
(10)
SolarSav
year
(1 + d)
(11)
b. 5 year analysis and no resale value

P W Sav,B = If(year, 6, P W Sav,A , 0, 0)
(12)
222
c. 5 year analysis with resale of $2000

P W Resale =
If(year, 5, 0, 2000, 0)
year
(1 + d)
(13)
P W Sav,C = P W Sav,B + P W Resale
(14)
The LCS is the sum of the annual LCS, i.e., the sums of the last three columns. These sums are: a: LCS = $2467; b: LCS =
-1372; c: LCS = $-72
Solution
AnnualP ay = 0.00
F = 0.64
Investment = 6000
NL = 5
P W Sav,A = 739.56
T axBracket = 0.42
CF = 12
F uelSav = 1750.80
iF = 0.07
OldP rincipal = 6.334 1014
P W Sav,B = 0.00
T axSav = 0.00
d = 0.09
i = 0.1
Load = 124
P rincipalBal = 0.00
P W Sav,C = 0.00
year = 10
DownP ayment = 1000

interest = 0.00
M ortgage = 5000
P W Resale = 0
SolarSav = 1750.80
Table 1
Run
year
AnnualP ay
interest
P rincipalBal
F uelSav
T axSav
SolarSav
P W Sav,A
P W Sav,B
P W Sav,C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Sum
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
55
1318.99
1318.99
1318.99
1318.99
1318.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6594.94
500.00
418.10
328.01
228.92
119.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1594.94
5000.00
4181.01
3280.13
2289.15
1199.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15949.37
952.32
1018.98
1090.31
1166.63
1248.30
1335.68
1429.18
1529.22
1636.26
1750.80
13157.68
210.00
175.60
137.77
96.14
50.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
669.87
-156.67
-124.40
-90.91
-56.21
-20.33
1335.68
1429.18
1529.22
1636.26
1750.80
7232.62
-1000.00
-143.73
-104.71
-70.20
-39.82
-13.21
796.42
781.81
767.46
753.38
739.56
2466.96
-1000.00
-143.73
-104.71
-70.20
-39.82
-13.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1371.67
-1000.00
-143.73
-104.71
-70.20
-39.82
1286.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-71.81
223
P11 10
Equations
11.10 Redo Problem 11.9 using the P1, P2 method.
The functions for Equation 11.8.2 and 11.8.3 are used in all three parts of the problem
Knowns:
m = 0.10;
Down = 1/6;
d = 0.09;
NL = 5 [yr] ;
M s = 0;
Investment = 6000 [$] ;
V = 0;
Ne = 10 [yr] ;
Rv = 0;
Load = 124;
t = 0;
C = 0;
ND = 1 [yr]
i=0
CF = 12;
(Can not be zero.)(1)

(2)
iF = 0.07;
tbar = 0.42;
F = 0.64
(3)
DownP ayment = Down Investment
(4)
(5)

F uelSav,A = CF Load F
(6)
P 1A = P 1 (Ne , iF , d, 0, 0)
(7)
P 2A = P 2 (m, i, d, Ne , NL , ND , t, tbar, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(8)
LCS A = F uelSav,A P 1A P 2A Investment
(9)
Eqn 11.8.1
b. 5 year analysis with no resale value

This is the same calculation as in a. but with Ne = 5.
P 1B = P 1 (5 [yr] , iF , d, 0, 0)
(10)
P 2B = P 2 (m, i, d, 5 [yr] , NL , ND , t, tbar, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(11)
LCS B = CF Load F P 1B P 2B Investment
(12)

This is the same as b. but with resale term added in to P2.
Resale = 1/3
(13)
P 1C = P 1 (5 [yr] , iF , d, 0, 0)
(14)
P 2C = P 2 (m, i, d, 5 [yr] , NL , ND , t, tbar, Down, M s, V, Resale, C)
(15)
LCS C = CF Load F P 1B P 2C Investment
(16)
Solution
224
C=0
DownP ayment = 1000 [$]
Investment = 6000 [$]
LCS C = 71.81 [$]
Ms = 0
P 1A = 8.453
P 2B = 0.9305
t=0
CF = 12 [$/GJ]
F = 0.64
iF = 0.07
Load = 124 [GJ]
ND = 1 [yr]
P 1B = 4.422
P 2C = 0.7138
tbar = 0.42
d = 0.09
F uelSav,A = 952.3 [$]
LCS A = 2466.96 [$]
m = 0.1
Ne = 10 [yr]
P 1C = 4.422
Resale = 0.3333
V =0
225
Down = 0.1667
i=0
LCS B = 1371.67 [$]
M ortgage = 5000 [$]
NL = 5 [yr]
P 2A = 0.9305
Rv = 0
P11 11
Equations
11.11 Estimation of uncertainties in LCS in results of Problem 11.9/11.10
Knowns:
m = 0.10;
Down = 1/6;
d = 0.09;
NL = 5 [yr] ;
M s = 0;
V = 0;
Ne = 10 [yr] ;
Rv = 0;
Load = 124;
t = 0;
C = 0;
ND = 1 [yr]
i=0
CF = 12;
(Can not be zero.)(1)

(2)
iF = 0.07;
tbar = 0.42;
F = 0.64
(3)
(4)
(5)
Parts a, b, and c refer to the three parts of the previous problem.

iF = 0.03;
F uelSav = CF Load F
F = 0.02;
P 1 = P 1 (Ne , iF , d, 0, 0)
(6)
(7)
From Equations 11.9.5 and 11.9.13:
P artialP 1,A,wrt,i,F =
P 1 Ne
1+iF
1+d
Ne
1+iF
(8)
d iF
LCS,i,F,A = F uelSav P artialP 1,A,wrt,i,F iF
Eqn 11.9.1
(9)
LCS,F,A = P 1 CF Load F
Eqn 11.9.11
q
LCS,P robable,A = 2LCS,i,F,A + 2LCS,F,A Eqn 11.9.3
(10)
LCS,M ax,A = abs (LCS,i,F,A ) + abs (LCS,F,A )
(12)
(11)
b. 5 year analysis with no resale value. Calculations are similar to part a.

Ne,B = 5 [yr]
(13)
P 1B = P 1 (Ne,B , iF , d, 0, 0)
(14)
P artialP 1,B,wrt,i,F =
P 1B Ne,B
1+iF
1+d
Ne,B
1+iF
(15)
d iF
226
LCS,i,F,B = F uelSav P artialP 1,B,wrt,i,F iF
(16)
LCS,F,B = P 1B CF Load F
q
LCS,P robable,B = 2LCS,i,F,B + 2LCS,F,B
(17)
LCS,M ax,B = abs (LCS,i,F,B ) + abs (LCS,F,B )
(19)
(18)

Answers are the same as part b since adding resale value only changes P2, and P2 does not enter into the partial derivatives
of LCS wrt iF or F.
Solution
C=0
iF = 0.03
LCS,i,F,B = 231.76 [$]
LCS,P robable,B = 266.52 [$]
F uelSav = 952.32 [$]
Load = 124 [GJ]
ND = 1 [yr]
P 1 = 8.453
Rv = 0
CF = 12 [$/GJ]
LCS,F,A = 251.55 [$]
LCS,M ax,A = 1232.70 [$]
Down = 0.1667
i=0
m = 0.1
Ne = 10 [yr]
P 1B = 4.422
t=0
227
d = 0.09
LCS,F,B = 131.60 [$]
LCS,M ax,B = 363.36 [$]
Ne,B = 5 [yr]
P artialP 1,A,wrt,i,F = 34.34
tbar = 0.42
F = 0.02
LCS,i,F,A = 981.15 [$]
LCS,P robable,A = 1012.89 [$]
F = 0.64
iF = 0.07
Ms = 0
NL = 5 [yr]
P artialP 1,B,wrt,i,F = 8.112
V =0
P11 12
Equations
11.12 Calculation of payback times for Problem 11.9/11.10
Knowns
DownP ayment = 1000;
Investment = 6000;
a. Fuel costs not discounted

iF
ln 1 + Investment F LoadC
F
Np =
ln (1 + iF )
Load = 124;
F = 0.64;
Eqn 11.7.3
b. Fuel costs discounted

iF d
ln 1 + Investment F LoadC
F

N pDiscounted =
1+iF
ln 1+d
d = 0.09
iF = 0.07
iF = 0.07;
d = 0.09(1)
(2)
Eqn 11.7.6
(3)
Solution
CF = 12 [$/GJ]
N pDiscounted = 7.27
CF = 12;

Load = 124 [GJ]
228
F = 0.64
N p = 5.40
P11 13
Equations
11.13 For the system of Problem 11.9/11.10, given an F vs Ac curve, optimize Ac.
Knowns:
m = 0.10;
d = 0.09;
Down = 1/6;
i = 0;
NL = 5 [yr] ;
M s = 0;
Ce = 120;
V = 0;
Ca = 96;
Ne = 10 [yr] ;
t = 0;
C = 0;
ND = 1 [yr] ;
Rv = 0
Load = 124;
Can not be zero(1)

(2)
CF = 12;
iF = 0.07;
t = 0.42
(3)

P 1A = P 1 (Ne , iF , d, 0, 0)
(4)
(5)
P 2A = P 2 (m, i, d, Ne , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(6)
Area and F determined from figure with dF/dAc as given by Equation 11.8.5.
It is necessary to run EES program twice, once to find dF/dAc and then find LCS with correct F and Ac.
dF/dAc,A = P 2A
Ca
P 1A CF Load
Eqn 11.8.5
(7)
From figure with dF/dAc equal to 0.00710, FA and Ac,A are:

F = 0.60;
Ac,A = 43
InvestmentA = Ac,A Ca + Ce
(8)
Eqn 11.1.1
(9)
DownP aymentA = Down InvestmentA
(10)
M ortgage = InvestmentA DownP aymentA
(11)
LCS A = F uelSav P 1A P 2A InvestmentA
Eqn 11.8.1
(12)
b. 5 year analysis with no resale value

P 2B = P 2 (m, i, d, 5 [yr] , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(13)
P 1B = P 1 (5 [yr] , iF , d, 0, 0)
(14)
dF/dAc,B = P 2B
Ca
P 1B CF Load
(15)
229
From figure with dF/dAc,B equal to 0.014, FB and Ac,B are:

FB = 0.38;
Ac,B = 20
(16)
InvestmentB = Ca Ac,B + Ce
(17)
LCS B = CF Load FB P 1B P 2B InvestmentB
(18)

Resale = 1/3
(19)
P 2C = P 2 (m, i, d, 5 [yr] , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Resale, C)
(20)
P 1C = P 1 (5 [yr] , iF , d, 0, 0)
(21)
dF/dAc,C = P 2C
Ca
P 1C CF Load
(22)
From figure with dF/dAc,C equal to 0.010, F and Ac are:

FC = 0.46;
Ac,C = 28
(23)
InvestmentC = Ca Ac,C + Ce
(24)
LCS C = CF Load FC P 1C P 2C InvestmentC
(25)
Solution

Ac,A = 43 m2
Ca = 96 $/m2

dF /dAc,A = 0.007102 1/m2
DownP aymentA = 708 [$]
FC = 0.46
InvestmentC = 2808 [$]
LCS C = 1022 [$]
Ms = 0
P 1A = 8.453
P 2B = 0.9305
t=0

Ac,B = 20 m2
Ce = 120 [$]

dF /dAc,B = 0.01358 1/m2
F = 0.6
i=0
iF = 0.07
Load = 124 [GJ]
ND = 1 [yr]
P 1B = 4.422
P 2C = 0.7138
t = 0.42
230

Ac,C = 28 m2
CF = 12 [$/GJ]

dF /dAc,C = 0.01041 1/m2
F uelSav = 892.8 [$]
InvestmentA = 4248 [$]
LCS A = 3594 [$]
m = 0.1
Ne = 10 [yr]
P 1C = 4.422
Resale = 0.3333
V =0
C=0
d = 0.09
Down = 0.1667
FB = 0.38
InvestmentB = 2040 [$]
LCS B = 602.2 [$]
NL = 5 [yr]
P 2A = 0.9305
Rv = 0
P11 14
Equations
11.14 Calculation of LCS
Knowns:
m = 0.09;
M s = 250
d = 0.10;
[$]
;
investment
Down = 0.20;
NL = 10;
V = 0;
Ne = 15;
Rv = 0;
Investment = 18000;
t = 0;
i = 0.06;
F = 0.7;
C = 0;
ND = 1
CF = 8.8;
Any number but zero
iF = 0.10;
tr = 0.40
load = 3000 [GJ]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Calculate PW of fuel savings:

P 1 = P 1 (Ne , iF , d, 0, 0)
(6)
(7)
P W F uel,Sav = F uelSav P 1
(8)
Calculate PW of system nvestment costs:

P 2 = P 2 (m, i, d, Ne , NL , ND , t, tr, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(9)
P W System = P 2 Investment
(10)
LCS = P W F uel,Sav P W System
Eqn 11.8.1
(11)
Solution
C=0
m = 0.09
Ne = 15 [yr]
P W F uel,Sav = 252000 [$]
tr = 0.4
CF = 8.8 [$/GJ]
F = 0.7
iF = 0.1
M ortgage = 14400 [$]
NL = 10 [yr]
P W System = 17846 [$]
V =0
d = 0.1
F uelSav = 18480 [$]
LCS = 234154 [$]
M s = 0.01389 [-]
P 1 = 13.64
Rv = 0
231
Down = 0.2
i = 0.06
load = 3000 [GJ]
ND = 1 [yr]
P 2 = 0.9914
t=0
P11 15
Equations
11.15 Calculation of LCS and ROI.
Knowns
m = 0.09;
d = 0.15;
Down = 0.20;
iF = 0.14;
NL = 10 [yr] ;
Investment = 11000;
t = 0.40;
t = 0.02;
M s = 0;
C = 0;
V = 1;
solar = 110 [GJ]
ND = 1 [yr]
Rv = 0.80;
Any number but zero

i = 0.06;
CF = 10
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
a. 15 year economic analysis

Ne,A = 15 [yr]
(6)
P 1A = P 1 (Ne,A , iF , d, 0, 0)
(7)
P W F uel,Sav,A = CF solar P 1A
(8)
P 2A = P 2 (m, i, d, Ne,A , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(9)
P W System,A = P 2A Investment
(10)
LCS A = P W F uel,Sav,A P W System,A
(11)
b. 20 year economic analysis

Ne,B = 20 [yr]
(12)
232
P 1B = P 1 (Ne,B , iF , d, 0, 0)
(13)
P W F uel,Sav,B = CF solar P 1B
(14)
P 2B = P 2 (m, i, d, Ne,B , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(15)
P W System,B = P 2B Investment
(16)
LCS B = P W F uel,Sav,B P W System,B
(17)
c. Find ROI for a 15 year economic analysis

With EES this is a very simple calculation since it is only necessary to set LCS to zero and let EES find the discount rate
which will be the ROI. Without EES or a similar program, it would be necessary to solve the problem for a range of discount
rates and choose the one for which LCS is zero.
Ne,C = 15 [yr] ;
LCS C = 0 [$]
(18)
P 1C = P 1 (Ne,C , iF , ROI, 0, 0)
(19)
P W F uel,Sav,C = CF solar P 1C
(20)
P 2C = P 2 (m, i, ROI, Ne,C , NL , ND , t, t, Down, M s, V, Rv, C)
(21)
P W System,C = P 2C Investment
(22)
LCS C = P W F uel,Sav,C P W System,C
(23)
Thus the Return on Investment ROI, part c, is 29.4%. If the time of the economic analysis had been 20 years, as used in part
b, then the ROI would be 0.3115 or 31.15%.
Solution
C=0
LCS A = 5622 [$]
Ne,B = 20 [yr]
P 1B = 16.03
P 2C = 0.5514
P W System,A = 7884 [$]
Rv = 0.8
V =1
CF = 10 [$/GJ]
i = 0.06
LCS B = 9057 [$]
Ms = 0
Ne,C = 15 [yr]
P 1C = 5.514
P W F uel,Sav,A = 13507 [$]
P W System,B = 8572 [$]
solar = 110 [GJ]
233
d = 0.15
LCS C = 0 [$]
ND = 1 [yr]
NL = 10 [yr]
P 2A = 0.7167
P W F uel,Sav,B = 17630 [$]
P W System,C = 6065 [$]
t = 0.02
Down = 0.2
iF = 0.14
m = 0.09
Ne,A = 15 [yr]
P 1A = 12.28
P 2B = 0.7793
P W F uel,Sav,C = 6065 [$]
ROI = 0.2944
t = 0.4
P11 16
Equations
11.16 Comparison of the PW of fuel savings and the cost of a system.
Knowns:
Celect = 0.045 [$/kwh] ;
iF = 0.12;
d = 0.07;
load = 19;
Ne = 25 [yr]
F = 0.60
(1)
(2)
The question is: is i.e., (=PWF uel,Sav - Investment) positive?

$/GJ

CF = Celect 277.777778
$/kwh
(3)
P 1 = P 1 (Ne , iF , d, 0, 0)
(4)
P W F uel,Sav = CF load F P 1
(5)
= P W F uel,Sav Investment
(6)
Since is positive, the criterion is met.
Solution
Celect = 0.045 [$/kwh]
F = 0.6
Ne = 25 [yr]
CF = 12.5 [$/GJ]
P 1 = 42.64 [-]
d = 0.07
iF = 0.12
P W F uel,Sav = 6077 [$]
234
= 4527 [$]
load = 19 [GJ]
P11 17
235
Equations
Find economic optimum solar system.
Economic data
Collector cost per unit area set in parametric table as either 240[$/m2 ] or 150[$/m2 ]
CE = 550 [$]
(1)
Invest = Ac CA + CE
(2)
inf F = 0.052
(3)
dis = 0.045
(4)
t = 0.39;
Ne = 20;
m = 0.058;
C=0
inf = .020;
Down = 0.2;
(5)
NL = 20;
Ms = 0.050;
ND = 0.0001;
V al = 0.90;
P rT ax = 0.035;
Rv = 0.25;
= 0.8
CF 1 = 11
(6)
(7)
(8)
[$/GJ]
(9)
Thermal data
Load = (EDHW

6 GJ

+ EHouse ) 1 10
kJ
(10)
EDHW = 2.0645 107 [kJ]
(11)
EHouse = 1.42 108 [kJ]
(12)
a. LCS Method
LCS = LCS (P 1, CF 1 , Load, SolF ract, P 2, Invest)
(13)
P 1 = P 1 (Ne , inf F , dis, t, C)
(14)
P 2 = P 2 (m, inf , dis, Ne , NL , ND , P rT ax, t, Down, Ms , V al, Rv , C)
(15)
b. Payback Time Method

inf F dis
ln Invest SolF ractLoadC
+
1
F1

NP =
1+infF
ln 1+dis
Eqn 11.7.6
(16)
c. Return on Investment Method

Return on Investment is the discount rate at which LCS = 0. EES can solve for the discount rate (i.e., ROI) with LCS set to
zero for each of the collector areas. The equations are the same as in part a; but P1, P2 have new values and the LCS is 0.
0= LCS(P 10 ,CF 1 ,Load,SolFract,P2,Invest)
P1 = P1(N,e , infF , ROI, t, C)
P2 = P2(m , inf, ROI, Ne , NL , ND , PrTax, t, Down, Ms , Val, Rv , C)
236
EES has a problem solving these three equations without very good guesses. Doing a little algebra to eliminate P1 and P2
results in:
0 = LCS (P 1 (Ne , inf F , ROI, t, C) , CF 1 , Load, SolF ract, P 2 (m, inf , ROI, Ne , NL , ND , P rT ax, t, Down, Ms , V al, Rv
EES has trouble at zero area (row 1) but all of these values are obvious so run Tables from 2 to 7.
d. Cash Flow (PITI) Method
This method compares the solar system out-of-pocket first year expenses - for principle, interest, taxes, and insurance (PITI)
to the first year fuel savings.
P &If irst = (1 Down)
Invest
P W F (NL , 0, m)
First year principle and interest
(18)
F uelSav 1 = SolF ract Load CF 1
First year fuel savings
(19)
P ropT ax = V al P rT ax Invest
First year property taxes
(20)
IncT ax = t ((1 Down) m Invest + P ropT ax)

Ins = Invest Ms
First year income tax savings
First year insturance
(22)
CashF low = F uelSav 1 + IncT ax P &If irst P ropT ax Ins
First year cash flow
Solution

Ac = 75.0 m2
CE = 550 [$]
= 0.8
IncT ax = 358.5 [$]
Invest = 11, 800 [$]
Ms = 0.05
NP = 10.00
P ropT ax = 371.7 [$]
SolF ract = 0.535
C=0
CF 1 = 13.75 [$/GJ]
EDHW = 2.064 107 [kJ]
inf = 0.02
LCS = 2, 107 [$]
ND = 0.0001
P &If irst = 809.7 [$]
P rT ax = 0.035
t = 0.39
CashF low = 216.46 [$]

dis = 0.045
EHouse = 1.420 108 [kJ]
inf F = 0.052
Load = 162.6 [GJ]
Ne = 20 [yr]
P 1 = 20.41
ROI = 0.081
V al = 0.9

CA = 150 $/m2
Down = 0.2
F uelSav 1 = 1, 196 [$]
Ins = 590 [$]
m = 0.058
NL = 20 [yr]
P 2 = 1.891
Rv = 0.25
CA=240
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ac2
m
0.0
5.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
SolF ract
Ac2
m
0.0
SolF ract
0.000
0.063
0.172
0.293
0.389
0.469
0.535
CA 2
$/m
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
Invest
[$]
550
1,750
4,150
7,750
11,350
14,950
18,550
LCS
[$]
NP
-433
4
-1,280
-3,705
-6,860
-10,654
12.49
10.91
11.91
13.09
14.25
15.43
CA 2
$/m
150
Invest
[$]
LCS
[$]
CashF low
[$]
-550.00
-68.65
-112.26
-272.72
-489.08
-741.23
-1,024.69
ROI
-0.008
0.045
0.010
-0.027
-0.060
-0.091
CA=150
Run
1
0.001
(21)
NP
237
CashF low
[$]
ROI
(23)
2
3
4
5
6
7
5.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
0.063
0.172
0.293
0.389
0.469
0.535
150
150
150
150
150
150
1,300
2,800
5,050
7,300
9,550
11,800
417
2,556
3,824
3,952
3,349
2,107
9.37
7.44
7.87
8.55
9.25
10.00
LCS
Yeas to payback
238
-14.77
49.39
50.58
-4.14
-94.65
-216.46
0.109
0.225
0.194
0.152
0.115
0.081
PITI
ROI
239
P12 01
Equations
12.1
Effect of load timing.
The effect of concentrating the loads to early evening hours will be determined by two opposing factors. The collector will
run a bit hotter because there is no energy delivery during collection hours, and essentially all collected energy will have to
be stored. But, assuming a fully mixed tank, if energy is removed from store in the early evening, the store will be cooled
more quickly and will be at a lower 24 hour average temperature, thus reducing store losses. The net effect should be to
increase the solar energy delivered by a small amount.
240
P12 02
Equations
12.2
Effects of design changes on performance of the system of Example 10.9.1
a.
Collector losses are very much greater, as UL in Equation 10.2.2 will be substantially increases. This means reduced
Qu (possibly to zero for the four hours of the problem), reduced Ts and reduced solar energy delivery to load.
b.
Doubling the collector area will increase Qu, but will not double it as Ts and thus Ti in Equation 10.2.2 will
increase. Increased Ts will lead to greater solar energy delivery to load.
c.
Applying the load in the evening hours will mean increased Ts and thus Ti because all energy to load must be
stored. But, Ts will be brought down more quickly by the concentrated load and the 24 hour average Ts will be lower. The
net effect should be to somewhat increase solar energy delivery.
d.
Stratification of the tank will lead to lower temperatures in the bottom of the tank and lower Ti. On the load
side, higher Ts in the top of the tank will lead to higher solar energy delivery. The total effect will be to increase Qu and
solar energy delivery.
241
P14 01
Equations
14.1 Months absorbed radiation on vertical wall with overhang.
b, H
b, H
d , and the effective - products for the beam,
The basic equation to be used is 14.6.2. We need to find fibar , Frs , R
diffuse and ground-reflected components.
Knowns
M onth = 4;
g = 0.2;
= 25.3;
H
T = 0.71;
K
Slope = 90 [deg] ;
Lat = 35.1 [deg]

Ar = 6.0 m2 ;
n = 0.89
(1)
Assumed
n = AveDay (month)
(2)
(3)
= dec (n)
(4)
T
Hbardif f /Hbar = Hdif f BarHBar Lat, n, K
(5)
dif f = H
Hbardif f /Hbar
H
(6)
SunSetHrAngle0 = min (arccos ( tan (Lat) tan ()), arccos ( tan (Lat Slope) tan ()))
(7)
SunSetHrAngle = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan ())
(8)
beam = R
R
(9)
T = H
T,LJ, H,
Lat, n, Slope, g
H
(10)
b = H
H
dif f
H
(11)

b R
beam fi T auAlphabeam + H
dif f T auAlphadif f Frs + H
g T auAlphaGrRef /2
AbsRad = Ar H
Eqn 14.6.2(12)
From Fig 5.10, ef f,beam = 0.71; at this angle, from Fig. 5.6.1, TauAlpha/TauAlphan = 0.57. From Fig. 5.4.1: ef f,dif f
and ef f -GrRef both = 59; at this angle, TauAlpha/TauAlphan = 0.82. from Fig. 5.6.1. The normal transmittace ( n ) for
this glazing system from Figure 5.3.1 is 0.78.
For this wall and glazing:
n = 0.78
(13)
T auAlphan = n n
(14)
T auAlphabeam = T auAlphan 0.57
(15)
T auAlphadif f = T auAlphan 0.82
(16)
T auAlphaGrRef = 0.57
(17)
242
We do not have fi for infinite extensions, so will use e = 0.3. Using the charts in Appendix I for w = 1 and w = 4 at Latitudes
35 and 45:
At Lat = 35, w = 1:
At Lat = 35, w = 4:
fi at g = 0.2 is 0.51 and at g = 0.4 is 0.71, so at g = 0.25, fi is 0.56

fi at g = 0.2 is 0.43 and at g = 0.4 is 0.63, so at g = 0.25, fi is 0.48
Using Equation 14.4.6 to interpolate for w = 1.5: fi = 0.52:

At Lat = 45, w = 1: fi at g = 0.2 is 0.72 and at g = 0.4 is 0.90, so at g = 0.25, fi is 0.76
At Lat = 45, w = 4: fi at g = 0.2 is 0.70 and at g = 0.4 is 0.89, so at g = 0.25, fi is 0.75
Thus at w = 1.5, fi = 0.76
From Table 14.4.4, at e = 0.3: Frs = 0.44
The following are calculated above:
Frs = 0.44;
fi = 0.59
(18)
Solution
AbsRad = 28.26 [MJ]
fi = 0.59

b = 19.2 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 35.1 [deg]
beam = 0.3883
R
T auAlphabeam = 0.3957
n = 0.78
n = 0.89
Frs = 0.44

dif f = 6.102 MJ/m2
H
M onth = 4
Slope = 90 [deg]
T auAlphadif f = 0.5692

Ar = 6 m2
Hbardif f /Hbar
= 0.2412

T = 13.05 MJ/m2
H
n = 105
SunSetHrAngle = 96.69 [deg]
T auAlphaGrRef = 0.57
243
= 9.415 [deg]
= 25.3 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.71
K
g = 0.2
SunSetHrAngle0 = 76.35 [deg]
T auAlphan = 0.6942
P14 02
Equations
14.2 Calculation of monthly radiation on a direct gain window, with and without overhangs.
Knowns
Lat = 44.9 [deg] ;
Slope = 90 [deg]
(1)
Frs = 0.43
(2)
dec = Dec (month)
(3)
n = AveDay (month)
(4)
beam = R
R
T
Hbardif f /Hbar = Hdif f barHbar Lat, n, K
(5)
(6)
T:
Rewrite Equation 14.4.4 to give the three components of H
T = H
T,beam + H
T,dif f + H
T,GrRef
H
(7)
T,beam = H
beam R
beam fi
H
(8)
T,dif f = H
dif f Frs
H
(9)
T,GrRef = H
GrRef /2
H
(10)
Calculate monthly diffuse and beam:

dif f = H
Hbardif f /Hbar
H
(11)
beam = H
H
dif f
H
(12)
Get fi from Appendix I (d) and Frs from Table 14.4.1.

Designate the radiation terms for no overhang with double prime, :
T 00 = H
T,beam00 + H
T,dif f 00 + H
T,GrRef 00
H
(13)
T,beam00 = H
beam R
beam
H
(14)
T,dif f 00 = H
dif f /2
H
(15)
T,GrRef 00 = H
GrRef /2
H
(16)
Parametric Table: Table 1
244
Run
M onth
T
K
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.47
0.52
0.48
0.47
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.56
0.49
0.48
0.42
0.47
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
H
T,GrRef

MJ/m2
1.93
1.98
1.29
1.61
2.14
2.30
2.26
2.03
1.46
1.05
1.27
1.72
H 2
MJ/m
6.44
9.89
12.86
16.05
21.36
23.04
22.58
20.33
14.59
10.48
6.37
5.74
HT 2
MJ/m
13.86
15.47
11.33
8.76
8.07
7.45
7.74
9.37
10.57
12.84
11.23
13.58
fi
GrRef
beam
R
1
1
0.94
0.78
0.55
0.4
0.46
0.69
0.88
0.99
1
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
2.89
1.92
1.13
0.59
0.33
0.24
0.28
0.46
0.88
1.63
2.59
3.26
HT,beam200
MJ/m
10.76
11.91
8.04
5.12
4.25
3.39
3.85
5.90
7.22
10.04
8.65
10.81
HT,dif f200
MJ/m
1.36
1.84
2.88
3.68
4.18
4.41
4.32
3.80
3.20
2.15
1.52
1.21
HT,beam

MJ/m2
10.76
11.91
7.56
3.99
2.34
1.36
1.77
4.07
6.36
9.94
8.65
10.81
T,GrRef 00
H

MJ/m2
1.93
1.98
1.29
1.61
2.14
2.30
2.26
2.03
1.46
1.05
1.27
1.72
Plot 1
245
HT,dif f2
MJ/m
1.17
1.58
2.48
3.17
3.60
3.79
3.71
3.27
2.75
1.85
1.30
1.04
HT 00 2
MJ/m
14.05
15.73
12.21
10.40
10.57
10.11
10.42
11.73
11.88
13.24
11.44
13.75
P14 03
Equations
14.3
Gain (or loss) from a direct-gain south facing window in Example 14.5.1.
Knowns
Lat = 43 [deg] ;

Uwindow = 3.2 W/m2 C ;
Slope = 90 [deg] ;
Height = 1.25 [m] ;

w = W idth/Height;
W idth = 15 [m] ;
P rojection = 0.625 [m] ;
p = P rojection/Height;
Troom = 20 [C]
Gap = 0.25 [m] ;
e = Extension/Height;
(1)
Extension = 0 [m](2)
g = Gap/Height
(3)
For Feb:
month = 2;
= 9.12;
H
T = 0.49;
K
Ta = 7;
GrRef = 0.2
(4)
n = AveDay (month)
(5)
dec = dec (n)
(6)
Calculate monthly beam and diffuse:

dif f /H = Hdif f barHbar Lat, n, K
T
H
(7)
dif f = H
H
dif f /H
H
(8)
beam = H
H
dif f
H
(9)
beam = R
R
(10)
i from Appendix I (d):

Getf
At Lat=45 and w=4,fi =0.93, and at w=25,fi =0.93
At Lat=35 and w=4,fi =0.83, and at w=25,fi =0.82
The interpolation is thus linear for Lat=43 and gives:
fi = 0.91
(11)
Frs from Table 14.4.1. Interpolating between g=0 and g=0.25 at e=0 and p=0.5 gives:
Frs = 0.38
(12)
From Example 14.5.1, the room absorptance is 0.96 and the ground reflected and diffuse sky transmittances are about 0.70.
Thus:
r = 0.96;
dif f = 0.70;
gr = 0.70
(13)
beam = 0.72
(14)
246
From Eqn 14.5.3

beam R
beam fi beam + H
dif f Frs dif f + H
GrRef gr /2
Absorbedroom = Height W idth r H

MJ
Eqn 14.5.4
Lossroom = Height W idth Uwindow 24 [hr] Troom Ta 0.0036
W hr
(15)
(16)
The net gain is then:

N etGainroom = Absorbedroom Lossroom
(17)
The net is nearly zero, as the monthly daytime gains nearly balance the day-long losses.
Solution
Absorbedroom = 143.8 [MJ]
fi = 0.91
Height = 1.25 [m]
T = 0.49
K
N etGainroom = 4 [MJ]
beam = 0.72

Uwindow = 3.2 W/m2 -C
r = 0.96
Frs = 0.38

= 9.12 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 43 [deg]
p = 0.5
dif f = 0.7
w = 12
dec = 12.95 [deg]

g = 0.2

beam = 5.463 MJ/m2
H
Lossroom = 140 [MJ]
P rojection = 0.625 [m]
gr = 0.7
W idth = 15 [m]
247
e=0
Gap = 0.25 [m]

dif f = 3.657 MJ/m2
H
month = 2
beam = 1.782
R
Ta = 7 [C]
Extension = 0 [m]
GrRef = 0.2
dif f /H
= 0.401
H
n = 47
Slope = 90 [deg]
Troom = 20 [C]
P14 04
Equations
14.4
Calculation of effect of adding night insulation to the window of Problem 14.3
Knowns
RN = 1.6;
Uwindow = 3.2;
Troom = 20;
Height = 1.25;
W idth = 15;
Ta = 7;
fN = 0.5
(1)
From Problem 14.3, the energy absorbed from the room is 144MJ/day:
Absorbedroom = 143.8 [MJ]
L = (1 fN ) Uwindow + fN
U
Lossroom
(2)

Uwindow
1 + Rn Uwindow

Eqn 14.5.5
(3)

MJ

= Height W idth UL 24 [hr] Troom Ta 0.0036
W hr
Eqn 14.5.4
(4)
The net gain is then:

N etGainroom = Absorbedroom Lossroom
(5)
Solution
Absorbedroom
= 143.8
[MJ]
RN = 1.6 C-m2 /W
W idth = 15 [m]
fN = 0.5
Ta = 7 [C]
Height = 1.25 [m]

Troom = 20 [C]
248
Lossroom = 81.42 [MJ]

L = 1.861 W/m2 -C
U
N etGainroom =
62.38 [MJ]

P18 01
Equations
18.1
Calculation of energy flows in a basin type still.
$UnitSystem K Pa kJ
Make the following assumptions: the vapor pressure of solution in the basin is the same as that of water at the same
temperature; the area of cover is the same as area of the basin; and the condensate and cover are at a single uniform
temperature Twg.
Knowns:
Twb = ConvertTemp(C, K, 60);
(1)
= sigma#;
(2)
Tsky
Ta = ConvertTemp(C, K, 24)

= ConvertTemp(C, K, 20);
hw = 10 W/m2 K
Radiation from basin to cover, Equation 18.4.3:

4
4
qrad = 0.9 Twb
Twg
(3)
Convection from basin to cover, Equation 18.4.6: (The 0.1333 converts from Pa to mm Hg.)

mmHg
Pwb = P (ST EAM , T = Twb , x = 0) 0.007500615
Pa

mmHg

Pwg = P (ST EAM , T = Twg , x = 0) 0.007500615
Pa

1/3
Pwb Pwg
hc0 = 0.884 (Twb Twg ) + Twb
2016 [mmhg] Pwb
qconv = hc0 (Twb Twg )
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Heat transfer from basin to cover by evaporation, Equation 18.4.9:

hf g = h (ST EAM , T = Twg , x = 1) h (ST EAM , T = Twg , x = 0)
7
qevap = 9.15 10
hc0 (Pwb Pwg ) hf g 1000
(8)
(9)
Wind convection:
qwind = hw (Twg Ta )
(10)
Radiation from cover to sky at 20 C, Equation 3.9.1:

4
4
qradSky = 0.88 Twg
Tsky
(11)
To check the cover temperature, it is necessary that the energy balance on the cover, Equation 18.4.2, be satisfied.
qrad + qconv + qevap = qwind + qradSky
(12)
With EES it is as easy to solve for the cover temperature to see if it is the same as that in the problem statement.
T C cover = ConvertTemp(K, C, Twg )
(13)
249
Solution

hc0 = 2.454 W/m2 -K
Pwg = 89.5 [mmHg]

qradSky = 171 W/m2
Ta = 297.2 [K]
hf g = 2, 384 [kJ/kg]

qconv = 26.22 W/m2
qwind = 253.2 W/m2
Tsky = 293.2 [K]

2
hw = 10 W/m
-K 2
qevap = 321.1 W/m

= 5.670 108 W/m2 -K4
Twb = 333.2 [K]
250
Pwb = 149.5 [mmHg]

qrad = 76.83 W/m2
T C cover = 49.32 [C]
Twg = 322.5 [K]
P19 01
Equations
19.1
Design of a water heating system to provide 75% of a weeks loads by solar energy.
This is a simulation problem, with the basic approach to compute the solar F for a range of collector areas and select that
which gives the desired fraction. The solution shown here was done with EES; TRNSYS or other simulation program could
have been used.
Many of the functions used in this solution are from problem 6.19.
Knowns:
Tmin = 60 [C] ;

Store/Ac = 60 kg/m2 ;

UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
tan = 0.77;
LoadF low = 45 4/14;
F 0 = 0.95;
Surf AzAng = 0 [deg] ;
= 40 [deg] ;
hr = 1 [hr] ;

m
c = 50 kg/m2 hr ;
H/Dtank = 3;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
Ncov = 1;
Tmains = 15 [C] ;
T 0 a = 21;
g = 0.2;
251
n = 0.9
(1)
Ref rInd = 1.526
(2)

UL,tank = 1.05 W/m2 C
(3)
KL = 0.0125
(4)

= 1000 kg/m3 ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C]
(5)
the last iteration

Ac = 7.9 m2
(6)
The initial tank temperature must be entered into the first row of the Parametric Table and the solution must start in row 2.
This is a double trial and error solution. It is necessary to guess both Ac and Tplus tank and see if the solar F is 0.75 and if
the final tank temperature is equal to the initial tank temperature. (finding the steady periodic solution removes the effects
of initial tank temperature, which for a simulation as short as a week can have a significant effect on system performance.)
The results are Ac =7.9 m2 and initial Ttank =69.1. This system is probably over designed since it supplies a large F in the
middle of winter. It would have excess capacity in the summer.
Day = Lookup(Boulder week , T ableRun#, Day )
(7)
hour = Lookup(Boulder week , T ableRun#, hour )

MJ

I = Lookup(Boulder week , T ableRun#, I ) 0.001
kj
(8)
(9)
Ta = Lookup(Boulder week , T ableRun#, T a )

HrAng = 15 [deg/hr] (hour 12 [hr]) 7.5 [deg]
(10)
Need to use the middle of the hour.
(11)
Estimation of incident and absorbed solar radiation, assuming isotropic sky, Equation 2.15.1 and 5.9.1:
IT = IT,LJ, (I, Lat, Day, , Surf AzAng, g , HrAng)
(12)
ST = ST,LJ, (I, Lat, day, , Surf AzAng, g , HrAng, Ncov , KL, Ref rInd, n )
(13)
Warnings are generated for the 17th hour on January 10. The measured horizontal data is suspect since accurate measurements are difficult to make near sunrise and sunset.
Collector useful output:

m
c Cp
4 1/s
x=
2.77778
10

0
UL F
1/hr
(14)
FR = F 0 x (1 exp (1/x))
Eqn 6.7.5

Qu = max 0 [MJ] , Ac FR ST UL (Ttank Ta ) hr 0.0036
(15)

MJ
W hr
Eqn 6.7.6
(16)
For the tank:

M assT ank = Ac Store/Ac
V olT ank =
(17)
M assT ank
(water, T = 55, p = 200)
(18)
Height = H/Dtank Dia

V olT ank = Height
Atank = 2
(19)
Dia2
4
(20)
Dia2
+ Dia Height
4
(21)
252

MJ
mC tank = Cp M assT ank 1 106
J
QtankLoss
(22)

MJ

= UL,tank Atank hr (Ttank T a ) 0.0036
W hr
0
(23)
The load:
On = If(hour, 7, 0, 1, 1) If(hour, 21, 1, 0, 0)
Sets load flow to between 7am and 9pm.

6 MJ

M axLoad = Cp LoadF low (Tmin Tmains ) hr 1 10
J

MJ
QLoad = On min M axLoad, Cp LoadF low (Ttank Tmains ) hr 1 106
J
(24)
(25)
(26)
Calculation of new tank temperature - at end of an hours time step:

Ttank = Tablevalue(Table 1 , T ableRun# 1, Tplus tank )
+
Ttank
= Ttank +
Qu QtankLoss QLoad
mCtank
(27)
Eqn 10.9.2
(28)
SumQLoad = Tablevalue(T ABLERU N # 1, SumQ load ) + QLoad

F =
(29)
SumQLoad
7 [day] 14 [1/day] M axLoad
(30)
The results are Ac =7.9 m2 and initial Ttank =69.1.

The Parametric Table shows the first 12 and the last 12 hours of the week.

Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.65
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
plus
Ttank
[C]
69.1
68.8
68.4
68.1
67.7
67.4
65.8
64.3
62.7
61.2
59.7
58.2
SumQLoad
[MJ]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.42
4.85
7.27
9.70
12.12
14.53
-0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.00
-0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.61
0.70
0.76
0.80
0.81
0.78
0.76
69.4
73.9
76.6
77.0
75.4
73.8
72.2
161.66
164.08
166.51
168.93
171.35
173.78
176.20
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
Day
hour
[hr]
I 2
MJ/m
Ta
[C]
IT 2
MJ/m
ST 2
MJ/m
QLoad
[MJ]
Qu
[MJ]
QtankLoss
[MJ]
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017
0.134
0.331
0.636
0.758
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-2.8
-2.8
-2.2
-2.2
-1.1
1.1
2.2
2.8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.13
0.31
0.62
0.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.22
0.45
0.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1.968
1.733
1.331
0.837
0.096
0.004
0.000
6.7
6.7
7.2
6.7
7.2
3.3
0
3.55
3.23
2.71
2.13
0.25
0.00
0.00
2.84
2.57
2.12
1.57
0.15
0.00
0.00
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
14.73
12.15
8.46
4.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
253
F
[-]
21
22
23
24
25
14
14
14
14
14
20
21
22
23
24
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.9
-3.9
-3.9
-6.1
-6.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
254
2.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
70.6
70.2
69.8
69.5
69.1
178.63
178.63
178.63
178.63
178.63
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
P19 01a
Equations
19.1
Design of a water heating system to provide 75% of a weeks loads by solar energy.
This is a simulation problem, with the basic approach to compute the solar F for a range of collector areas and select that
which gives the desired fraction. The solution shown here was done with EES; TRNSYS or other simulation program could
have been used.
Many of the functions used in this solution are from problem 6.19.
Knowns:
Tmin = 60 [C] ;


UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
tan = 0.77;
F 0 = 0.95;
= 40 [deg] ;
hr = 1 [hr] ;

m
c = 50 kg/m2 hr ;
H/Dtank = 3;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
Ncov = 1;
Tmains = 15 [C] ;
T 0 a = 21;
g = 0.2;
255
n = 0.9
(1)
Ref rInd = 1.526
(2)

(3)
KL = 0.0125
(4)

= 1000 kg/m3 ;
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C]
(5)
the last iteration

Ac = 7.9 m2
(6)
This system is probably over designed since it supplies a large F in the middle of winter. It would have excess capacity in
the summer.
(7)

MJ
kj
(8)
(9)

(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Warnings are generated for the last hour of sunlight on January 10. The measured horizontal data is suspect since the hourly
value is almost equal to that of the preceding hour. Accurate measurements are difficult to make near sunrise and sunset.

m
c Cp
4 1/s
x=
2.77778 10
0
UL F
1/hr
(14)
FR = F 0 x (1 exp (1/x))
Eqn 6.7.5

Qu = max 0 [MJ] , Ac FR ST UL (Ttank Ta ) hr 0.0036
(15)

MJ
W hr
Eqn 6.7.6
(16)
For the tank:

V olT ank =
(17)
M assT ank
(water, T = 55, p = 200)
(18)

V olT ank = Height
(19)
Dia2
4
(20)
256
Dia2
+ Dia Height
4

6 MJ

= Cp M assT ank 1 10
J
Atank = 2
(21)
mC tank
(22)

QtankLoss = UL,tank Atank hr (Ttank T 0 a ) 0.0036

MJ
W hr
(23)
The load:
On = If(hour, 7, 0, 1, 1) If(hour, 21, 1, 0, 0)

6 MJ

J

6 MJ

J
(24)
(25)
(26)

+
Ttank
= Ttank +
Qu QtankLoss QLoad
mCtank
(27)
Eqn 10.9.2
(28)

F =
(29)
SumQLoad
(30)
Solution
n = 0.9
Cp = 4, 190 [J/kg-C]
F 0 = 0.95
hr = 1 [hr]

IT = 0.00 MJ/m2
M assT ank = 474 [kg]
Ncov = 1
Qu = 0.00 [MJ]

Store/Ac = 60 kg/m2
tan = 0.77
Ttank = 69.49 [C]

UL,tank = 1.05 W/m2 -C

Ac = 7.9 m2
Day = 14
FR = 0.9196
HrAng = 172.5 [deg]
KL = 0.0125
M axLoad = 2.424 [MJ]
On = 0 [-]
Ref rInd = 1.526
SumQLoad = 178.63 [MJ]
Ta = 6.7 [C]
T 0 a = 21 [C]

V olT ank = 0.4809 m3

Atank = 3.811 m2
Dia = 0.5888 [m]
Height = 1.766 [m]
H/Dtank = 3
Lat = 40 [deg]
mC tank = 1.986 [MJ/C]
QLoad = 0.00
[MJ]
= 1, 000 kg/m3
Tmains = 15 [C]
+
Ttank
= 69.1 [C]
x = 15.31
= 40 [deg]
F = 0.75 [-]
hour = 24[hr]

I = 0.000 MJ/m2
LoadF low
= 12.86 [kg/hr]
m
c = 50 kg/m2 -hr
QtankLoss = 0.70 [MJ]
g = 0.2

ST = 0.00 MJ/m2
Tmin = 60 [C]

UL = 4 W/m2 -C

Run
Day
hour
[hr]
I 2
MJ/m
Ta
[C]
IT 2
MJ/m
ST 2
MJ/m
QLoad
[MJ]
Qu
[MJ]
QtankLoss
[MJ]
1
2
0.000
-3.3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.69
257
plus
Ttank
[C]
69.1
68.8
SumQLoad
[MJ]
0.00
0.00
F
[-]
-0.00
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017
0.134
0.331
0.636
0.758
1.105
1.252
0.641
0.167
0.046
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.071
0.155
0.343
0.402
1.185
1.009
0.796
0.389
0.134
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.033
-2.8
-2.2
-2.8
-2.8
-2.2
-2.2
-1.1
1.1
2.2
2.8
2.8
3.8
3.3
2.2
0.6
-0.6
-1.1
-1.7
-1.7
-2.2
-2.2
-2.2
-2.8
-3.3
-3.3
-3.3
-3.9
-3.9
-3.9
-3.9
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-2.2
-1.3
-0.6
-0.6
-2.2
-2.8
-3.3
-5.6
-6.7
-7.8
-8.3
-8.3
-9.4
-10
-8.9
-10.6
-8.3
-8.3
-10
-8.9
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.13
0.31
0.62
0.75
1.36
1.98
0.72
0.16
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.32
0.37
1.55
1.28
1.09
0.49
1.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.22
0.45
0.55
1.04
1.55
0.54
0.11
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.23
0.27
1.19
0.98
0.83
0.36
0.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
258
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.41
2.33
2.30
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.15
2.07
2.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.83
1.76
1.71
1.65
1.60
1.54
1.49
1.55
1.57
1.55
1.50
1.46
1.42
1.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.25
1.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.78
5.66
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.97
2.41
1.32
0.00
0.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.65
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.53
0.55
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.31
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
68.4
68.1
67.7
67.4
65.8
64.3
62.7
61.2
59.7
58.2
57.7
59.1
57.6
56.2
54.8
53.5
52.2
51.0
50.8
50.5
50.3
50.1
49.9
49.7
49.5
49.3
49.1
48.9
47.8
46.7
45.6
44.6
43.6
42.7
43.8
44.1
43.8
42.8
42.2
41.3
40.4
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.2
39.1
38.9
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.4
38.3
37.5
36.8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.42
4.85
7.27
9.70
12.12
14.53
16.86
19.16
21.53
23.83
26.05
28.19
30.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
32.27
34.10
35.86
37.57
39.22
40.81
42.36
43.85
45.40
46.96
48.51
50.01
51.48
52.89
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
54.26
55.52
56.73
0.00
0.00
-0.00
-0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.419
1.047
1.570
1.805
1.872
1.733
1.352
0.775
0.205
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.042
0.092
0.138
0.163
0.138
0.096
0.084
0.042
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017
0.071
0.180
0.247
0.331
0.389
0.477
-7.2
-5
-2.2
-1.1
2.2
4.4
6.1
6.7
6.1
3.3
0.6
0.6
0
0.6
1.7
0.6
-1.7
-2.2
-2.2
-2.8
-4.4
-5
-5.6
-6.1
-5.6
-5.6
-5.6
-5.6
-5
-3.9
-4.4
-3.9
-5
-5.6
-6.7
-7.8
-9.4
-8.9
-9.4
-11.1
-11.7
-12.8
-15.6
-16.7
-16.7
-16.1
-17.2
-17.8
-13.3
-11.1
-7.8
-5.6
-2.2
-0.6
0.57
1.90
2.94
3.29
3.42
3.28
2.81
2.04
2.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.09
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.17
0.23
0.30
0.36
0.44
0.41
1.48
2.34
2.64
2.74
2.61
2.20
1.50
1.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.12
0.17
0.22
0.26
0.32
259
1.17
1.14
1.28
1.58
1.92
2.26
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.35
2.28
2.20
2.13
2.06
1.99
1.92
1.86
1.80
1.74
1.68
1.62
1.57
1.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.39
1.34
1.30
1.26
1.22
1.18
1.14
1.10
0.00
6.47
12.71
14.41
14.87
13.51
10.11
4.72
2.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.34
0.43
0.52
0.60
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
36.1
38.7
44.3
50.6
56.9
62.3
65.9
66.7
66.2
64.6
63.1
61.6
61.3
61.0
60.7
60.4
60.1
59.8
59.5
59.3
59.0
58.7
57.2
55.8
54.5
53.2
51.9
50.7
49.5
48.3
47.2
46.2
45.1
44.2
43.2
42.3
42.1
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.1
40.9
40.8
39.9
39.1
38.3
37.6
36.8
36.1
35.5
34.8
57.91
59.04
60.32
61.89
63.81
66.07
68.49
70.92
73.34
75.77
78.19
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
82.97
85.24
87.44
89.57
91.63
93.61
95.54
97.39
99.19
100.93
102.61
104.23
105.80
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
107.32
108.71
110.05
111.35
112.61
113.83
115.00
116.14
117.24
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.49
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.532
0.461
0.033
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017
0.314
0.724
1.809
2.299
1.926
1.750
1.340
0.703
0.059
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.038
0.452
1.110
1.608
1.884
1.968
1.733
1.331
0.837
0.096
0.004
0.000
0.000
2.8
-0.6
-1.7
-4.4
-7.8
-7.8
-8.9
-10.6
-12.8
-11.7
-10.6
-10.6
-10
-11.1
-10.6
-9.4
-7.2
-10.6
-8.3
-1.7
1.7
3.3
5.6
7.2
8.3
8.9
6.7
4.4
1.1
0
-2.2
2.8
1.7
1.7
-0.6
-1.1
-0.6
-3.9
-1.7
-2.8
-2.8
-5
-5
-1.7
2.8
3.8
6.7
6.7
7.2
6.7
7.2
3.3
0
3.9
0.53
0.68
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.32
0.87
3.38
4.16
3.48
3.27
2.74
1.71
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.62
2.04
2.96
3.39
3.55
3.23
2.71
2.13
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.39
0.49
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.24
0.66
2.70
3.34
2.79
2.61
2.15
1.26
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.46
1.59
2.36
2.72
2.84
2.57
2.12
1.57
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
260
1.07
1.03
1.00
0.97
0.94
0.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.84
0.81
0.79
0.76
0.78
1.21
1.73
2.11
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.16
2.09
2.02
1.95
2.05
2.31
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.53
16.70
20.66
15.96
14.06
10.23
3.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.05
11.89
14.14
14.73
12.15
8.46
4.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.24
0.38
0.48
0.56
0.61
0.62
0.59
0.57
0.55
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.61
0.70
0.76
0.80
0.81
0.78
0.76
0.74
34.2
33.5
32.9
32.4
31.8
31.3
31.2
31.1
31.1
31.0
30.9
30.8
30.8
30.7
30.6
30.6
30.1
29.6
29.1
29.5
37.4
47.1
54.1
59.9
63.5
63.7
62.2
60.7
59.1
57.7
57.4
57.1
56.9
56.6
56.4
56.1
55.8
55.6
55.3
55.1
53.8
52.5
51.2
53.1
57.8
63.5
69.4
73.9
76.6
77.0
75.4
73.8
72.2
70.6
118.31
119.34
120.34
121.31
122.24
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.15
123.99
124.80
125.59
126.35
127.13
128.33
130.06
132.17
134.58
137.01
139.43
141.86
144.28
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
146.66
148.82
150.91
152.93
154.88
156.93
159.23
161.66
164.08
166.51
168.93
171.35
173.78
176.20
178.63
0.50
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
165
166
167
168
14
14
14
14
21
22
23
24
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-3.9
-3.9
-6.1
-6.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
261
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
70.2
69.8
69.5
69.1
178.63
178.63
178.63
178.63
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
P19 02
Equations
19.2
Add a collector-store HX to problem 19.1.
Knowns:
Tmin = 60 [C] ;


UL = 4 W/m2 C ;
tan = 0.77;
F 0 = 0.95;

= 1000 kg/m3 ;
= 40 [deg] ;
hr = 1 [hr] ;

m
c = 50 kg/m2 hr ;
H/Dtank = 3;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
Ncov = 1;
Tmains = 15 [C] ;
T 0 a = 21;
g = 0.2;
n = 0.9
(1)
Ref rInd = 1.526
(2)

(3)
KL = 0.0125
Cp = 4190 [J/kg C]
(4)
(5)
the last iteration

Ac = 8.8 m2
(6)
Tinitial = Tablevalue(1, Tplus tank )
(7)
The results are Ac =7.9 m2 and initial Ttank =69.1. This system is probably over designed since it supplies a large F in the
middle of winter. It would have excess capacity in the summer.
(8)

MJ
kj
(9)

(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
262
Warnings are generated for the 17th hour on January 10. The measured horizontal data is suspect since accurate measurements are difficult to make near sunrise and sunset.

m
c Cp
4 1/s
2.77778
10
x=

0
UL F
1/hr
FR = F 0 x (1 exp (1/x))
(15)
Eqn 6.7.5
(16)
The following four equations were added and the fifth changed from problem 19.1

1/s
= Ac m
AC
c 2.77778 104
1/hr
(17)
F RU L = FR UL
(18)
HX = 0.35
(19)

cp , AC,
cp , HX
F 0 R = FR F R0 /F R Ac , F RU L, AC,

Qu = max 0 [MJ] , Ac F R ST UL (Ttank Ta ) hr 0.0036

(20)

MJ
W hr
Eqn 6.7.6
(21)
For the tank:

V olT ank =
(22)
M assT ank
(water, T = 55, p = 200)
(23)

V olT ank = Height
(24)
Dia2
4
(25)
Dia2
+ Dia Height
4

MJ
= Cp M assT ank 1 106
J
Atank = 2
(26)
mC tank
(27)
QtankLoss

MJ

= UL,tank Atank hr (Ttank T a ) 0.0036
W hr
0
(28)
The load:
On = If(hour, 7, 0, 1, 1) If(hour, 21, 1, 0, 0)

6 MJ

J

MJ
J
(29)
(30)
(31)

263
(32)
+
Ttank
= Ttank +
Qu QtankLoss QLoad
mCtank
Eqn 10.9.2
(33)

F =
(34)
SumQLoad
(35)
The results are

a)
epsilonHX =0.78
Ac =7.9 m2
and initial Ttank =69.1.
a)
epsilonHX =0.35
Ac =8.7 m2
and initial Ttank =66.8.
When the HX is large the impact is small but for the small HX there is an 11% incresas in collector area.
Solution
= 0.1222 [kg/s]
AC
= 40 [deg]
HX = 0.35
FR = 0.9196
hr = 1 [hr]

IT = 0.00 MJ/m2
M assT ank = 528 [kg]
Ncov = 1
Qu = 0.00 [MJ]

Store/Ac = 60 kg/m2
tan = 0.77
Tmin = 60 [C]

UL = 4 W/m2 -C

Ac = 8.8 m2
Day = 14

F RU L = 3.679 W/m2 -C
Height = 1.831 [m]
H/Dtank = 3
Lat = 40 [deg]
mC tank = 2.212 [MJ/C]
QLoad = 0.00
[MJ]
= 1, 000 kg/m3
Tinitial = 66.8 [C]
T 0 a = 21 [C]

V olT ank = 0.5356 m3
n = 0.9
Cp = 4, 190 [J/kg-C]
F = 0.75 [-]
F 0 R = 0.823
HrAng = 172.5 [deg]
KL = 0.0125
M axLoad = 2.424 [MJ]
On = 0 [-]
Ref rInd = 1.526
SumQLoad = 177.59 [MJ]
Ta = 6.7 [C]
Ttank = 67.17 [C]

UL,tank = 1.05 W/m2 -C
264

Atank = 4.096 m2
Dia = 0.6103 [m]
F 0 = 0.95 [-]
hour = 24[hr]

I = 0.000 MJ/m2
LoadF low
= 12.86 [kg/hr]
m
c = 50 kg/m2 -hr
QtankLoss = 0.71 [MJ]
g = 0.2

ST = 0.00 MJ/m2
Tmains = 15 [C]
+
Ttank
= 66.8 [C]
x = 15.31
P20 01
Equations
20.1
Calculation of a months performance of a liquid-based heating system with f-Chart.
Knowns:
U Ahouse = 145 [W/C] ;
Ta = 8;
Days = 31 [day] ;
F 0 RU L = 3.80;
a
Lhw = 2.06 109
DegDays = 828 [C day] ;

Ac = 22;
F 0 Rtan = 0.79;
T = 10.7 106 ;
H
ta/ta
n = .96
Vstore = 1650 [l]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Load calculation with space heating estimated with Equation 9.3.6:
Lhtg = U Ahouse DegDays 24 [hr/day] 3600 [s/hr]
(4)
Load = Lhtg + Lhw
(5)
Calculation of X and Y by Equations 20.2.3 and 20.2.4:
The store size is 1650/22 = 75 liter/m2, so no X correction is required. The load heat exchanger parameter is 2.00, so no Y
correction is needed.

s
86400

day
X = F 0 RU L 100 [C] Ta Days Ac
(6)
Load
Y = F 0 Rtan ta/ta
n HT Days Ac /Load
c
(7)
Calculation of solar fraction with Equation 20.3.1 (or Figure 20.3.1):
fc = 1.029 Y .065 X .245 Y 2 + .0018 X 2 + .0215 Y 3
265
(8)
Recalculation of X and fraction for reduced store size:
Correction for non-standard storage, Equation 20.3.2:

Storeactual = 75/2
(9)
.25
Xd = X (Storeactual /75)
(10)
fd = 1.029 Y .065 Xd .245 Y 2 + .0018 Xd2 + .0215 Y 3
(11)
Recalculation of Y and fraction for reduced load heat exchanger size:
Correction for non-standard load heat exchanger, Equation 20.3.3:

LHX parameter = 0.5
(12)
Y e/Y = .39 + .65 exp (.139/LHX parameter )
(13)
Ye = Y Y e/Y
(14)
fe = 1.029 Ye .065 Xd .245 Ye2 + .0018 Xd2 + .0215 Ye3
(15)
Solution

Ac = 22 m2
fd = 0.2707

T = 1.070 107 J/m2 -day
H
Lhw = 2.060 109 [J]
Y = 0.4451 [-]
Days = 31 [day]
fe = 0.2269
LHX parameter = 0.5
Storeactual = 37.5
Vstore = 1, 650 [l]
Y e/Y = 0.8822
DegDays = 828 [C-day]

F 0 Rtan = 0.79 [-]
Load = 1.243 1010 [J]
ta/ta
n = 0.96
X = 1.945 [-]
Ye = 0.3927
266
fc = 0.2918

F 0 RU L = 3.8 W/m2 -c
Lhtg = 1.037 1010 [J]
Ta = 8 [C]
Xd = 2.313
P20 02
Equations
20.2
Liquid solar system f-Chart calculations for one month.
Knowns:
Daysmonth = 30;
DD = 553 [C day] ;
T = 2 [C] ;

Ac = 100 m2

F 0 RU L = 7.0 W/m2 C

Storeactual = 180 l/m2
F 0 Rtan = 0.78;
ta/ta
n = 0.95;
(1)
(2)
(3)

T = 15 MJ/m2
H
Calculation of months loads by degree-day method, Equation 9.3.6:

s
Load = U Ahouse DD 86400
day
(4)
(5)
Calculation of X, assuming standard storage capacity, with Equation 20.2.3:

t = Daysmonth 24 [hr] 3600 [s/hr]
(6)

X = F 0 RU L 100 [C] T t Ac /Load
(7)
Correction for non-standard storage, Equation 20.3.2:

.25
Storeactual
Xc/X =
75 [l/m2 ]
(8)
267
a) value of X
Xa = X Xc/X
(9)
b) value of Y using Equation 20.2.4:

J
1000000
Daysmonth Ac /Load
Yb = F 0 Rtan ta/ta
n
T
MJ
(10)
c) Solar fraction for Xa and Yb

fc = 1.029 Yb .065 Xa .245 Yb2 + .0018 Xa2 + .0215 Yb3
(11)
d) Solar fraction with 1/2 the area both X and Y are reduced by 1/2.
2
fd = 1.029 Yb /2 .065 Xa /2 .245 (Yb /2) + .0018 (Xa /2) + .0215 (Yb /2)
Solution

Ac = 100 m2
fc = 0.81

T = 15 MJ/m2
H
T = 2 [C]
Xa = 8.891
Daysmonth = 30 [-]
fd = 0.55
Load = 1.672 1010 [J]
Yb = 1.994
DD = 553 [C-day]
F 0 Rtan = 0.78

Storeactual = 180 l/m2
X = 11.07 [-]
268
t = 2.592 106 [s]

F 0 RU L = 7 W/m2 -C
ta/ta
n = 0.95
Xc/X = 0.8034
(12)
P20 03
Equations
20.3
a. Calculation of area required for an air system to meet 50% of January load.
Knowns:
U A = 400 [W/C] ;
F Rtan = 0.6;
Store/Ac = 0.25;
F ractAlow = 10;

F RU L = 4.0 W/m2 C ;
ta/tan = 0.96;
Slope = 50 [deg] ;
DHW = 2.15/31
Tref = 100 [C]
For the month of January - data from App G and Example 2.19.1:

T = 11.9 MJ/m2 day ;
month = 1;
H
Ta = 8 [C] ;
DD = 828 [C day]
(1)
(2)
821
(3)
nDays = N umDay (M onth)
(4)
t = 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr/day] nDays
(5)
Determine the Load, X and Y.

MJ/day

Load = DD U A 0.0864
+ DHW nDays Eqn 9.3.6
J/s

6 MJ
10
1

j
X = F RU L Tref Ta t Ac
Eqn 20.2.3
Load
T Ac nDays/Load Eqn 20.2.4
Y = F Rtan ta/ta H
n
(6)
(7)
(8)
Equation 20.4.1 represents the air f-Chart, and must be used in the range of values shown in Figure 20.4.1.
f = 1.040 Y 0.065 X 0.159 Y 2 + 0.00187 X 2 0.0095 Y 3
(9)
Set f=0.50 and let EES solve for Ac : f=0.50

f = 0.5
(10)
Solution
269

Ac = 113.8 m2
f = 0.5

T = 11.9 MJ/m2 -day
H
Slope = 50 [deg]
Tref = 100 [C]
DD = 828 [C-day]
F ractAlow = 10
Load = 28, 618 [MJ]
Store/Ac = 0.25
U A = 400 [W/C]
t = 2.678 106 [s]

F Rtan = 0.6
month = 1
ta/tan = 0.96
X = 4.601 [-]
270
DHW = 0.06935
[MJ/day]

F RU L = 4 W/m2 -C
nDays = 31 [day]
Ta = 8 [C]
Y = 0.8449 [-]
P20 03a
Equations
20.3
a. Calculation of area required for an air system to meet 50% of a January load.
Knowns:
U A = 400 [W/C] ;
F Rtan = 0.6;
Store/Ac = 0.25;
F ractAlow = 10;

F RU L = 4.0 W/m2 C ;
ta/tan = 0.96;
Slope = 50 [deg] ;
DHW = 2150
Tref = 100 [C]
[MJ]
31 [day]
(1)
(2)
For the month of January - data from App G and Example 2.19.1:

T = 13.7 MJ/m2 day ;
month = 1;
H
Ta = 8 [C] ;
DD = 821 [C day]
(3)
nDays = N umDay (M onth)
(4)
t = 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr/day] nDays
(5)

MJ/day
House = DD U A 0.0864
J/s
(6)
HW = DHW nDays

MJ/day
Load = DD U A 0.0864
+ DHW nDays Eqn 9.3.6
J/s

6 MJ
10
1

j
X = F RU L Tref Ta t Ac
Eqn 20.2.3
Load
T Ac nDays/Load Eqn 20.2.4
Y = F Rtan ta/ta H
n
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
f = 1.040 Y 0.065 X 0.159 Y 2 + 0.00187 X 2 0.0095 Y 3
(11)
Set f=0.50 and let EES solve for Ac :

f = 0.5
(12)
271
Solution

Ac = 98.36 m2
f = 0.5
House = 28, 374 [MJ]
month = 1
ta/tan = 0.96
X = 3.728 [-]
DD = 821 [C-day]
F ractAlow = 10
HW = 2, 150 [MJ]
nDays = 31 [day]
Ta = 8 [C]
Y = 0.7883 [-]
t = 2.678 106 [s]

F Rtan = 0.6

T = 13.7 MJ/m2 -day
H
Slope = 50 [deg]
Tref = 100 [C]
272
DHW = 69.35
[MJ/day]

F RU L = 4 W/m2 -C
Load = 30, 524 [MJ]
Store/Ac = 0.25
U A = 400 [W/C]
P20 03b
Equations
20.3
b. Determine the annual solar fraction for a collector area of 98.36 m2.
$Arrays On
Knowns:

Ac = 98.36 m2
(1)
U A = 400 [W/C] ;
F Rtan = 0.6;
Store/Ac = 0.25;
F ractAlow = 10;

F RU L = 4.0 W/m2 C ;
ta/tan = 0.96;
Slope = 50 [deg] ;
DHW = 2150
[MJ]
31 [day]
(2)
Tref = 100 [C]
(3)
T,1..12 = [13.7, 17.2, 15.8, 14.7, 16.6, 16.5, 16.8, 17.5, 15.6, 15.2, 11.4, 12.7]
H
(4)
DD1..12 = [821, 656, 537, 280, 136, 30, 1, 25, 103, 232, 479, 699]
(5)
Ta,1..12 = [-8, -5, 1, 9, 14, 19, 22, 20, 15, 11, 2, -5]
(6)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(7)
Weather data from Appendix G and Example 2.19.1
monthi = i
(8)
ti = 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr/day] nDaysi
(9)
nDaysi = N umDay (M onthi )
(10)

MJ/day

Housei = DDi U A 0.0864
J/s
(11)
273
HW i = DHW nDaysi

MJ/day
+ DHW nDaysi Eqn 9.3.6
Loadi = DDi U A 0.0864
J/s

6 MJ
10
1

j
Eqn 20.2.3
Xi = min 15, F RU L Tref Ta,i ti Ac
Loadi

Xi
T,i Ac nDaysi
+ 1.2, F Rtan ta/tan H
Yi = min 1.5
16
Loadi
(12)
(13)
(14)

Eqn 20.2.4
(15)
With the limits shown the solar fraction never exceeds 0.91 but this high solar fraction is for months with very small loads
so the annual solar fractions is not significantly impacted.
fi = 1.040 Yi 0.065 Xi 0.159 Yi2 + 0.00187 Xi2 0.0095 Yi3
(16)
end
(17)
The annual solar fraction is the load weighted average monthly solar fraction.
F =
Sum(fi Loadi , i = 1, 12)

Sum(Loadi , i = 1, 12)
(18)
Solution

Ac = 98.36 m2
F Rtan = 0.6
ta/tan = 0.96
DHW = 69.35
[MJ/day]

F RU L = 4 W/m2 -C
Tref = 100 [C]
F = 0.699
Slope = 50 [deg]
U A = 400 [W/C]
F ractAlow = 10
Store/Ac = 0.25
Arrays Table: Main

Row
monthi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
nDaysi
[day]
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31
DDi
[C-day]
821
656
537
280
136
30
1
25
103
232
479
699
T,i
H

MJ/m2 -day
13.7
17.2
15.8
14.7
16.6
16.5
16.8
17.5
15.6
15.2
11.4
12.7
ti
[s]
2.678E6
2.419E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
274
Housei
[MJ]
28,374
22,671
18,559
9,677
4,700
1,037
35
864
3,560
8,018
16,554
24,157
HW i
[MJ]
2,150
1,942
2,150
2,081
2,150
2,081
2,150
2,150
2,081
2,150
2,081
2,150
Loadi
[MJ]
30,524
24,613
20,709
11,757
6,850
3,117
2,185
3,014
5,640
10,168
18,635
26,307
Ta,i
[C]
-8
-5
1
9
14
19
22
20
15
11
2
-5
Xi
[-]
3.73
4.06
5.04
7.89
13.23
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
9.22
5.36
4.21
Yi
[-]
0.79
1.11
1.34
1.94
2.44
2.61
2.61
2.61
2.61
2.06
1.04
0.85
fi
[-]
0.50
0.71
0.81
0.95
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.95
0.60
0.52
P20 04
Equations
20.4
Calculation of annual performance for an air system.
$UnitSystem SI C J kg KPa
Knowns:
Lat = 43 [deg] ;
F Rtan = 0.76;
Slope = 60 [deg] ;

Ac = 40 m2 ;
azim = 0 [deg]
(1)

F RU L = 4.85 W/m2 C
(2)

V olF lowAir = 12 l/m2 s ;

V olF lowAirStd = 10 l/m2 s ;
nCov = 2;
Ref rInd = 1.526;
KL = 0.0125;

StorageV olStd = 0.25 m3 /m2 ;
n = .9;

StorageV ol = 0.15 m3 /m2
Tref = 100 [C]
good quality glass
U Ah = 300 [W/C]
(3)
(4)
(5)
Weather data from Appendix G and Problem 2.18

DD1..12 = [821, 656, 537, 280, 136, 30, 1, 25, 103, 232, 479, 699]
(6)
Ta,1..12 = [-8, -5, 1, 9, 14, 19, 22, 20, 15, 11, 2, -5]
(7)
1 = 6.44;
H
2 = 9.89;
H
7 = 22.58;
H
3 = 12.86;
H
8 = 20.33;
H
4 = 16.05;
H
9 = 14.59;
H
5 = 21.36;
H
10 = 10.48;
H
g,1 = 0.7;
g,2 = 0.7;
g,3 = 0.4;
g,4 = 0.2;
g,7 = 0.2;
g,8 = 0.2;
g,9 = 0.2;
g,10 = 0.2;
6 = 23.04
H
11 = 6.37;
H
g,5 = 0.2;
g,11 = 0.4;
12 = 5.74
H
g,6 = 0.2
g,12 = 0.7
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
It is first necessary to estimate monthly average incident and absorbed radiation on sloped surfaces. These two quantities
are then used to calcualte the monthly average * product. This solution uses the Liu and Jordan mode Eqn 5.10.2 but
other assumptions could be made..
Day = 1 [day]
(12)
n = 0.83
(13)
Figure 5.3.1
tan = 1.01 n n
Eqn 5.5.2
(14)
275
duplicate i = 1, 12
(15)
ni = AveDay (i)
(16)
i = dec (ni )

Cos b,i = Cos(lat slope)Cos(i )Cos(2.5 15)+sin (lat slope)sin (i )

i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i , b,i , N cov, KL, Ref rInd, n
ST,i = ST,LJ, H

T,i = H
T,LJ, H
i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i
H
(17)
Eqn 1.6.7a at 2.5 hrs from noon(18)
ST,i
tabar/tan,i tan =
HT,i
(19)
(20)
(21)
end
(22)
F r0 /F r = 1
No collector operating corrections.
(23)
System corrections on storage size and air flow.

0.28
Xc/X = (V olF lowAir/V olF lowAirStd)
0.3
(StorageV ol/StorageV olStd)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(25)
N domi = N umDay (i)

s

ti = Day N domi 86400
day

s

Loadi = U Ah DDi 86400
day
(26)
(27)
(28)
X and Y are not needed as they are also calculated internally inside the function for solar fraction.

Xi = Xc/X XX F rU l, F R0 F R, Tref , Ta,i , ti , Ac , Loadi

J
0

, N domi , Ac , Loadi
Yi = Y Y F rtan , F R /F R, tabartan,i , HT,i 1000000
MJ
Fi = SolF ract0 A F rU l, F R0 /F R, Tref , Ta,i , ti , Ac , Loadi , F rtan , tabartan,i ,

J

HT,i 1000000
,
N
dom
,
StorageV
ol,
V
olF
lowAir
i
MJ
end
Fannual =
(24)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
Sum(Fi Loadi , i = 1, 12)

(33)
Solution
n = 0.9
F rtan = 0.76
KL = 0.0125
Slope = 60 [deg]
tan = 0.7545

V olF lowAirStd = 10 l/m2 -s
azim = 0 [deg]

F rU l = 4.85 W/m2 -C
Lat = 43 [deg]

StorageV ol = 0.15 m3 /m2
Tref = 100 [C]
Xc/X = 1.227
276

Ac = 40 m2
F R0 /F R = 1
N cov = 2

StorageV olStd = 0.25 m3 /m2
U Ah = 300 [W/C]
Day = 1 [day]
Fannual = 0.54
Ref rInd = 1.526
n = 0.83

V olF lowAir = 12 l/m2 -s
Arrays Table: Main
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DDi
[C-Day]
821
656
537
280
136
30
1
25
103
232
479
699
i
[deg]
-20.9
-13.0
-2.4
9.4
18.8
23.1
21.2
13.5
2.2
-9.6
-18.9
-23.0
Row
N domi
g,i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
Row
ti
[s]
2.68E6
2.42E6
2.68E6
2.59E6
2.68E6
2.59E6
2.68E6
2.68E6
2.59E6
2.68E6
2.59E6
2.68E6
ST,i 2
MJ/m
9.661
12.07
10.93
10.01
11.06
10.85
11.08
11.87
10.8
10.74
8.243
9.292
Fi
[-]
0.35
0.52
0.60
0.86
0.87
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.98
0.46
0.38
Hi 2
MJ/m
6.44
9.89
12.86
16.05
21.36
23.04
22.58
20.33
14.59
10.48
6.37
5.74
tabar\tan,i
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.94
HT,i 2
MJ/m
13.71
17.25
15.79
14.69
16.58
16.53
16.76
17.47
15.58
15.18
11.67
13.15
b,i
[deg]
35.6
36.4
39.6
45.5
51.4
54.3
53.0
47.9
41.7
37.2
35.7
35.7
Ta,i
[C]
-8
-5
1
9
14
19
22
20
15
11
2
-5
277
Loadi
[J]
2.13E10
1.70E10
1.39E10
7.26E9
3.53E9
7.78E8
2.59E7
6.48E8
2.67E9
6.01E9
1.24E10
1.81E10
Xi
[-]
3.235
3.555
4.533
7.734
15.55
64.25
1,918
78.69
19.64
9.433
4.869
3.694
ni
17
47
75
105
135
162
198
228
258
288
318
344
Yi
[-]
0.57
0.80
0.98
1.67
3.92
16.86
534.12
22.87
4.89
2.23
0.80
0.64
P20 05
Equations
20.5
Calculation of annual solar fraction for a combined water and space heating load.
It is first necessary to estimate monthly average radiation on sloped surfaces. The radiation calculations are the same as
Problems 2.18 and 20.4.
Knowns:

Ac = 50 m2 ;
Lat = 43 [deg] ;
Slope = 60 [deg] ;
F 0 Rtan = 0.72;

F 0 RU L = 3.5 W/m2 C ;
azim = 0 [deg]
LoadDHW = 1.9 [GJ]

V olF lowAir = 12 l/m2 s ;

V olF lowAirStd = 10 l/m2 s ;
nCov = 2;
Ref rInd = 1.526;
KL = 0.0125;
U Ah = 300 [W/C] ;
(1)
n = .9;
(2)
StorageV ol = 5000 [l]

Tref = 100 [C]
good quality glass

StorageV olStd = Ac 75 l/m2
(3)
(4)
(5)
Weather data from Appendix G and Problem 20.4

DD1..12 = [821, 656, 537, 280, 136, 30, 1, 25, 103, 232, 479, 699]
(6)
Ta,1..12 = [-8, -5, 1, 9, 14, 19, 22, 20, 15, 11, 2, -5]
(7)
1 = 6.44;
H
2 = 9.89;
H
7 = 22.58;
H
8 = 20.33;
H
3 = 12.86;
H
4 = 16.05;
H
9 = 14.59;
H
5 = 21.36;
H
10 = 10.48;
H
g,1 = 0.7;
g,2 = 0.7;
g,3 = 0.4;
g,4 = 0.2;
g,7 = 0.2;
g,8 = 0.2;
g,9 = 0.2;
g,10 = 0.2;
6 = 23.04
H
11 = 6.37;
H
g,5 = 0.2;
g,11 = 0.4;
12 = 5.74
H
g,6 = 0.2
g,12 = 0.7
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
It is first necessary to estimate monthly average incident and absorbed radiation on sloped surfaces. These two quantities
are then used to calcualte the monthly average * product. This solution uses the Liu and Jordan mode Eqn 5.10.2 but
other assumptions could be made..
Day = 1 [day]
(12)
278
n = 0.83
Figure 5.3.1
tan = 1.01 n n
(13)
Eqn 5.5.2
(14)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(15)
ni = AveDay (i)
(16)
i = dec (ni )

Cos b,i = Cos(lat slope)Cos(i )Cos(2.5 15)+sin (lat slope)sin (i )

i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i , b,i , N cov, KL, Ref rInd, n
ST,i = ST,LJ, H

T,i = H
T,LJ, H
i , Lat, ni , Slope, g,i
H
(17)
Eqn 1.6.7a at 2.5 hrs from noon(18)
ST,i
tabar/tan,i tan =
HT,i
(20)
(21)
end
F r0 /F r = 1
(19)
(22)
Collector operating corrections contained in FRtan and FRUL.
(23)
System corrections on storage size and air flow.

0.25
Xc/X = (StorageV ol/StorageV olStd)
(24)
load heat exchanger:

=1
(25)
Cmin /U Ah = 2
(26)
StoreCap = StorageV ol/Ac
(27)
duplicate i = 1, 12
(28)
N domi = N umDay (i)

s

ti = Day N domi 86400
day

s
9 J

1
10
+
Load
Loadi = U Ah DDi 86400

DHW

day
GJ
X and Y are not needed as they are also calculated internally inside the function for solar fraction.

Xi = Xc/X XX F 0 RU L, F R0 F R, Tref , Ta,i , ti , Ac , Loadi

T,i 1000000 J , N domi , Ac , Loadi
Yi = Y Y F 0 Rtan , F R0 /F R, tabartan,i , H

MJ
Fi = SolF ract0 L F 0 RU l, F R0 /F R, Tref , Ta,i , ti , Ac , Loadi , F 0 Rtan , tabartan,i ,

J

HT,i 1000000
, N domi , StoreCap, , Cmin , U Ah
MJ
end
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
Find the annual solar fraction

Sum(Fi Loadi , i = 1, 12)
Fannual =
(36)
Solution
279
n = 0.9
Day = 1 [day]
F 0 Rtan = 0.72
LoadDHW = 1.9 [GJ]
StorageV ol = 5, 000 [l]
tan = 0.7545

V olF lowAirStd = 10 l/m2 -s
azim = 0 [deg]
=1

F 0 RU l = 3.5 W/m2 -C
N cov = 2
StorageV olStd = 3, 750 [l]
Tref = 100 [C]
Xc/X = 0.9306

Ac = 50 m2
F R0 /F R = 1
KL = 0.0125
Ref rInd = 1.526

StoreCap = 100 l/m2
U Ah = 300 [W/C]
Cmin = 600 [W/C]

Fannual = 0.63 [-]
Lat = 43 [deg]
Slope = 60 [deg]
n = 0.83

V olF lowAir = 12 l/m2 -s
Arrays Table: Main

Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DDi
[C-day]
821
656
537
280
136
30
1
25
103
232
479
699
b,i
[deg]
35.6
36.4
39.6
45.5
51.4
54.3
53.0
47.9
41.7
37.2
35.7
35.7
i
[deg]
-20.92
-12.95
-2.42
9.41
18.79
23.09
21.18
13.46
2.22
-9.60
-18.91
-23.05
Ta,i
[C]
-8
-5
1
9
14
19
22
20
15
11
2
-5
ti
[s]
2.678E6
2.419E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
2.592E6
2.678E6
Hi 2
MJ/m
6.44
9.89
12.86
16.05
21.36
23.04
22.58
20.33
14.59
10.48
6.37
5.74
Loadi
[J]
2.318E10
1.890E10
1.581E10
9.158E9
5.425E9
2.678E9
1.926E9
2.548E9
4.570E9
7.913E9
1.431E10
2.002E10
ni
N domi
g,i
Xi
Yi
17
47
75
105
135
162
198
228
258
288
318
344
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
2.032
2.188
2.73
4.195
6.915
12.77
17.67
13.7
7.852
4.906
2.89
2.288
0.6165
0.8529
1.022
1.565
3.015
5.8
8.513
6.889
3.384
2.007
0.8243
0.6866
HT,i 2
MJ/m
13.71
17.25
15.79
14.69
16.58
16.53
16.76
17.47
15.58
15.18
11.67
13.15
280
ST,i 2
MJ/m
9.66
12.07
10.93
10.01
11.06
10.85
11.08
11.87
10.80
10.74
8.24
9.29
Fi
[-]
0.420
0.577
0.652
0.849
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.975
0.519
0.457
tabar\tan,i
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.94
P20 06
Equations
20.6
Calculation using the bin method of energy requirements to heat a building with a heat pump.
$SumRow on
Since there is logic required in the heat pump performance, a Procedure is used.
procedure HP (Load, hours, Tbin , Delmax , W ork max : Qdel , Qwork , Qaux )
(1)
Three cases must be considered:

(1) At low temperatures the COP is less than 1: use all auxiliary.
(2) COP>1 and Qdel,max<Qload : use a combination of auxiliary and Qdel.
(3) Qdel,max>Qload : HP runs only part of the time and auxiliary is zero.
COP := Delmax /W ork max
(2)
If(COP > 1) then
(3)
goto 2
Case 1
Qwork := 0
(4)
Qaux := Load hours
(5)
Qdel := 0
(6)
goto 4
(7)
Case 2
2 : IF (Delmax>Load ) then
goto 3
(8)
Qwork := W ork max hours
(9)
Qdel := Delmax hours
(10)
Qaux := max (0, (Load Delmax ) hours)
(11)
goto 4
(12)
281
Case 3
3 : F ractionT ime := Load/Delmax
(13)
Qwork := F ractionT ime hours W ork max
(14)
Qdel := Load hours
(15)
Qaux := 0
(16)
4 : end HP
(17)
The heat pump work and delivered energy as a function of ambient temperature are placed in a lookup table.
Column 1 is the temperature, 2 is the work and 3 is the delivered energy.
Knowns:
U A = 300 [W/C] ;
Tbal = 18.3 [C]
(18)
hr = 1
(19)
A parametric table is made with the bins and associated hours as knowns. The various energy quanities are also in the
parametric table.
Tbin = Lookup(Bins , T ableRun#, T bin )
(20)
Hours = Lookup(Bins , T ableRun#, hours )
(21)
The Load in each bin is:

kW
Load = max 0, U A (Tbal Tbin ) 0.001
W
(22)
Qload = Load hours
(23)
The maximum HP input and output at T=Tbin :

Delmax = Lookup(HP , Lookuprow(HP , 1, Tbin ), Q del )
(24)
W ork max = Lookup(HP , Lookuprow(HP , 1, Tbin ), Work )
(25)
call HP (Load, hours, Tbin , Delmax , W ork max : Qdel , Qwork , Qaux )
(26)
Qpurchased = Qwork + Qaux
(27)
The months auxiliary energy requirement is 2545 kWh, or 9.2 GJ; the work is 1525 kWh, or 5.5 GJ
Solution
Delmax = 7.67 [kW]
Qaux = 0 [kWh]
Qwork = 0 [kWh]
W ork max = 3.2 [kW]
Hours = 0 [Hr]
Qdel = 0 [kWh]
Tbal = 18.3 [C]
hr = 1
Qload = 0 [kW-Hr]
Tbin = 8 [C]
282
Load = 3.09 [kW]

Qpurchased = 0 [kWh]
U A = 300 [W/C]

Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Sum
Tbin Delmax
[C]
[kW]
-26
1.25
-24
1.25
-22
1.25
-20
1.25
-18
1.70
-16
2.14
-14
2.58
-12
3.03
-10
3.48
-8
3.92
-6
4.37
-4
4.81
-2
5.26
0
5.70
2
6.50
4
6.89
6
7.28
8
7.67
8
7.67
-154
77.97
Hours
[Hr]
5.5
4
11.5
12
33.5
34
40
44
43
77
76
92
110
103.5
46.5
8.5
3
0
0
744
Load
[kW]
13.29
12.69
12.09
11.49
10.89
10.29
9.69
9.09
8.49
7.89
7.29
6.69
6.09
5.49
4.89
4.29
3.69
3.09
3.09
150.5
Qdel
[kWh]
0
0
0
0
57
73
103
133
149
302
332
443
578
568
227
36
11
0
0
3,013
Qaux
[kWh]
73
51
139
138
308
277
284
267
216
306
222
173
92
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,545
Lookup Table: Bins

Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Tbin
[C]
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Hours
[Hr]
5.5
4.0
11.5
12.0
33.5
34.0
40.0
44.0
43.0
77.0
76.0
92.0
110.0
103.5
46.5
8.5
3.0
0.0
Lookup Table: HP
Row
Tbin
[C]
W ork
[kW]
Qdel
[kW]
283
Qpurchased
[kWh]
73
51
139
138
362
335
356
350
302
467
389
385
356
249
98
15
5
0
0
4,070
Qwork
[kWh]
0
0
0
0
54
58
72
84
86
162
167
212
264
249
98
15
5
0
0
1,525
Qload
[kW-Hr]
73
51
139
138
365
350
388
400
365
608
554
615
670
568
227
36
11
0
0
5,558
W ork max
[kW]
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.2
41.6
1
2
3
4
5
6
-100
-20
0
2
20
100
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.8
3.9
3.9
1.25
1.25
5.7
6.5
10
10
284
P20 07
Equations
20.7
Add a solar heating system in parallel with the heat pump of Problem 20.6; calculate months performance.
Knowns:
FSolar = 0.30
(1)
Data from Problem 20.6 - all in kWh:

W ork = 1525 [kWh] ;
F W 0 = W ork/Load
Aux = 2545 [kWh] ;
Del = 3013 [kWh]
Work fraction for stand alone HP
F W = F W 0 (1 FSolar )
(5)
Non-pruchased fraction for stand alone HP
F AU X = (1 F AT M 0 F W 0 ) (1 FSolar )
F AU X = AuxW ithSolar /Load
(4)
Find WorkW ith Solar
Load Aux W ork

Load
(6)
Equation 20.7.3, aux fraction with solar
(7)
Find AuxW ithSolar
(8)
Solution
Aux = 2, 545 [kWh]
F AU X = 0.3205 [-]
Load = 5, 558 [kWh]
(2)
(3)
Equation 20.7.2, work fraction with solar
F W = W ork W ithSolar /Load

F AT M 0 =
Load = 5558 [kWh] ;
AuxW ithSolar = 1, 781 [kWh]

F W = 0.1921 [-]
W ork = 1, 525 [kWh]
Del = 3, 013 [kWh]

F W 0 = 0.2744 [-]
W ork W ithSolar = 1, 067 [kWh]
285
F AT M 0 = 0.2677 [-]
FSolar = 0.3
P21 01
Equations
21.1 Calculation of a months performance of a heating system using generalized utilizability charts.
Knowns:
lat = 43;
month = 1;
slope = 60 [deg] ;

F RU L = 4.85 W/m2 C ;
From problem 20.04:

= 6.44 MJ/m2 ;
H
F Rtan = 0.76;
g = 0.7;
Tin = 20 [C] ;
Surf AzAng = 0

Ac = 40 m2
Ta = 8 [C] ;
Load = 21.3 [GJ]
(1)
(2)
(3)
HrAng = (T ime 12 [hr]) 15 [deg/hr]
(4)
n = AveDay (month)

284 + n
= 23.45 [deg] sin 360
365
(5)
(6)
s = (arccos ( tan (lat) tan ()))
(7)
a = 0.409 + 0.5016 sin (s 60 [deg])
(8)
b = 0.6609 0.4767 sin (s 60 [deg])
(9)
T = (a + b Cos(HrAng)) K
T
Lk
(10)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)

H
(11)
286
=K
T H
o
H
(12)

T
Hd/Hbar = HDIF F BARHBAR Lat, n, K
(13)
rd = rd, (HrAng, Lat, n)
(15)
rt = rt, (HrAng, Lat, n)

T H
o (rt Hd/Hbar rd ) Rb + HdHbar rd 1 + Cos(Slope) + g rt 1 Cos(Slope)
IT = K
2
2
(16)
h =
R
(14)
IT
rt H
(18)
Xm = 1.85 + 0.169
T
h
R
Cos(slope)
Lk
0.0696
0.981
2
2
2
Cos()
Lk
Lk
T
T
(19)
Xc = IT,c /IT
(20)
Xm 1
2 Xm

q
2
2
= abs abs (g) g + (1 + 2 g) (1 Xc /Xm )
g=
(21)
(22)
hr = 1 [hr]
IT,c =
(17)
(23)

F RU L Tin Ta hr 0.0036
MJ/hr
J/s
(24)
F Rtan tabar/ta
The hourly energy is then:

QBar/Ac = F Rtan tabarta IT
(25)
The following statement sums the QBar \Ac to get Sum for the day:
Sum = Sumparametric(Table 1 , QBarA c , 1, T ableRun#)
(26)
The fraction by solar is:

f = 31 2 Ac Sum

0.001
GJ
MJ
(27)
Load
Problem 20.04 estimated the solar fraction for January as 35%. Here the estimate is also 35%.
Solution
a = 0.4885
f = 0.3517 [-]
Hd/Hbar = 0.4091
o = 13.36 MJ/m2
H
lat = 43 [deg]
n = 17
g = 0.7
rt = 0.055
tabar/ta = 0.94
Xc = 0.78 [-]

Ac = 40 m2
F Rtan = 0.76
hr = 1 [hr]

IT = 0.88 MJ/m2
T = 0.4071
Lk
s = 69.12 [deg]
Rb = 3.76
slope = 60 [deg]
T ime = 15.5 [hr]
Xm = 3.709
b = 0.5853

F RU L = 4.85 W/m2 -C
HrAng = 52.5 [deg]
IT,c = 0.6843 MJ/m2
Load = 21.3 [GJ]
= 0.51
h = 2.477
R

Sum = 3.021 MJ/m2
287 [C]
Ta = 8
2
= 20.92 [deg]
g = 1.585

= 6.44 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.4819
K
month = 1

QBar/Ac = 0.32 MJ/m2
rd = 0.065
Tin = 20 [C]
Parametric Table: T able 1

Run
1
2
3
4
T ime
[hr]
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
rt
rd
tabar\ta
0.176
0.152
0.108
0.055
0.165
0.147
0.113
0.065
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.94
IT 2
MJ/m
2.12
1.87
1.43
0.88
Xc
[-]
0.32
0.36
0.47
0.78
288
Rb
2.28
2.40
2.72
3.76
0.72
0.69
0.62
0.51
QBar\A

c
MJ/m2
1.11
0.94
0.64
0.32
P21 03
Equations
21.3
Calculation of a months collected energy with generalized utilizability method.
Knowns:

F RU L = 4.2 W/m2 C ;
Slope = 55 [deg] ;
F Rta = 0.75;
Dec = 20.9;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
T = 0.5
K

o = 15.06 MJ/m2
H
month = 1;
(1)
(2)
Ta = 0 [C] ;
Ti = 50 [C] ;
g = 0.2
Assumed
n = AveDay (month)
(3)
(4)
Find rt and rd from Equations 2.13.2 and 1.13.4

= 15 [deg/hr] Hour
Hour is set in the parametric table. It is hours from solar noon.
s = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))
(5)
(6)
T =0.5 and s < 81.4:

From Figure 2.12.2 with K
= 0.39
Hd /H
(7)
Find hourly radiation on tilted surface from Equation 2.23.4:

Rb = RBeam, (Lat, n, , Slope, Surf AzAng)
(8)
rt = rt, (, Lat, n)
(9)
rd = rd, (, Lat, n)

rd Rb + Hd H
o K
T rt Hd /H
rd 1 + Cos(Slope) + g rt 1 Cos(Slope)
IT = H
2
2
(10)
(11)
Find critical level with Equation 21.1.7:

hr = 1 [hr]
(12)
289
Xc = F RU L (Ti Ta ) hr

0.0036
MJ/hr
W
(13)
FRta IT
b from Equation 2.19.3:

Find R
b = R
R
(14)
b , find from Figure 2.23.1(c). Then find the hourly useful energy from Equation 21.1.5:
With critical level and R
Qu/Ac = F Rta IT
(15)
The monthly output is two times sum of the five hourly values times the number of days in the month:
SumQu = 2 N umDay (month) Sumparametric(Table 1 , Q uAc , 1, T ableRun#)
Solution
Dec = 20.9 [deg]
hr = 1 [hr]
T = 0.5
K
= 67.5 [deg]
g = 0.2
rt = 0.01072
Ta = 0 [C]
F Rta = 0.75

o = 15.06 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 40 [deg]
s = 71.31 [deg]
Rb = 9.87
Slope = 55 [deg]
Ti = 50 [C]

F RU L = 4.2 W/m2 -C
= 0.39
Hd /H
month = 1
= 0.00 [-]
b = 2.472
R

SumQu = 142.4 MJ/m2
Xc = 2.486 [-]
Hour = 4.5
[hr]
IT = 0.41 MJ/m2
n = 17

Qu /Ac = 0.00 MJ/m2
rd = 0.0148

Run
1
2
3
4
5
hour
[hr]
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
[deg]
7.5
22.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
Rb

2.06
2.15
2.39
3.11
9.87
IT
MJ/m2
2.11
1.87
1.45
0.92
0.41
Xc
[-]
0.477
0.538
0.696
1.091
2.486
Qu \Ac2
MJ/m
0.92
0.77
0.47
0.14
0.00
[-]
0.58
0.55
0.43
0.20
0.00
290
SumQ2u
MJ/m
56.95
104.9
133.8
142.4
142.4
(16)
P21 04
Equations
21.4
Calculation of a months collected energy with daily utilizability method.
Knowns:

F RU L = 4.2 W/m2 C ;
Slope = 55 [deg] ;
F Rta = 0.75;
Dec = 20.9 [deg] ;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
T = 0.5
K

o = 15.06 MJ/m2
H
month = 1;
(1)
(2)
Ta = 0 [C] ;
Ti = 50 [C] ;
g = 0.2
Assumed
n = AveDay (month)
(3)
(4)
Find rt and rd at noon from Equations 2.13.2 and 1.13.4:

noon = 0 [deg]
(5)
rt,noon = rt, (noon, lat, n)
(6)
rd,noon = rd, (noon, lat, n)
(7)
T =0.5 and s < 81.4:

T
Hdbar/Hbar = HDIF F BARHBAR Lat, n, K
(8)

Find R
b = R
R
(9)
Find radiation on tilted surface from Equation 2.19.1:

1 + Cos(Slope)
1 Cos(Slope)
HT = Ho KT (1 Hdbar/Hbar) Rb + HdbarHbar
+ g
2
2
= HT
R
o K
T
H
(10)
(11)
Find Rb,noon from Equation 2.24.2:

Rb,noon = RBeam, (Lat, n, 0 [deg] , Slope, Surf AzAng)
(12)
From Figure 2.11.2 with s < 81.4

T
Hd/H = Hdif f H Lat, n, K
(13)
Dif = rd,noon Hd/H/rt,noon
(14)
291
Rnoon = (1 Dif ) Rb,noon + Dif
1 + Cos(Slope)
1 Cos(Slope)
+ g
2
2
(15)
Find critical level with Equation 21.1.7:

hr = 1 [hr]
(16)
Xc = F RU L (Ti Ta ) hr

0.0036
MJ
Whr
(17)
o K
T
FRta rt,noon Rnoon H
N oon =1.31:
Find from Figure 2.24.2(c) with R/R
noon
RBar/RN oon = R/R
(18)
= 0.40
(19)
The monthly output is found from Equation 21.2.3:

ndom = numDay (month)
(20)
T
SumQ/Ac = ndom F Rta H
(21)
Solution
Dec = 20.9 [deg]
Hdbar/Hbar = 0.3911

T = 13.97 MJ/m2
H
n = 17
RBar/RN oon = 1.305
Rb,noon = 2.046
Slope = 55 [deg]
Ti = 50 [C]
Dif = 0.5293
Hd/H = 0.5688
T = 0.5
K
noon = 0 [deg]
g = 0.2
rd,noon = 0.1622

SumQ/Ac = 129.9 MJ/m2
Xc = 0.5398
F Rta = 0.75
hr = 1 [hr]
Lat = 40 [deg]
ndom = 31
= 1.856
R
Rnoon = 1.422
292

F RU L = 4.2 W/m2-C
o = 15.06 MJ/m2
H
month = 1
= 0.4
b = 2.472
R
rt,noon = 0.1744
Ta = 0 [C]
P21 05
Equations
21.5
Calculation of July solar contribution to operation of a n absorption air conditioner, neglecting storage
losses. Use method of Section 21.3
Knowns:

Ac = 25 m2 ;
COP = 0.7;
F RU L = 2.63;
Storage = 4180;
Lat = 25.8 [deg] ;
Load = 5.1
Ta = 28 [C] ;
Tmin = 70 [C] ;
Slope = 25 [deg] ;
F Rtan = 0.72;
Dec = 21.2;
month = 7;
g = 0.2 assumed

= 20.01 MJ/m2 ;
T = 0.5;
H
K
[GJ]
;
COP
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
n = AveDay (month)
(5)
numDay = N umDay (month)
(6)
Find rt and rd at noon from Equations 2.13.2 and 1.13.4:

noon = 0 [deg]
(7)
rt,noon = rt, (noon, lat, n)
(8)
rd,noon = rd, (noon, lat, n)
(9)
T =0.5 and s < 81.4:

T
Hdbar/Hbar = HDIF F BARHBAR Lat, n, K
(10)

Find R
b = R
R
(11)
Find radiation on tilted surface from Equation 2.19.1:

=H
T /H
R

T = H
(1 Hdbar/Hbar) R
b + HdbarHbar 1 + Cos(Slope) + g 1 Cos(Slope)
H
2
2
293
(12)
(13)
Find Rb,noon from Equation 2.24.2:

Rb,noon = RBeam, (Lat, n, 0 [deg] , Slope, Surf AzAng)
(14)
From Figure 2.11.2 with s < 81.4

T
Hd/H = Hdif f H Lat, n, K
(15)
Find Rnoon from Equation 2.24.2:

Dif = rd,noon Hd/H/rt,noon
(16)
1 + Cos(Slope)
1 Cos(Slope)
+ g
2
2
Rnoon = (1 Dif ) Rb,noon + Dif
(17)
Find average TauAlpha from Equation 5.10.4. The equivalent beam radiation angle is 50 from Figure 5.10.1(a). The equiva
lent diffuse and ground reflected angles are 57 and 76 from Figure 5.4.1 From Figure 5.6.1 the ratios of (TauAlpha)/(T auAlpha)
for these three angles are 0.92, 0.84 and 0.32.
b
beam = 0.92 (1 Hdbar/Hbar) R
dif f use = 0.84 Hdbar/Hbar
ground = 0.32 g
(18)
1 + Cos(Slope)
2
(19)
1 Cos(Slope)
2
(20)
ta/ta
n R = beam + dif f use + ground
(21)
= F Rtan ta/ta
F Rta
n
(22)
Find minimum critical level with Equation 21.3.2:

hr = 1 [hr]
XcM in
(23)
MJ

|0.0036 Whr
|
F RU L Tmin Ta hr
FRta
=
rt,noon Rnoon H
(24)
N oon =0.95 and XcM in =0.26 or from function.:

Find max from Figure 2.24.2(c) with R/R
N oon = R/R
noon
R/R

Tmin Ta
IT c = F RU L
F Rta
(25)
(26)
n, Lat, Slope, g , IT c
max = H,
(27)
Find X and Y:
t = 3600 [s/hr] 24 [hr] N umDay
X = Ac F RU L 100 [C] t

1 109
(28)

GJ
J
Load

0.001 GJ
MJ
H
T N umDay
Y = Ac F Rta
Load
Eqn 21.3.4
Eqn 21.3.3
294
(29)
(30)
Find the solar fraction, f, from Equation 21.3.5:

Storage/Ac = Storage 4.190
[kJ/kg]
Ac
(31)
f = Y max 0.015 (exp (3.85 f ) 1) (1 exp (0.15 X ))

0
!0.77
kJ/m2
350
Storage/Ac
Solution

Ac = 25 m2
t = 2.678 106 [s]
= 0.6319
F Rta
Hdbar/Hbar = 0.4291

T = 18.12 MJ/m2
H
Load = 7.286 [GJ]
numDay = 31
N oon = 0.9466
R/R
Rnoon = 0.9569

Storage/Ac = 700.6 kJ/m2
Tmin = 70 [C]
beam = 0.4484
Dif = 0.56
F Rtan = 0.72
Hd/H = 0.6083

IT c = 174.8 W/m2
month = 7
max = 0.6458
b = 0.8538
R
rt,noon = 0.1287
XcM in = 0.2554
COP = 0.7
dif f use = 0.3436

F RU L = 2.63 W/m2 -C
hr = 1 [hr]
T = 0.5
K
n = 198
g = 0.2
Rb,noon = 0.9404
Slope = 25 [deg]
ta/ta
n = 0.8777
X 0 = 2.417 [-]
295
Dec = 21.2 [deg]

f = 0.74
ground = 0.002998

= 20.01 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 25.8 [deg]
noon = 0 [deg]
= 0.9058
R
rd,noon = 0.1185
Storage = 4, 180 [kg]
Ta = 28 [C]
Y = 1.218 [-]
(32)
P21 06b
Solution

Ac = 25 m2
= 0.632
F Rta
KT = 0.5
month = 7
max = 0.625

Storage/Ac = 700.6 kJ/m2
Tmin = 70 [C]
X 0 = 1.904 [-]
COP = 0.7

F RU L = 2.63 W/m2 -C
Load = 9.25 [GJ]
numDay = 31
Qst = 0.8089 [GJ]
Ta = 28 [C]
U Ast = 7 [W/C]
Y = 0.9584 [-]
296
t = 2.678 106 [s]

fT L = 0.5808
Loadhouse = 5.1 [GJ]
P arta $ = False
N oon = 0.947
R/R
Ts = 71.14 [C]
Xc = 0.2689
f = 0.4678

T = 18.1 MJ/m2
H
Loado = 8.441 [GJ]
= 0.606
Storage = 4, 180 [kg]
Tmax = 72.29 [C]
XcM in = 0.255
P22 01
Equations
22.1
Estimation of a months auxiliary energy requirement for a direct-gain building.
In this problem we start with meteorological data from Appendix G,work through the radiation calcuLations, and apply
unutilizability ideas to building performance calcuLations.
function P hiBar (X, R, K)
Equation 2.24.4:
(1)
a = 2.943 (9.271 4.031 K) K
(2)
b = 4.345 + K (8.853 3.602 K)
(3)
c = 0.170 K (0.306 2.936 K)
(4)
P hiBar= exp ((a + b R) (X (1 + c X)))
(5)
end
(6)
function DirectGain (X, Y, P hiBar)
Equations 22.3.13
0.652
(7)
P = (1 exp (0.294 Y ))
(8)
DirectGain= min (1, P X + (1 P ) (3.082 3.142 P hiBar) (1 exp (0.329 X)))
(9)
end DirectGain
(10)
function ACP S (X, Y, P hiBarc , P hiBaru )
Equations 22.5.10:
.652
(11)
P = (1 exp (.294 Y ))
(12)
ACP S = min (P X P hiBarc + (1 P ) (3.082 3.142 P hiBaru ) (1 exp (.329 X)) , 1)
(13)
end ACP S
(14)
Knowns:
297
Slope = 90 [deg] ;
Azimuth = 0 [deg] ;

= 9.75 MJ/m2 ;
H
Ta = 6 [C] ;

Uwindow = 3.45 W/m2 C ;
DD = 346;
Lat = 35 [deg] ;
Tbase = 18.3 [C]
g = 0.4
(16)

Awindow = 16.1 m2
mchouse = 20.2 [MJ/C] ;
(15)
(17)
T b = 5 [C]
(18)
Assume the following:

KL = 0.0125;
month = 2
Ref rInd = 1.526;
N cov = 2;
n = .97
(19)
All 12 months could be evaluatedby using a parametric table with Month=tablerun#.
(20)
n = AveDay (M onth)
(21)
DaysinM onth = N umDay (M onth)
(22)
dec = Dec (n)
(23)
o = HZero, (n, Lat)

H
(24)
T = H/
H
o
K
(25)
Find incident and absorbed radiation on window.

Lat, n, Slope, g
T = H
T,LJ, H,
H
(26)
=H
T /H
(27)
Use the 2.5 hour approximation of section 5.10 for the effective beam incidence angle.
Cos(IncAngEf f Beam) = cosIncAng (Lat, n, 37.5 [deg] , Slope, Azimuth)
Lat, n, Slope, g , IncAngEf f Beam, N cov, KL, Ref rInd, n
ST = ST,LJ, H,
T
= ST /H
ta
(28)
(29)
(30)
Utilizability calcuLations:

MJ

Load = U Ahouse DD 24 [hr/day] 0.0036
W hr
Itc = U Ahouse
Tbase Ta
Awindow ta
(31)
Eqn 22.3.5
(32)
noon = 0 [deg]
(33)
rt,n = rt, (noon , lat, n)
(34)
rd,n = rd, (noon , lat, n)
(35)
T
Hd/H = HDIF F H Lat, n, K
(36)
298
Rb,n = RBeam, (Lat, n, noon , Slope, Azimuth)
Eqn 2.24.2
Rn = (1 (rd,n /rt,n ) Hd/H) Rb,n + (rd,n /rt,n ) HdH
1 + Cos(Slope)
1 Cos(Slope)
+ g
2
2
RnORbar = Rn /R
c = Itc 1 [hr]
X
LaZ
MJ
Whr
Eqn 2.24.3
rt,n Rn H
(40)
(41)
For a zero thermal capacity building:

= Load 1 Awindow ST DaysinM onth
FzeroCap =
Eqn 2.24.2(38)
(39)

0.0036
c , RnORbar , K
T
= P hiBar X
a
(37)
Load LaZ
Load
Eqn 22.3.8
Eqn 22.3
(42)
(43)
The fraction of absorbed energy that reduces auxiliary energy demand is:
Load LaZ
Fusef ul,solar =
ST Awindow DaysInM onth
b
(44)
For a building with finite thermal capacity with a temperature swing of 5C:
T DaysinM onth Awindow ta/Load
X=H
QD = Awindow ST DaysinM onth
Y = mchouse T b DaysinM onth/QD

FF initeCap = DirectGain X, Y,
Eqn 22.3.9
Eqn 22.3.7
(45)
(46)
Eqn 22.3.12
(47)
(48)
LaDeltaT 5 = Load (1 FF initeCap )
(49)
For a building with finite thermal capacity with a temperature swing of 10C:

FDoubleDeltaT = DirectGain X, 2 Y,
(50)
LaDeltaT 10 = Load (1 FDoubleDeltaT )
(51)
Solution
n = 0.97
DD = 346 [C-day]
FF initeCap = 0.4851

= 9.75 MJ/m2
H

Itc = 212.9 W/m2
Load = 5, 979 [MJ]
mchouse = 20.2 [MJ/C]
noon = 0 [deg]
g = 0.4
Rn = 0.898

ST = 7.945 MJ/m2
Y = 1.961

Awindow = 16.1 m2
Tb = 5 [C]
FzeroCap = 0.3579

T = 11.07 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.4179
K
LaDeltaT 5 = 3, 079 [MJ]
n = 47
QD = 1, 442 [MJ]
Rb,n = 1.109
rt,n = 0.1559
Ta = 6 [C]
X = 0.5991
Azimuth = 0 [deg]
dec = 12.95 [deg]
Fusef ul,solar= 0.5974

o = 23.33 MJ/m2
H
KL = 0.0125
LaDeltaT 10 = 2, 756 [MJ]
month = 2
= 0.4026
= 1.136
R
RnORbar = 0.7908
= 0.7176
ta

299
DaysinM onth = 28
FDoubleDeltaT = 0.539
Hd/H = 0.7279
IncAngEf f Beam = 51.16 [deg]
Lat = 35 [deg]
LaZ = 3, 839 [MJ]
N cov = 2
Ref rInd = 1.526
rd,n = 0.1445
Slope = 90 [deg]
Tbase = 18.3 [C]
c = 0.5616
X
P22 02
Equations
22.2
Estimation of a months auxiliary energy requirements for an ACPS system.
Equation 2.24.4:
(1)
a = 2.943 (9.271 4.031 K) K
(2)
b = 4.345 + K (8.853 3.602 K)
(3)
c = 0.170 K (0.306 2.936 K)
(4)
(5)
end
(6)
function ACP S (X, Y, P hiBarc , P hiBaru )
Equations 22.5.10:
(7)
.652
P = (1 exp (.294 Y ))
(8)
ACP S = min (P X P hiBarc + (1 P ) (3.082 3.142 P hiBaru ) (1 exp (.329 X)) , 1)
(9)
end ACP S
(10)
Data for Jan from Example 22.5.1 and other data are:

= 6.63 MJ/m2 ;
H
= 1.764;
R
U Ah = 175 [W/C] ;
T b = 5 [C] ;
n = 0.93;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
Rn = 1.30;
rt,n = 0.174;
F RT An = 0.62;
Ta = 3 [C] ;
DD = 657 [C Day] ;

S = 9.50 MJ/m2
Tbase = 18.3 [C]
Slope = 55 [deg] ;
hr = 1 [hr] ;

F RU L = 3.1 W/m2 C ;
(12)
Azimuth = 0 [deg] ;
T = 0.436;
K
tan = 0.846
300
(11)
= 0.81;
ta
Ti = 21 [C] ;
g = .3
DaysinM onth = 31
(13)
(14)
(15)
= F RT An ta/ta
F Rta
n
(16)
FR = F RT An /tan
(17)
Rn/Rbar = Rn /R
(18)
Critical radiation levels and utilizabilities:

Ti Ta
2
IT cc = max
F RU L
, 0 W/m
F Rta

0.0036 MJ
whr
Xcc = IT cc hr
rt,n Rn H

T
P hiBarc = P hiBar Xcc , Rn/Rbar , K
Eqn 22.5.2
(19)
(20)
(21)
U Ah (Tbase Ta ) + Area F RU L Ti Ta
Area F Rta

0.0036 MJ
whr
Xcd = IT cd hr
rt,n Rn H

T
P hiBard = P hiBar Xcd , Rn/Rbar , K
IT cd = max
!

2
, 0 W/m
Eqn 22.5.4
P hiBaru = 1 P hiBarc + P hiBard

Eqn 22.5.8
(24)
(26)
Load and dumped energy for January:

QD = Area FR S DaysinM onth P hiBard Eqn 22.5.5

MJ
Load = 24 [hr/day] U Ah DD 0.0036
W hr
Eqn 22.5.9
(27)
(28)
(29)
f = ACP S (X, Y, P hiBarc , P hiBaru )

GJ
LAux = Load (1 f ) 0.001
Eqn 22.5.11
MJ
a
(23)
(25)
X = S DaysinM onth Area FR /Load
Y = Capbldg T b DaysinM onth/QD
(22)
(30)
(31)
For the building with heavy construction
The January auxiliary decreased from 7.2 GJ in Example 22.5.1 to 7.1 GJ when heavy construction is assumed.
b
With collector area doubled and medium construction
The January auxiliary decreased from 7.2 GJ in Example 22.5.1 to 6.0 GJ when the collector area is doubled.
c
With doubled collector area and heavy construction
The January auxiliary decreased from 7.2 to 5.1 GJ on doubling the collector area and with heavier construction.
d
Advisability of the changes
The large increase in building mass and collector area do not make large changes in the January auxiliary energy. The
percentage change on an annual basis will certainly be even smaller. Thus these two changes probably would not be cost
effective. The larger building capacity will result in smaller interior temperature swings and thus more comfortable conditions.
301
Solution
n = 0.93
DaysinM onth = 31
= 0.5936
F Rta
hr = 1 [hr]
T = 0.436
K
P hiBarc = 0.6545
g = 0.3
rt,n = 0.174
tan = 0.846
U Ah = 175 [W/C]
Y = 3.473

Area = 40 m2
DD = 657 [C-Day]
F RT An = 0.62
= 6.63 MJ/m2
H
Lat = 40 [deg]
P hiBard = 0.321
= 1.764
R
Slope = 55 [deg]
Ta = 3 [C]
X = 0.8691
Azimuth = 0 [deg]
Tb = 5 [C]

F RU L = 3.1 W/m2-C
IT cc = 125.3 W/m2
Load = 9, 934 [MJ]
P hiBaru = 0.6665
Rn = 1.3

S = 9.5 MJ/m2
Ti = 21 [C]
Xcc = 0.3009 [-]
Capbldg = 62.1 [MJ/C]

f = 0.49
FR = 0.7329

IT cd = 282.3 W/m2
LAux = 5.1 [GJ]
QD = 2, 771 [MJ]
Rn /Rbar = 0.737
= 0.81
ta
Tbase = 18.3 [C]
Xcd = 0.6777 [-]

Run
P art$
1
2
3
a
b
c
Capbldg
[MJ/C]
62.1
22.9
62.1
Area
2
m
20
40
40
P hiBard
P hiBaru
0.1287
0.321
0.321
0.4742
0.6665
0.6665
302
QD
[MJ]
555.5
2,771
2,771
17.33
1.281
3.473
0.4345
0.8691
0.8691
LAux
[GJ]
7.1
6.0
5.1
f
0.28
0.40
0.49
P22 03
Equations
22.3
CalcuLation of months gain of a perfectly controlled direct gain system.
Equation 2.24.4:
(1)
a = 2.943 (9.271 4.031 K) K
(2)
b = 4.345 + K (8.853 3.602 K)
(3)
c = 0.170 K (0.306 2.936 K)
(4)
(5)
end
(6)
Knowns:
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
Slope = 90 [deg] ;
Ref Index = 1.526;

Ti = 20 [C] ;
b = 57 [deg] ;
Nglazings = 2;
Ta = 3 [C] ;
Azimuth = 0 [deg] ;
KL = 0.0370;

Uw = 3.2 W/m2 C ;
M onth = 3;
room = .96;
Area = 15 [m] 1.25 [m]
d = 59 [deg]
From Example 14.5.1

= 19.93 MJ/m2 ;
H
d = 6.26;
H
(7)
g = 0.2
(8)
(9)
(10)
b = 13.67;
H
fi = 0.87;
Frs = 0.42
(11)
The monthly utilizability method can be used to estimate the maximum useful gain for the month if we assume that the
effects of shading and transmission are constant throughout the month. With this assumption we can use monthly utilizbility
If hourly shading algorithms were readily available, then the
and the the monthly average absorbed solar radiation, S.
solution to this problem would be improved by using hourly utilizability.
With a window loss coefficient of Uw , the solar energy per unit area absorbed inside of the building must be at least equal
to Uw *(Ti -Ta ) or there will be a net loss. Thus the critical level must be:

IT c = Uw Ti Ta
(12)
Calculate H
nDay = AveDay (month)
(13)
Dec = Dec (N day)
(14)
303
b = R
BEAM, (nDay, Lat, Slope)
R
(15)
Ho = HZero, (nDay, Lat)
(16)
T = H
b R
b fi + H
d Frs + H
g 1 Cos(Slope)
H
2
R = HT /H
(17)
(18)
CalcuLate S and T auAlpha:

Beam = T ransIncAng Nglazings , b , KL, Ref Index

dif f = T ransIncAng Nglazings , d , KL, Ref Index

grnd = T ransIncAng Nglazings , d , KL, Ref Index

1 Cos(Slope)
S = room fi Hb Rb Beam + Hd Dif f Frs + H g Grnd

2
H
T
T auAlpha
= S/
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
Noon values on an average day:

HrAng n = 0 [deg]
(24)
T = H/H
o
K
(25)
Rb,n = RBeam, (Lat, nDay, HrAng n , Slope, Azimuth)
(26)
rd,n = rd, (HrAng n , Lat, nDay)
(27)
rt,n = rt, (HrAng n , Lat, nDay)

T
Hd/H = Hdif f H Lat, nDay, K
(28)
(29)
Rn = (1 rd,n Hd/H/rt,n ) Rb,n + rd,n HdH/rt,n
1 Cos(Slope)
1 + Cos(Slope)
+ g
2
2
= Rn /R
Rn/R
(30)
(31)
Utilizability calcuLations:
hr = 1 [hr]
c = IT c hr
X
(32)

0.0036
MJ
Whr
Eqn 2.24.3 except that Sbar is used in place of Rn *HBar
rt,n S
c , Rn/R
, K
T
= P hiBar X
(33)
(34)
The maximum useful energy gain is given by:

QuM ax = Area S
(35)
An alternate solution is given below in which calcuLations are based upon radiation incident upon an unshaded vertical
window. The critical level is increased by the monthly average effects of shading, transmittance and room absorptance. The
two methods give nearly the same results.
T =H
b *R
b +H
d /2+H*
g *(1-cos(Slope))/2 = 18.2 MJ/m2
H
Monthly average shading, transmittance and absorptance:
tBar,noshade = 0.60
f T auAlpha=
S/H
IT c =Uw *(T i -T a )/f T auAlpha

= 90.8 W
XBarc =IT c,Alternate *3600/(rtn *Rn *H*1e6

=0.120
P hialternate =PhiBar( X c ,Rn \R,K T ) = 0.82
T **f T auAlpha
QuM ax,alternate =Area*H
= 168 MJ/day
304
Solution
room = 0.96
fi = 0.87
HrAng n = 0 [deg]
T = 15.99 MJ/m2
H
T = 0.7263
K
Nglazings = 2
g = 0.2
rd,n = 0.1336
Slope = 90 [deg]
dif f = 0.7019
Ta = 3 [C]

Area = 18.75 m2
Frs = 0.42

= 19.93 MJ/m2
H

Ho = 27.44 MJ/m2
Lat = 40 [deg]
= 0.8086
= 0.8024
R
Rn = 0.9468

S = 10.93 MJ/m2
grnd = 0.7019
Ti = 20 [C]
Azimuth = 0 [deg]
Hd/H = 0.175

b = 13.67 MJ/m2
H

IT c = 54.4 W/m2
M onth = 3
QuM ax = 165.8 [MJ]
b = 0.956
R
= 1.18
Rn /R
T auAlpha = 0.6838
b = 57 [deg]

Uw = 3.2 W/m2 -C
305
Dec = 2.418 [deg]

hr = 1 [hr]

d = 6.26 MJ/m2
H
KL = 0.037
nDay = 75
Ref Index = 1.526
Rb,n = 0.9137
rt,n = 0.1445
Beam = 0.7164
d = 59 [deg]
c = 0.1239
X
P23 01
Equations
23.1 Calculation of power from known array conditions and constants
Knowns:
IL = 13.6 [A]
(1)
Io = .008 [A]
(2)
a = 23.6 [V]
(3)
Rs = 0.9 [ohm]
(4)
Rload = 20 [ohm]
(5)
Cell Equations for I-V and P-V:

V + I Rs
I = IL Io exp
1
a
P =I V
Eqn 23.2.1
(6)
Eqn 23.2.2
(7)
V = I Rload
(8)
Solution
a = 23.6 [V]
Io = 0.008 [A]
Rs = 0.9 []
I = 7.496 [A]
P = 1124 [W]
V = 149.9 [V]
IL = 13.6 [A]
Rload = 20 []
306
P23 02
Equations
23.2
Calculation of maximum power from known array conditions and constants
$UnitSystem J K Pa
Knowns:
Isc,ref = 13.6 [A] ;
Voc,ref = 186.6 [V] ;
Vmp,ref = 131.4 [V] ;
Imp,ref = 11.26 [A] ;

GT,ref = 1000 W/m2 ;

GT = 800 W/m2 ;
k = k#;
V oc = 0.716 [V/K] ;
Isc = 0.02 [A/K]
Ns = 300
(2)
Tc,ref = 298 [K]
(3)
Tc = 303 [K]
q = e#;
(1)
(4)
C = 0.0002677 [1/K] ;
Eg,ref

19 J

= 1.12 [eV] 1.60207 10
eV
(5)
The following reference parameters were found from the EES program FINDREFPAR
Rsh,ref = 82.71 [ohm]
(6)
aref = 8.1022 [V]
(7)
IL,ref = 14.09 [A]
(8)
Io,ref = 1.177 109 [A]
(9)
Rs,ref = 2.995 [ohm]
(10)
Temperature and radiation dependent parameters are:

a/aref = Tc /Tc,ref
Eqn 23.2.8
(11)
IL = (GT /GT,ref ) (IL,ref + Isc (Tc Tc,ref ))
Eqn 23.2.9
Io = Io,ref (Tc /Tc,ref ) exp ((1/k) (Eg,ref /Tc,ref Eg /Tc ))

Eg = Eg,ref (1 C (Tc Tc,ref ))
Rsh /Rsh,ref = GT,ref /GT
Eqn 23.2.10b
(12)
Eqn 23.2.10a
(13)
(14)
Eqn 23.2.11
(15)
307
Rs = Rs,ref
Eqn 23.2.12
(16)

V + I Rs
V + I Rs
I = IL Io exp
1
a
Rsh
P =I V
Eqn 23.2.1
(17)
Eqn 23.2.2
(18)
The easiest way to find the maximum power with EES is to use the Min/Max solution method to maximize P with respect
to V. Allow V to vary between 0 and 150 V.
Solution
a = 8.238 [V]
Eg,ref = 1.794 1019 [J]
IL = 11.35 [A]
Io,ref = 1.177 109 [A]
V oc = 0.716 [V/K]
Rs = 2.995 []
Tc = 303 [K]
Voc,ref = 186.6 [V]
aref = 8.102
[V]
GT = 800 W/m2
IL,ref = 14.09 [A]
Isc,ref = 13.6 [A]
Ns = 300
Rsh = 103.4 []
Tc,ref = 298 [K]
C = 0.0002677 [1/K]

GT,ref = 1, 000 W/m2
Imp,ref = 11.26 [A]
k = 1.381 1023 [J/K]
P = 1, 206 [W]
Rsh,ref = 82.71 []
V = 131.5 [V]
308
Eg = 1.792 1019 [J]

I = 9.168 [A]
Io = 2.691 109 [A]
Isc = 0.02 [A/K]
q = 1.602 1019 [Coulomb]
Rs,ref = 2.995 []
Vmp,ref = 131.4 [V]
P23 03
Equations
23.3
Calculation of best series/parallel connections for resistive loads of 4, 7, and 12 ohms.

IL = 4.549;
Io = 4.782 109 ;
Rs = 0.567;
I-V for an individual module:

V + I Rs
V + I Rs
I = IL Io exp
1
a
Rsh
a = 0.9352;
Rsh = 52.4
Eqn 23.2.1
(1)
(2)
I-V for various series and parallel combinations: (Ms is # modules in series in each string, and Mp is # strings in
parallel:
V 2 = Ms V
(3)
I2 = M p I
(4)
V 2 = I2 Rload
(5)
P = I2 V 2
(6)
Imax

Vmax + Imax Rs
Vmax + Imax Rs
1
= IL Io exp
a
Rsh
Eqn 23.2.1
(7)
Imax,2 = Imax M p
(8)
Vmax,2 = Vmax M s
(9)
Vmax,2 = Imax,2 Rmax
(10)
Pmax = Imax,2 Vmax,2
(11)
For Rload=4, the combination of Ms=2 & Mp=4 is best but Ms=4 and Mp=2 is essentially the same but Ms=3 & Mp=2 is a
close second with only 6 cells.
For Rload=7, Ms=4 & Mp=2 is best.
For Rload=12, Ms=4 and Mp=2 is best.
309

Run
Ms
Mp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
3
2
4
1
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
4
2
Rload
[]
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
7
12
12
12
12
12
P
[W]
56.6
226.6
292.1
300.9
300.8
41.6
166.4
321.5
188.7
456.0
27.0
107.9
225.7
115.6
370.6
310
P23 04
Equations
23.4
Calculation of cell operating temperature and NOCT.
Knowns
Ta = 35;
notc = 0;

UL = 25 W/m2 C ;
GT = 1100;
= 0.94;
= 0.92

GT N OCT = 800 W/m2
TaN OCT = 20 [C] ;
(1)
(2)
a.
Calculate cell operating temperature with Equation 23.3.3:
The efficiency is unknown, but probably ranges between 5 and 15%. This fixes minimum and maximum possible temperatures:
min = .05;
max = 0.15
(3)

T cM in = Ta + (GT /UL ) 1
max

Eqn 23.3.3
(4)

min
T cM ax = Ta + (GT /UL ) 1

(5)
b.
Calculate the cell temperature at NOCT conditions with Equation 23.3.2. By definition, the cell efficiency at NOCT
conditions is zero.

notc
TcN OCT = TaN OCT + (GT N OCT /UL ) 1
Eqn 23.3.2
(6)

Solution
= 0.92

GT = 1, 100 W/m2
T cM in = 66.45 [C]
UL = 25 W/m2 -C
max = 0.15

GT N OCT = 800 W/m2
Ta = 35 [C]
min = 0.05
= 0.94
TaN OCT = 20 [C]
311
notc = 0
T cM ax = 70.85 [C]
TcN OCT = 47.67 [C]
P23 05
Equations
23.5
Power calculation from data at reference conditions.
$Units J K
Knowns:
Isc = 1.2 [A] ;

GT,ref = 1000 W/m2 ;
Isc = .0005 [A/K] ;

N s = 24;
V oc = .05 [V/K] ;
Voc = 15 [V] ;

GT = 750 W/m2 ;
Vmp = 12.5 [V] ;
Tc,ref = 298 [K] ;
Tc = 288 [K] ;
Imp = 1 [A]
Eg,ref = 1.12 [eV]
RLoad = 10 [ohm]
(1)
(2)
(3)
Use the EES program 23.RefProp to find the reference parameters.

Rsh,ref = 78.78 [ohm]
(4)
aref = 0.601 [V]
(5)
IL,ref = 1.21 [A]
(6)
Io,ref = 1.464 1011 [A]
(7)
Rs,ref = 0.596 [ohm]
(8)
Calculate parameters at operating conditions:

a/aref = Tc /Tc,ref
Eqn 23.2.8
(9)
IL = (GT /GT,ref ) (IL,ref + Isc (Tc Tc,ref ))

3
Io /Io,ref = (Tc /Tc,ref ) exp

1.60207 1019
k#
Eg /Eg,ref = 1 C (Tc Tc,ref )
Eqn 23.2.9
!
J
eV
(10)
(Eg,ref /Tc,ref Eg /Tc )
Eqn 23.2.10b
Eqn 23.2.10a
(11)
(12)
C = 0.0002677
(13)
Rsh /Rsh,ref = GT,ref /GT
(14)
312
Rs = Rs,ref
Eqn 23.2.12
(15)
a Find Power with Rload


V + I Rs
V + I Rs
1
I = IL Io exp
a
Rsh
P =I V
Eqn 23.2.1
(16)
Eqn 23.2.2
(17)
V = I RLoad
(18)
b Find Rmax that maximizes the Power.

The EES Min/Max option was used to find the value of Rmax that maximizes the power.

Vmax + Imax Rs
Vmax + Imax Rs
1
Eqn 23.2.1
Imax = IL Io exp
a
Rsh
Pmax = Imax Vmax
Eqn 23.2.2
(19)
(20)
Vmax = Imax Rmax
(21)
Solution
a = 0.5808 [V]
Eg,ref = 1.12 [eV]
IL = 0.9038 [A]
Io = 2.576 1012 [A]
V oc = 0.05 [V/K]
aref = 0.601
[V]
GT = 750 W/m2
IL,ref = 1.21 [A]
Io,ref = 1.464 1011 [A]
N s = 24
C = 0.0002677 [1/K]

GT,ref = 1, 000 W/m2
Imax = 0.7467 [A]
Isc = 1.2 [A]
P = 6.739 [W]
Eg = 1.123 [eV]
I = 0.8209 [A]
Imp = 1 [A]
Isc = 0.0005 [A/K]
Pmax = 9.706 [W]
RLoad = 10 []
Rsh,ref = 78.78 []
V = 8.209 [V]
Rmax = 17.41 []
Rs,ref = 0.596 []
Vmax = 13.00 [V]
Rs = 0.596 []
Tc = 288 [K]
Vmp = 12.5 [V]
Rsh = 105 []
Tc,ref = 298 [K]
Voc = 15 [V]
313
P23 06
Equations
23.6
Calculation of power at a new set of conditions from data at measured conditions.
Data: Measured conditions:

GT = 800 W/m2 ;
Ta = ConvertTemp(C, K, 30);

GT,ref = 1000 W/m2 ;
P1 = 12.2 [W] ;

Area = 0.1 m2
(1)
T1 = ConvertTemp(C, K, 18.6)
(2)
Ef f Equip = 0.92;
P2 = 10.0 [W] ;
T2 = ConvertTemp(C, K, 59.2);
Tref,N OCT
TN OCT = ConvertTemp(C, K, 40)

= ConvertTemp(C, K, 20);
GT,N OCT = 800 W/m2 ;
(3)
ta = 0.9
Use NOCT Conditions for finding cell loss coefficient:

ta
UL = GT,N OCT
Eqn 23.3.2
TN OCT Tref,N OCT
(4)
(5)
Determine the array efficiencies at the two given temperatures:

1 =
P1
Area GT,ref Ef f Equip
(6)
2 =
P2
Area GT,ref Ef f Equip
(7)
Determine the temperature coefficient of power from :

2 1
P mp =
T2 T1
(8)
Use Equationn 23.3.3 to find cell temperature at the new operating radiation level and ambient temperature. UL is assumed
to remain constant.
Tc Ta
= (GT /GT,noct ) (1 /ta)
(9)
TN OCT Tref,noct
Choose one of the measured conditions (e.g. condition one) as a reference and use Equation 23.2.16 to find array efficiency
as a function of cell temperature.
1 = P mp (Tc T1 )
Eqn 23.2.16
(10)
Use definition of maximum power point efficiency to find power output of system.
P = Area GT Ef f Equip
(11)
Solution
314

Area = 0.1 m2
2 = 0.1087
P mp = 0.000589 [1/K]
ta = 0.9 [-]
Tc = 320.6 [K]
Ef f Equip = 0.92
GT = 800 W/m2
P = 8.51 [W]
T1 = 291.8 [K]
TN OCT = 313.2 [K]
= 0.1156

GT,N OCT = 800 W/m2
P1 = 12.2 [W]
T2 = 332.4 [K]
Tref,N OCT = 293.2 [K]
315
1 = 0.1326

GT,ref = 1, 000 W/m2
P2 = 10 [W]
Ta = 303.2
[K]

UL = 36 W/m2 -K
P23 07
Equations
23.7
A computer program to do Example 23.7.1
Without EES and the SETP functions this is a long problem which starts with the months average daily radiation and works
through the PV array characteristics and output. Only the March results are presented.
The first sets of calculations give the absorbed radiation hour by hour through a day estimated from monthly average daily
radiation.

Rh, Slope, Dec
function Clark XCrit, K,
Eqn 2.23.5
(1)
Cos(Slope)
K
Rh
0.981
Xm = 1.85 + 0.169 2 0.0696

2
2
K
K
(Cos(Dec))
Xm 1
2 Xm

q
2
p = abs abs (g) g 2 + (1 + 2 g) (1 XCrit/Xm)
g=
Clark = (1 Step(XCrit Xm)) p
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
end
(6)
function Zi(Rb , slope, kT , I0, IT , )
Eqn 23.7.6
(7)
cosB = Cos(slope)
(8)
2
a1 = Rb2 + (1 cosB) Rb +
( (1 cosB))
4
(9)
b1 = .1551 + .9226 kT
(10)
a2 = Rb (1 + cosB 2 Rb ) + (1 + cosB 2 Rb )
1 cosB
2
b2 = .1456 + .0544 ln (kT )

a3 =
1 cosB
Rb
2
(11)
(12)
2
(13)
b3 = (.2769 .3184 kT ) kT
(14)
2
Zi = (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3) (I0/IT )
(15)
end
(16)
Knowns:
TN OCT = 46 [C] ;
ref = 0.104;
mppt = 0.9;

Ac = 4 0.427 m2
316
(17)
Bc = 1200 [W h] ;
batt = 0.8;
Lat = 40 [deg] ;
slope = 35 [deg] ;
M P = .00050 [1/C] ;
ta = 0.9
g = 0.2;
hr = 1 [hr]
Tref = 25 [C] ;
TN OCT,ref = 20 [C] ;
(18)
M onth = 3;

= 13.2 MJ/m2
H

GN OCT = 800 W/m2
Assumed but does not matter as it cancels out.
(19)
(20)
(21)
N day = AveDay (month)
(22)
HrAng = (time 12 [hr]) 15 [deg/hr]
(23)
dec = dec (N day)
(24)
rt = rt, (HrAng, Lat, N day)
(25)
rd = rd, (HrAng, Lat, N day)
(26)
Ho = HZero, (N day, Lat)
(27)
T = H/H
o
K
(28)
Rb = RBeam, (Lat, N day, HrAng, Slope, Surf AzAng)
(29)
I = rt H
(30)
T
Hd/H = HDIF F BARHBAR Lat, N day, K

(rt Hd/H rd ) Rb + HdH rd 1 + Cos(slope) + g rt 1 Cos(slope)
IT = H
2
2
(31)
(32)
We could have used the following call to find IT and eliminated the previous 9 lines but some of the intermediate results
are used below.
Lat, Month, HrAng, Slope, SurfAzAng, g )
IT =IT,( H,
Rh = IT /I
(33)
T rt /rd
k = K
(34)
Io = GZero, (N day, Lat, HrAng)

Io , IT , g
Z = Zi Rb , Slope, k,
(35)
UL (TN OCT TN OCT,ref ) = ta GN OCT

Eqn 23.3.2
T ta (1 ref ) Z
T
I
a
ref
M
P

array = mppt ref 1 + M P
+

mppt
hr mppt UL 0.0036 MJ/hr
J/s
(37)
Ei = array Ac IT /hr 277.777778
Xc =

i 0.0036
L
MJ/hr
W
Ac array IT
(36)

W
MJ/hr
Eqn 23.7.4
(38)
(39)
hr
Eqn 23.7.7
(40)
317

Rh , Slope, dec
= Clark Xc , k,
(41)
ex,i = E
i
E
(42)
Eqn 23.7.8
L,i = E
i E
ex,i
E
Eqn 23.7.9
(43)
Find the Sum row in the Parametric table.

ex = Sumparametric(Table 1 , E bar ex i , 1, T ableRun#)
E
(44)
L = Sumparametric(Table 1 , E bar L i , 1, T ableRun#)

E
(45)
= Sumparametric(Table 1 , L bar i , 1, T ableRun#) + 0.001

L
L /L
fo = E
The 0.001 is to prevent divide by zero
Eqn 23.3.12
(47)
ex /L
do = batt E

Bc
f max = min 1 fo ,
L hr
P = 1.315 0.1059
(46)
(48)
(49)
hr
fo L
T
0.1847/K
Bc
(50)
x = do + f max
p
x x2 4 P do f max
f s =
2P
(51)
fmonth = fo + f s
(53)
(52)
$ShowWindow Solution
Solution

Ac = 1.708 m2
Bc = 1, 200 [W-h]
fmax = 0.2844 [-]
fs = 0.2306
array = 0.094 [-]
batt = 0.8
ex = 252 [W]
ref = 0.104
E
L = 429 [W]
Ei = 7 [W]
E
fmonth = 0.9461
fo = 0.7156
Hd/H = 0.4476
hr
= 1 [hr]

= 13.2 MJ/m2
H
H
MJ/m2
o = 27.44

Io = 0.3613 MJ/m2
IT = 0.15 MJ/m2
T = 0.481
K
Lat = 40 [deg]
i = 0 [W]
L
M onth = 3
N day = 75
P = 0.8931
g = 0.2
Rb = 1.734
Rh = 1.226
rt = 0.009238
Surf AzAng = 0 [deg] ta = 0.9
Ta = 9 [C]
TN OCT = 46 [C]

Tref = 25 [C]
UL = 27.69 W/m2 -C
Xc = 0.00 [-]
Z = 2.24 [-]
dec = 2.418 [deg]

do = 0.3361
mppt = 0.9
ex,i = 7 [W]
E
L,i = 0 [W]
E

GN OCT = 800 W/m2
HrAng = 82.5
[deg]
I = 0.1219 MJ/m2
k = 0.3374
= 600 [W]
L
M P = 0.0005 [1/C]
= 1.000 [--]
rd = 0.01317
slope = 35 [deg]
time = 17.5 [hr]
TN OCT,ref = 20 [C]
x = 0.6205
318

Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
time
[hr]
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
Ta
[C]
4
5
5
6
8
10
11
12
12
11
10
9
IT 2
MJ/m
0.15
0.60
1.11
1.61
2.01
2.23
2.23
2.01
1.61
1.11
0.60
0.15
Z
[-]
2.24
1.92
1.74
1.61
1.53
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.61
1.74
1.92
2.24
array
[-]
0.095
0.094
0.094
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.094
0.094
0.094
i
E
[W]
7
27
49
71
89
98
98
89
71
49
27
7
i
L
[W]
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
319
Xc
[-]
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.40
1.13
1.02
1.02
1.13
1.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
[--]
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.090
0.175
0.220
0.219
0.174
0.089
1.000
1.000
1.000
ex,i
E
[W]
7
27
49
6
16
22
22
15
6
49
27
7
L,i
E
[W]
0
0
0
65
73
77
77
73
65
0
0
0
P24 01
P24_01_D.jpg
Equations
Show Weibull distribution with k=2 is identical to Rayleigh distribution.
This can be done analytically.
The Weibull probablity distribution Eqn 24.2.7 with k=2 equals
P(U)=(2/c)*(U/c)*EXP(-(U/c)2 )
Line before Fig 24.2.6
2 =c2 * ( 1+1/2)=c2 */4
U
320
Solve for c2 ,
2 /
c2 =4*U
Substitute c2 into the Weibull probability distribution results in
2 )*Exp(-(/4)*(U/U
)2 )
P(U)=(/2)*(U/U
which is Eqn 24.2.11, the Rayleigh distribution
In the following we show both the Rayleigh and Weibull (with k=2) distributions on the same plot.
k=2
(1)
= c (1 + 1/k)
U
(2)
2
2 = U
(3)
Eqn 24.2.9
!
(1 + 2/k)
Eqn 24.2.10
2 1
(1 + 1/k)
k1
PW ei = (k/c) (U/c)

PRay = (/2)
U2

k
exp (U/c)
(4)

2
exp (/4) U/U
(5)
Solution
c = 16.93
= 7.841
k=2
U = 10
PRay = 0.0492
= 15
U
PW ei = 0.0492
321
P24 02
Equations
Find solutions to two simultaneous nonlinear equations.
= 9 [m/s]
U
(1)
= 3.5 [m/s]
(2)
= c (1 + 1/k)
U
(3)
=u

(1 + 2/k)
2
(1 + 1/k)
!
1
(4)
Solution
c = 10.11 [m/s]
= 3.5 [m/s]
k = 2.782
= 9 [m/s]
U
322
P24 03
Equations
Determine the wind speed range for a range in power.
$UnitSystem SI kPa C
Knowns:
min = 7 [m/s] ;
U
max = 7.5 [m/s] ;

U
p = 101.3 [kPa] ;
T = 20 [C]
Standard conditions
= (air, T = T, P = p)
(1)
(2)
For Rayleigh distribution the parameter k is equal to 2. Then the parameter c can then be found from Eqn 24.2.9:
min = cmin (1.5)
U
(3)
max = cmax (1.5)

U
(4)
The power per unit area for the two average velocities is found from Eqn 24.2.13.
3
cmax
(2.5)
P/Amax =
2
2
3
cmin
(2.5)
P/Amin =
2
2
(5)
(6)
The power range in the Wind Atlas for these two wind speeds is 400 to 500 W/m2. This analysis gives 394 to 485 W/m2
which is pobably OK in a wind atlas.
Solution
cmax = 8.463 [m/s]

P/Amin = 197.2 W/m2
min = 7 [m/s]
U
cmin = 7.899
[m/s]
= 1.204 kg/m3
p = 101.3 [kPa]
T = 20 [C]
323

P/Amax = 242.5 W/m2
max = 7.5 [m/s]
U
P24 05
Equations
Find average power knowing only average wind speed and standard deviation.

, : c, k
SubprogramF indCK U
(1)
= c (1 + 1/k)
U
(2)
(1 + 2/k)
2
2 = U
(1 + 1/k)
!
1
(3)
end CK
(4)
function Cp, (U )
(5)
If((U < 8) or (U > 22)) then
(6)
Cp,=0
(7)
else
(8)
If U < 18 then
h
i
h
i
2
3
h
i
(m/s)
(m/s)
[(m/s)]
-1
2506
+ 309.38
15.09 + 0.2602 (m/s) U
Cp,=6936.4
3
2
U
U
U
else
(10)
(11)
h
Cp,=1388
(m/s)
i
(12)
U3
endif
(13)
endif
end
(9)
(14)
function
(15)
Knowns
= 0.89;

A = 300 m2 ;
= 1.225
(16)
high =4.75[m/s]; U
low =3.61[m/s]; high =2.6[m/s]; low =2.20[m/s]:. A Parametric Table is defined
From Figure 24.2.3, U
with a range of average wind speeds and standard deviations.
Find Weibull c and k
, : c, k
call F indCK U
(17)
324
k1
p = (k/c) (U/c)

k
exp (U/c)
Weibull probability density function
Integrate from 8 to 22
Z 22 [m/s]
A
Cp, (U ) U 3 p dU
P =
2
8 [m/s]

kW
0.001
W
(18)
(19)
for various values of that the maximum power occurs when both the average and
It is clear from the graph of P vs U
standard deviation of the velocity are at a maximu. Probably the best year is then 1988 or 1990. The worst year is at a low
velocity and low standard deviation. The worst year is 1980.
Parametric Table: Pbar vs Ubar

Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
U
[m/s]
3.5
4.125
4.75
3.5
4.125
4.75
3.5
4.125
4.75
3.5
4.125
4.75
[m/s]
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
c
[m/s]
3.910
4.652
5.362
3.893
4.645
5.364
3.872
4.635
5.363
3.848
4.623
5.359
k
[-]
1.632
1.956
2.289
1.554
1.862
2.178
1.484
1.776
2.077
1.420
1.698
1.985
P
[kW]
1.55
1.92
2.68
2.00
2.44
3.31
2.50
3.01
3.99
3.04
3.64
4.73
Pbar vs Ubar
325
Solar Energy
A semester course for engineering seniors and graduate students
Text: Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes - Third Edition, 2006, Second (or subsequent)
Printing, by Duffie and Beckman
Assignments: Noted as sections of the text. Supplemental notes will be provided for several
assignments.
Problems:
There will be 12 weekly problem sets (called A through L) plus a semester
project. You will be assigned to work with a new partner on each problem set; you and your
partner will turn in one solution. The problem sets will be evaluated and the grades will
contribute to the final grade. Most of these problems are best done with EES, using the
EES/SETP functions that are provided. Note that some of the problems require qualitative
statements or interpretations; these are important parts of the assignments and should not be
neglected. Problem sets are due on the day indicated and must be turned in at the end of class.
Problem due dates will be used to discuss the solution and, if time permits, start on the next days
material.
Most of the problem sets constitute an interrelated series of calculations, with the results of one
set providing information for subsequent sets.
The first problem set, A, will be an introduction to the course and will be a prediction of
performance of a solar process. You will run a simulation program (which will be provided, and
which represents a practical solar heating system operating in a specific location) and prepare a
brief summary and interpretation of the results. Subsequent problem sets (with one or two
exceptions) will treat in some detail parts of the simulation:
Calculation of solar radiation absorbed by the collector,
Calculation of performance of collector and other components in the system,
Calculation of system performance.
Calculation of system economics.
There will be a design project that will integrate various aspects of the course. It
Project:
will replace the final examination. A report will be required and will be due on final
examination day.
326
Solar Energy Technology

Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Topic
Introduction: Collector, Storage
Energy Balances; Systems
Simulation of a Solar Energy System
Solar Radiation: Definitions, Angles, Solar
Geometry, Shading, Extraterrestrial Radiation
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
Measurements, Radiation Data & Processing
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces
Utilizability Concepts; Heat Transfer Topics
Heat Transfer Topics; Spectral Radiation Properties
Spectral Radiation Properties; Transmittance
Transmitted Radiation; Absorbed Radiation
Flat Plate Collectors; Loss Coefficients
F, F', F", FR, QU
Review
EXAM I
Critical Radiation; Mean Temperatures;
Heat Capacity Effects; Liquid and Air Heaters
Collector Characterizations and Tests,
Practical Considerations
Concentrating and Evacuated Collectors
Energy Storage
Solar Process Loads; System Analysis
System Analysis and Simulation
Photovoltaics; Cell Energy Balances
More photovoltaics
Design Methods: f-Charts; Utilizability
Basic and Life Cycle Economics
P1, P2 Method; Optimizations; Uncertainties
Wind Power
More wind Power
Project discussion
Review
EXAM II
Passive Processes
Passive and Hybrid Systems
Other Applications
Closure
Assignment
(Chapter 10)
Chapter 1
Set A
2.1-2.6, 2.9-2.13
2.14-2.21
Set B
2.22-2.25, 3.1-3.10
3.11-3.17, 4.1-4.6
Set C
4.7-4.13, 5.1-5.2
5.3 5.12, PV Notes
Set D
6.1-6.4
6.5-6.7
Set E
6.8-6.15
Set F
6.16-6.24
Chapter 7
Set G
Chapter 8
Ch. 9, 10.1-10.7
Set H
10.8-10.10
Chapter 23
Set I
Chapters 20 & 21
Set J
11.1-11.7
11.8-11.10
Set K
Chapter 24
Set L
Ch 14, 22.1-22.2
22.3 - 22.5
Ch 15, 17, 18
327
Problem Set A
A solar heating system for a residence is to be located in Madison, WI, and is to supply space
and hot water heat for a residence. A schematic diagram of the system is shown below. Your
task is to calculate how much energy this system will deliver to meet the building heating and
water heating loads of the house for a typical year.
The system has the following major components:

The collector is a flat-plate liquid heater with one glass cover, similar to those shown in Figures
6.1.1 and 6.3.1. The collectors are mounted flush on the building (in a manner similar to that in
Figure 13.2.5b and c). The total roof area suitable for collectors is 75 m2. The collectors are
facing south at a slope of 60 degrees from the horizontal. The collector parameter intercept
efficiency is essentially the optical efficiency of the collector and is 0.8. The negative of the
first order loss coefficient is essentially an overall thermal loss coefficient from the collector
fluid to the ambient and is 3.50 W/m2C. The negative of the second order loss coefficient
indicates how much the thermal losses deviate from being linear with temperature. For this
simulation assume a value of 0.013 W/m2C. The First order IAM from ASHRAE test is
related to the change in optical efficiency as a function of the angle of the beam solar radiation.
The default value of 0.1 is typical of modern collectors. These parameters are built into the
Average performing flat-plate (0.8, 3.50, 0.013) when you choose to Select solar collector
from a list.
328
The collector-heat exchanger isolates the anti-freeze solution in the collector loop from the water
storage tank loop. The effectiveness is assumed to be 0.6.
The main storage tank is an insulated tank with a loss coefficient of 1.0 W/m2-C that is sized in
proportion to the collector area. Typical values range from 30 to 100 liters/m2. The default case
uses 75 liters/m2. The auxiliary energy maintains the upper portion of the tank to 60C.
The domestic hot water (DHW) subsystem consists of a heating coil (heat exchanger) in the main
storage tank. Mains water enters this heat exchanger and is heated to the delivery temperature of
45C. The hot water load is 60 liters per person per day for a family of five. The mains
temperature is assumed to be constant at 10C. If solar energy heats the domestic hot water above
45C (as it will in the summer) then a bypass system (not shown) takes mains water and mixes it
with the too-hot water to deliver water at 45C.
The auxiliary energy supply maintains the upper section of the tank at 60C. The Auxiliary heat
exchanger is located in the top of the tank and is of sufficient capacity that it can supply all of the
domestic hot water and house heating energy needs if necessary.
The space heating system can meet the entire space heating load. Sixty degree or higher water is
removed from the top of the tank, circulated through a water-to-air load heat exchanger (LHX)
and returned to the tank. The flow rate of the water is controlled to exactly meet the house
heating load. The LHX is large enough to meet the entire house load. The building has an
overall loss coefficient, including infiltration, (UA) of 350 W/C. Details of how systems are
controlled and related matters will be dealt with as the course progresses.
The Problem
Using the simulation program provided (CombiSys.zip on the course homepage), simulate the
operation of this system in Madison, WI for the entire year using the default parameter set.
Perform an energy balance on the main solar tank for the entire year. (Energy in Energy out
Energy Stored = Error) The error is due to numerical tolerances in solving the equations.
Express the error as a percentage of the delivered solar energy, 100*Error/(Solar Energy in) =
%error.
In addition, you can change several of the design parameters of the system. These include:
The collector area, which cannot exceed 75 m2.
Storage unit size normally varies in proportion to the collector area; ratios of 50, 75 and
100 liters/ m2 can be assumed.
The collector slope can conceivably vary between 30 and 75.
You are to write a brief report that is intended to inform a group of contractors and architects
about the performance of the system and the effects of changes in the design on system
performance. Use plots or diagrams to illustrate your results. To reduce the number of runs, you
can investigate storage size only for the 60 slope. The usual performance figure is the solar
fraction, F, defined as the ratio of the solar contribution to the load divided by the load. Note
that the solar contribution to the load is NOT ESol due to losses from the tank.
329
Estimate how much the home owner can afford to pay for the solar equipment if the auxiliary
energy is (a) natural gas and (b) electricity.
There are many other design parameters that for this problem you cannot change or do not need
to change. These include the heating load of the building and the characteristics of the collector.
We will look at the impact of other design parameters during the semester.
Installing TRNSYS on your computer:
Information on installing TRNSYS (pronounced Transys) follows.
Installing:
1. Download the file CombiSys.zip from the course homepage and place it in the c:\temp
directory.
2. Right click on the file and select to install into the directory c:\temp. You MUST install
in this directory.
3. You should end up with a new directory called c:\temp\combisys on your computer.
Running TRNSYS
1. In the c:\temp\combisys directory there is a program called TRNSED (pronounced
Transed). Double click it to run.
2. Click OK and a dialog box will come up asking you what file you would like to open.
Choose CombiSys.trd and a window describing the system in the problem statement will
open. The second file CombiSys_defaults.trd is identical to CombiSys.trd and is
provided so you can restore the default settings.
3. The various system options should be self-explanatory. Help is available by ckicking on
the question marks. You can run the system by either pressing the F8 key or by choosing
Calculate from the TRNSYS menu.
Comments and suggestions:
It is suggested that you first simulate the system operation for one week. The computing time
will be very small, and you can use this weeklong operation to get accustomed to the program
and what it does.
Quantities like solar energy collected, energy lost from the tank, auxiliary energy and various
temperatures are computed as a function of time. Energy rates are integrated to give monthly
energy quantities.
Examining the On-Line plots
You may manipulate the on-line plots in a variety of ways. The right mouse button will
start and stop the simulation. After the simulation is complete select NO to the question
Exit on-line Plotter. With the plot on the screen, click on the various plot identifiers at
the top of the plot the individual plots should disappear and reappear. Click and drag
the mouse over part of the plot for a blow-up of a region. Click near the top or bottom on
330
either the right or left had axis numbers to change the scale. If the simulation is more
than one page you may move back and forth in time with the tabs at the bottom. There
are two tabs at the bottom for looking at either instantaneous values or integrated values.
When finished, go to menu item Calculations and choose Exit.
Examining the Output
Once the simulation has completed and you have returned to TRNSED, you will find an
output file, COMBISYS.OUT, under the Windows menu item at the top of the screen. The
output is a text file that you can copy and paste into Excel. The values printed in the output
file are as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
UTank: change in internal energy of the storage tank from the start of each month
ESol: the integrated energy transferred across the collector loop heat exchanger
EAux: integrated auxiliary energy added to the space to meet heating load requirements
ELossTank: the integrated energy loss from the tank (assumed to be in an unheated area
of the house)
EMains: the integrated energy entering the tank with the water from the mains
EDHW: the integrated energy leaving the tank with the DHW
EHouse: integrated energy losses from the house
EIncSol: the integrated solar radiation incident on the collectors
EHorSol: the integrated solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface
Values are printed for each month. If the simulation ends within a month, a value will be
printed for the completed portion of the last month. You will need to add up the monthly
values to obtain yearly values. Copy the file and paste into EXCEL (or other spreadsheet
program) to do your calculations. Annual information of this type, as will be seen later, is
essential information in determining the economics of the application.
If you look at View Simulation Results, you will find a summary of the performance for
the total time of the simulation.
PROBLEM SET B
In Problem Set A, the performance of a solar heating system in Madison, WI was explored. In
this and subsequent sets, you will look at a series of aspects of this heating simulation. This
problem is concerned with calculations on basic aspects of solar radiation. Set C will use the
concepts in this set to deal with calculation of radiation on sloped surfaces starting with
measured data on a horizontal surface. Subsequent sets will treat absorbed radiation, collector
energy balances, other component performances, and systems calculations. At the end of this
series, we will have explored the basis of all of the aspects of Set A, and you will have a picture
of how to calculate long-term system performance. Use EES and the EES/SETP function
(available on the course home page) for your solution. It is necessary to put in the time to learn
to use EES and the EES/SETP functions otherwise future problems will take MUCH longer. A
few hours extra on this problem will be well spent.
331
For February 16 (the average day for February from table 1.6.1) in Madison, WI:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is the day length?

At 10:30 AM solar time, what is the local clock time?
At what time does sunrise occur (both clock time and solar time)?
For this day, what is the declination? Is it significantly different at sunrise and sunset?
How does the angle of incidence of beam radiation (Theta) vary through the day for a
surface sloped 60 degrees to the south? Make a parametric table with time_solar,
time_clock and Theta. Make a plot of theta versus solar time (use the midpoint of the
hour).
Add R_b to your table of part 5 and show a plot of Rb vs. solar time.
Add Go to your table of part 6 and show a plot of Go [W/m2] versus solar time.
What is the extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface for this day in W-hr/m2?
Calculate using the appropriate SETP/EES function and also add up the values of Go
(times one hour) from part 7. Note that in EES you can have a final row in a parametric
table that contains the sum of the values in the column see
Options\Preferences\Options\Include a sum row in the parametric table.
How much of the extraterrestrial solar radiation is in a wavelength range of 0.640 m to
1.100 m? Express the result both as a fraction of the total and as energy rate in W/m2.
Problem Set C
For the same location and date as in Set B (Madison, WI, south facing surfaces, February 16,
longitude=89.4 the hour-by-hour radiation on a horizontal surface, I, the normal beam radiation,
Ibn, and the ambient temperature, Tamb, are given in the table. The time is clock time (not solar
time) in the central time zone and represents the integrated values for the previous hour (e.g., for
the row at time 9 the values of I, Ibn and Tamb are the averages over the time from 8am to 9am).
Due to measurement problems it may be necessary to set the radiation values for hours that
include sunrise or sunset to zero. To transfer the following information into EES, select the
entire table, including the column header and units and then copy. In EES open a Lookup
Table with 4 columns and 24 rows. In the upper left-hand corner of the table select Paste
Special and then select to paste column names, units and data.
time
hr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
I
2
W/m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
201
390
503
Ibn
2
W/m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
674
813
883
Tamb
C
-3
-3.1
-3.3
-3.1
-3
-2.8
-4.1
-5.4
-6.7
-5.9
-5.2
332
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
585
597
415
213
198
69
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
913
917
360
40
287
47
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4.4
-5
-5.5
-6.1
-7.6
-9.1
-10.6
-11.3
-12.1
-12.8
-13.5
-14.3
-15
For this day, for a slope of 60 degrees to the south and for a ground reflectance of 0.4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plot kT , Io [W/m2] and I [W/m2] as functions of hour (use the midpoint of the clock-time
hour). Comment on any unusual aspects of the plots. Use the EES parametric table and
the appropriate SETP/EES functions.
Using the data in the table, plot IT [W/m2] and the beam, diffuse and ground-reflected
components of IT as a function of clock time. Use the Liu and Jordan method. Why cant
we use the SETP/EES procedure I_T_LJ_p_ to do this calculation?
Estimate Ib and Id from I and use your estimated value of Ib and Id to estimate IT using the
L & J method. How do the values compare to those obtained in question 2? Do not use
the function I_T_LJ_ to do the calculations.
For slopes of 30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees, plot IT [W/m2] vs. time. Use the L&J method
and the function I_T_LJ_ to do the calculations. If the selection of slope is based on
maximizing incident radiation for the day (as we will see, this is not necessarily the
correct basis), what slope would you select for this day? (Note: under
Options\Preferences you can have EES sum a parametric table column). How might your
answer to this question change if a summers day had been used in the calculations?
What are H and Ho [MJ/m2] and KT for this location and day?
What is H T [MJ/m2] for the month of February for this location using the data in
Appendix G and a slope of 60 degrees. Use both the Liu and Jordan method and the K-T
method. Compare your answers with the value calculated by TRNSYS in set A. Explain
why they are not the same.
Problem Set D
A collector that is to be used on the Madison, WI heating system has radiation properties of the
absorber plate as given in Figure 4.8.2, curve C. (See the course homepage for 'Figure 4.8.2
Curve C as a lookup file'. The collector is expected to deliver most of its output when the
absorber surface temperature is about 325 K.
The data in the table ranges from 0.4071 micrometers to 25 micrometers, which is not sufficient
for the calculations of this problem. Extend the data down to 0.01 micrometers by adding a point
333
at 0.01 with the same reflectance value as at 0.4071. Extend to 100 micrometers in the same
manner.
1.
What is the absorptance for solar radiation assuming the sun is a blackbody at 5777K?
Write an EES function called Planck_(lambda, T) that will evaluate the blackbody energy
at a specified wavelength and temperature (Equation 3.4.1). Use the EES integral
function and your Planck function to integrate Equation 4.5.1 where epsilon and
epsilon_lambda are replaced by rho and rho_lambda. Comment on the differences when
you integrate from 0.01 to 100 micrometers versus integrating from 0.4071 to 25
micrometers.
2.
Repeat problem 1 but assume the solar radiation is distributed as in Table 2.6.1 (i.e., air
mass 2). Use the Insert\modify Array command from the Edit menu to insert the
wavelength bands from Table 2.6.1. Find an average rho in each band and use Equation
4.6.5 to evaluate the solar absorptance.
3.
What is the emittance for long-wave radiation at 325 K? Comment on the error associated
with extrapolating the data.
4.
This surface is proposed for use in other collectors that will operate at different
temperatures. Plot the emittance versus surface temperature for a range of temperatures
from 300 K to 800 K. Use the EES curve fit option under the menu Plots and find a 2nd
order polynomial (in degrees Kelvin) that fits your results.
Problem Set E
The surface to be used as the absorber plate in collector has a normal incidence absorptance of
0.85. The collector has a single glass cover of low iron content and a KL of 0.121 per sheet. Use
the same day in your calculations as was used in Set C. Do not use the beam radiation values
given in the weather data (the SETP functions for S uses total radiation and estimates the beam
and diffuse breakup). Use the HDKR method in your analysis so we all use the same algorithms.
1. Plot S and IT for slopes of 30, 45, 60, and 75 degrees as a function of hour angle (four
graphs). What are the general trends?
2. Plot ()ave for the four slopes as a function hour angle. Can you draw any general
conclusions?
3. It is proposed that the collector design is to be modified by the addition of a second cover.
For a slope of 45 degrees compare the absorbed radiation for this day for the two cover collector
with that of the one cover collector. What can you speculate about the utility of second cover?
4. There is also the possibility of using a flat-black absorber surface which has an absorptance at
normal incidence of 0.96 and an emittance of 0.86. What effect would use of this surface have
on absorbed radiation for the 45 degree slope?
334
Problem Set F
A program fragment is given below that describes a solar collector for use in Madison WI. You
can copy and paste the fragment into EES. Your job is to complete the program and answer the
following questions:
1. For February 16th in Madison, WI for the hour 11 to 12, with a water inlet temperature of
35C, compute the hourly output of the collector (MJ/hr) and the outlet fluid temperature. If
your program is working correctly, coll = 0.487. You will be using this program for Sets G and
H so you want to get it working correctly. To show that your program is working correctly,
print values of: coll , S, F`, F``, FR, UL, T_plate, T_bar_bar_fluid and Qu.
2. The heat transfer coefficient inside the tubes is given as 175 W/m2-K. Use this value in your
solution to parts 1 and 2. Calculate the value of the heat transfer coefficient inside the tubes and
compare it to the 175 W/ m2-K. Use the Lookup table 'PropyleneGlycol.LKT' from the course
homepage \Computer Stuff and read it into your EES program with Tables\Open Lookup Table.
This table contains the properties of 50-50 propylene glycol and water from 244.3K to 394.3K.
The temperatures in the table are in K. You can easily extract information from the lookup table
using the linear interpolate function, Interpolate1. For example, to extract the viscosity at the
mean plate temperature (assumed to be the same as the tube wall temperature) use:
mu_glycol_wall=Interpolate1('PropyleneGlycol', 'T', 'mu', T=ConvertTemp(C, K, T_bar_plate))
3. The wind heat transfer coefficient has been assumed to be equal to 10 W/m2-K. Use the
'Uncertainty Propagation' under the 'Calculate menu to estimate the impact on not knowing the
wind coefficient better than plus or minus 5 W/m2-K.
4. The plate emittance is assumed to be 0.14. The following equation representing the plate
emittance as a function of plate temperature was obtained from the solution to Problem set D4:
plate= - 0.00443111 + 0.000345085[1/K]*T_K + 2.61859E-07[1/K^2]*T_K^2 where T_K is the
mean plate temperature in K.
Check to see if it will be necessary to account for this variation in the plate emittance in
evaluating annual performance.
The collector in the Madison, WI application has the following characteristics:
(If you download the Word copy of this problem you can copy the following from Word and
paste into EES.) "
"!Data"
Ins_back=0.07 [m]
k_ins=0.0245 [W/m-K]
"back insulation thickness"

"polyurethane rigid foam"
335
U_edge=0.098 W/m^2-K] "edge loss coefficient"

Space=0.028 [m]
"plate to cover spacing"
T_in=35 [C]
"also check using 60 and 85"
slope=45 [deg]
Long=89.4 [Deg]
Long_std=90 [deg]
Lat=43.1 [deg]
Month=2
Day=16
n=nDay_(month, day)
SurfAzAng=0 [deg]
GrRef=0.4
hour=1 [hr]
zero=0
Tubes=8
"number of tubes in parallel - neglect the impact of the headers"
Sp_tube=0.115 [m]
"distance between tube centers"
L=2.5 [m]
"length in the flow direction"
W=Tubes*Sp_tube
"width of collector"
A_c=L*W
Fluid$='PG'
"Propylene Glycol / Water"
Conc=50 [%]
"Glycol/Water concentration"
alpha_n=0.881
"solar absorptance of absorber plate from problem D4"
Dia_Tube=0.008 [m]
"use for both inner and outer diameter"
Thick_plate=0.0005 [m]
k_plate=385 [W/m^2-K] "copper"
Flow=0.025 [l/s]
"flow through the collector, divided evenly among the tubes"
KL = 0.121
"Glass KL product"
Refrind=1.526
"Glass refractive index"
C_b=1e6 [W/m-K]
"bond conductance"
h_fi=200 [W/m^2-K]
heat transfer coefficient inside the tubes"
N_cov=1
"Number of covers"
h_w=10 [W/m^2-K]
"with a plus or minus 5 W/m^2-K uncertainty"
"!Get weather data from lookup table, Data."
Row=12
HrAng=Lookup('Data', Row, 'HrAng')
T_sky=T_amb
I=max(0.01[W-hr/m^2], lookup('Data', Row, 'I'))*Convert(W-hr/m^2, MJ/m^2)
$Ifnot parametrictable
T_amb=lookup('Data', Row, 'T_amb')
$EndIf
$If parametricTable='Fixed epsilon'
epsilon_plate=0.14 "IR emittance of absorber plate"
$Else
epsilon_plate=-0.00443111 + 0.000345085[1/K]*T_K + 2.61859E-07[1/K^2]*T_K^2
336
$EndIf
"Find average plate and fluid temperatures make guess to get started later replace by
appropriate functions"
T_bar_plate=
T_bar_Fluid=
"Find U_top and U_L"
U_top=
U_L=
"Find F`, collector efficiency factor"
F`=
"Find F_R and F`` "
F_R=
F``=
"Find absorbed solar using HDKR method"
S=
"Find useful energy gain"
Q_u=
"Find the outlet temperature"
"Find the collector efficiency"
Find the actual inside tube heat transfer coefficient. Need to find properties, Reynolds,
Prandtl and Nusselt numbers.
Problem Set G
This problem simulates a collector test. Modify your program from set F to generate plots of
efficiency versus (T_in-T_amb)/I_T and K_tau_alpha versus (1/cos(theta)-1). Assume the tests
are carried out in Madison, WI on February 16 but that the day is clear with kt equal to 0.7 at
solar noon and the ambient temperature remains constant at 12.1 C. All tests are completed at
noon. In reality it takes time to change the test settings and to let the system come to a new
equilibrium condition. Use a range of inlet temperatures from just a little above T_amb (e.g.,
12.2C) to 100C. The collector slope is such that the incident beam radiation is normal to the
collector surface when the surface azimuth angle is zero. Your program should include the
effects of the plate emittance as a function of plate temperature and the effects of the inside-thetubes heat transfer coefficient as a function of flow rate and the mean fluid and mean plate
temperatures. You should set up a parametric table with each row representing one test point for
337
the DELTA T over I plot. In a second parametric table vary the azimuth angle from 0 to some
value such that theta goes from 0 degrees to 60 degrees in order to generate the plot of Kta versus
(1/Cos(theta)-1).
1. What is the collector slope?

2. Plot collector efficiency versus DELTAT/I and plot the ratio FR()/ FR()n versus
(1/Cos(theta)-1).
3. Use the Curve fit option in the Plot menu to determine FR()n, FRUL and bo. Also determine
the parameters of equation 6.17.7. Do you expect that FR()n found using the two different
models will be the same - explain.
Problem Set H
1. Use your program from Set G to evaluate the impact of flow rate on collector performance.
Plot efficiency versus Delta T over I for the conditions of set F and for double and half of the
flow rate. Comment on the use of the flow rate correction factor (Section 6.20) in evaluating the
impact of varying flow rate on the collector parameters FR()n and FRUL.
2. In Europe the test data is presented in terms of (T_ave-T_amb) rather than (T_in-T_amb)
where T_ave = (T_in + T_out)/2. Make a plot showing both eta vs (T_ave - T_amb)/I and eta vs
(T_in - T_amb)/I and comment on the use of Equations 6.19.2 and 6.19.3 for converting data
from one presentation method to the other.
3. Use your program to investigate the impact of test-day conditions on collector parameters
(e.g. kT of 0.5 instead of 0.7 and Tamb=25 instead of 12.1).
The following two questions were not used but would make an excellent follow-on problem.
4. There is always an uncertainty in any measured variable. Estimate the resulting uncertainty
in determining the linear collector parameters (FR()n and FRUL) when the uncertainty in all
temperature measurements is 0.2C, in flow rate is measurements is 3% and in solar radiation
measurements is 5%
5. Show uncertainty bars on a plot of efficiency vs DELTA T over I for the nominal conditions
(i.e., the conditions of Set F). Note that EES can plot uncertainty bars.
Problem Set I
For Madison, WI on February 16, (Latitude 43.1, Longitude=89.4), the hour-by-hour radiation
on a horizontal surface, I and the ambient temperature, Tamb, are given in the table of problem set
338
B. The time is clock time at the local standard meridian (90). Due to sunrise and sunset
problems set the hours 8 (i.e., 7-8) and 18 (i.e., 17-18) to zero radiation.
Consider a solar system with a collector, a fully mixed storage tank and a house heating load.
The losses from the house can be modeled as an overall loss coefficient (UAhouse) times the
difference in the house temperature and the ambient temperature. The house has average internal
gains due to people and electrical use of 1500W. The storage tank is located outside. The tank
is sized with the rule-of-thumb of 75 liters per square meter of collector. Assume that the solar
energy and ambient temperature recorded at the end of an hour was constant for that hour.
The characteristics of the various components are as follows:
"!Data"
Lat=43.1
Day=16
Month=2
FRta=0.7
FRUL=4
slope=50
SurfAzAng=0
GrRef=0.4
A_c=35
b_o=-0.14
Vtank\A_c=75
h_tank=2
U_tank=0.30
UA_house=300
T_house=23
G_house=1500
hour=1
DELTAtau=1
[deg]
[W/m^2-K]
[deg]
[deg]
[m^2]
[l/m^2] tank volume per unit of collector area"
[m] tank height"
[W/m^2-C] U-value of tank insulation."
[W/C] "loss coefficient of the house"
[C] "set temperature of house"
[W] "internal gains of house due to people, electrical use, etc."
[hr]
[hr]
1.
Determine the steady-periodic solution for this one day. That is, find the initial tank
temperature at midnight such that when the system is operated for the 24 hour period the
tank temperature returns to the initial temperature.
2.
Plot the steady-periodic tank temperature as a function of time.
3.
Plot the collector useful gain, Qu,, the tank loss, Qtank loss and the heating demand of the
house, Qhouse for the 24 hour period all in MJ/hr.
4.
Discuss your results.
5.
How would you have to change your program if the collector area were 10 m2?
339
You may wish to use the EES MAX function. The MAX function returns the maximum of two
expressions. So, with the EES expression Z=MAX(0, X-Y), Z will never go below zero no
matter the values of X and Y.
Use a parametric table with 25 entries where the first entry is the initial condition. Use Euler
integration with a one hour time step. You will need to start your table solution in row 2 since
row 1 should contain the initial conditions. To extract information out of a completed row (i.e.,
the temperature of the tank at the start of an hour is in the row above the one you are currently
working on) use:
T_tank=TableValue(TableName, TableRun#-1, T|Plus_tank)
where T|plus_tank is the previously calculated tank temperature (note that EES will format
T|Plus_tank as T+tank).
Problem Set J
The plot shows current and voltage for a silicon PV module operating at 1000 W/m2 at two cell
temperatures, 25 and 50C. Determine values for Io, IL, Rs, a Isc and Voc. The NOCT for this
module is 51C. The module area is 3.914 m2. The number of cells in series string is 110 and
the number of series strings in parallel is 60.
Determine the maximum power point current, voltage and power for this module when the
ambient temperature is 10C and the incident radiation is 900 W/m2.
10
500
Tcell=25 C
400
Tcell = 50 C
300
5
4
200
3
2
100
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Voltage [volts]
Reading (very carefully) from the plots:

V_oc_ref=63.2 "[Volt]"
V_oc_50=57.6 "[Volt]"
340
60
0
70
Power [W]
Current [amps]
I_sc_ref=9.0
I_sc_50=9.3
I_mp=8.4
V_mp=51.4
"[Amp]"
"[Amp]"
"[Amp]"
"[Volt]"
Problem Set K
In Problem Set A, the annual thermal performance of a solar heating system was determined, and
F vs Ac curves were generated for three ratios of storage capacity to collector area. In this set,
we will use these results in an economic study of this solar application.
Use the F vs Ac data from Problem Set A for 75 liters per square meter of collector.
Ac
0
5
7.5
15
30
45
60
75
F
0
9.1
13.3
24.6
41.5
54.0
63.6
71.1
As noted in Chapter 11, there are a number of figures of merit that are favored by or used by
those designing and evaluating solar energy applications. The criterion of economic viability
that we recommend is Life Cycle Solar Savings. In this problem you are to consider LCS and
three additional criteria. The four criteria are:
a. Life Cycle Savings
b. Payback time B (Section 11.3) with fuel costs discounted.
c. Return on Investment.
d. Cash Flow, considering principle and interest payments, payments for taxes and insurance,
and fuel purchase savings, all in the first year. This is sometimes called the PITI (Principle,
Interest, Taxes and Insurance) method.
Economic parameters are as follows (with rates in percent per year):
Mortgage interest rate = 5.8 %
General inflation rate = 2.0 %
Period of analysis = 20 years
Term of loan = 20 years
Property tax rate = 3.5 %
Effective income tax rate = 39 %
Down payment = 0.2 of investment
Ratio year 1 miscellaneous costs to investment =0.050
Ratio of assessed valuation to investment = 0.90
Ratio of resale value to investment = 0.25
341
C=0 (A non income producing system)

First year fuel cost = $11/GJ (what you pay for fuel as it enters the furnace)
Furnace efficiency = 0.8
Energy cost inflation rate = 5.2 %
Discount rate = 4.5 %
Area dependent cost = $ 150m2
Fixed cost = $ 550
The loads (from problem set A) are 2.0645*107 kJ for the domestic hot water and 1.2475*108 kJ
for the house heating.
1. The object is to find economic optimum collector areas for the 75 liters/m2 systems (if
optima exist) using each the four methods and compare them. How do the results using these
four criteria compare? Would you expect them to be different? If so, why?
2. Repeat the process, assuming that the collector unit area costs are $240/m2 instead of
$150/m2. Are the results very much different?
3. If you have an EES program to do this problem, you can easily explore the effects of other
economic parameters. What might be interesting variables to investigate?
Semester Project
The following is an example of a system simulation problem given as a semester project. This
requires the integration and application to systems of many of the ideas used in short
problems in this appendix. The project is open-ended in the sense that the student must
decide what variables will be treated and how the results will be presented. Appropriate
meteorological data must be available. There are many variations on problems of this
type; this one includes some complications that can be omitted if a shorter project is
wanted.
INDUSTRIAL AIR HEATER SIMULATION
The Application
For an industrial operation, a continuous supply of heated air is required at a rate of 1.40
kg/s, at a temperature of at least 65 C. The air supply is at a constant temperature of 22 C. The
location is Albuquerque, NM. A liquid solar heating system has been proposed to supply part of
the needed energy. The major system components are: collector, collector heat exchanger,
storage tank, load heat exchanger, and auxiliary heat exchanger. They are arranged as shown in
the diagram.
You are assigned the task of evaluating this system and reporting to your
management on the technical and economic feasibility of the system. To do this, you are to write
a simulation program that will allow you to do year-long simulations of the system, and allow
you to explore the effects of several critical variables.. The results of the thermal analysis will
342
then be used as the basis for an economic analysis.

In the proposed process the air enters the heating section at 22 C, is heated first by
solar energy, and is then heated in the auxiliary heat exchanger. It is to leave the heater section
at a temperature no lower than 65 C. The auxiliary heat exchanger has the capacity to provide all
of the needed energy if necessary. (Thus its cost is common to all systems and does not enter into
economic comparisons of systems.)
Freeze protection is to be provided by use of an antifreeze solution in the collector
loop. You should consider what, if anything, should be done about boiling.
The Equipment
Some of the component design parameters can be fixed, based on past experience and on
equipment that is available. For purposes of these simulations, assume the following:
Collector: FR ()n = 0.81 and FRUL = 4.45 W/m2C at m /Ac = 0.015 kg/m2s,
bo = 0.12, = 0, = latitude and Ac is variable
Collector heat exchanger:
The UA of the exchanger and thus also its effectiveness c can be
specified at any level.
Storage: A wide range of storage tank sizes is available. Based on past experience it is
recommended that the ratio of storage tank capacity to collector area be kept at 100 l/m2.
Assume that the tanks are cylindrical with a ratio of height to diameter of 1. Assume a
loss coefficient for the tanks of 5.5 W/m2C.
Load heat exchanger: Cross flow water-to-air heat exchangers are available in a wide range of
sizes. It is recommended that the flow rate on the water-side be fixed at 0.30 kg/s. The
heat capacity of air under the conditions of this operation can be taken as 1013 J/kgC.
Use the effectiveness of this exchanger L to describe its operation.
Other Components: The other components, such as piping, ductwork, pumps, controls, etc., are
standard. Any assumptions about them should be clearly stared.
The Thermal Analysis
Some thought about this problem will lead you to the following: There are three design variables
that are or may be important in determining thermal performance and thus economic
feasibility. They are the collector area Ac, the collector heat exchanger effectiveness c,
and the load heat exchanger effectiveness L. You should explore the effects of these
design variables on:
LA, the auxiliary energy required
Ls, the solar energy delivered across the load heat exchanger
QL, the energy losses from the storage tank.
It is also of interest to explore process dynamics, i.e., the short-term variations of energy
flows and temperatures. It is suggested that for a time period of your choice (a period
which would be important in process design) you consider what happens with time to the
following variables:
T, the tank temperature
TAs, the temperature of the air leaving the load heat exchanger
TAo, the temperature of the air leaving the auxiliary heat exchanger
343
Ls the rate of solar energy delivery to the load

Qu, the rate of solar energy delivery to the tank
IT, the radiation incident on the collector
LA, the rate of delivery of auxiliary energy to the load.
You will have to make assumptions in order to write the simulation program. In
particular, you will have to decide how you wish to model the storage tank. Considering
it to be a fully-mixed tank leads to the simplest program, and has the advantage of
producing conservative results.
You will need some guidance in selecting collector area ranges to explore. This can be
obtained by use of the design methods described in Chapters 20 and 21. (These methods
provide a first estimate only; they are not a substitute for the simulations.) As a first
suggestion, you should cover a range of at least 100 to 400 m2 (but this may not be an
adequate range). Also note that you can calculate the total minimum amount of energy
required to heat the air from 22 to 65 C, you can estimate roughly what the annual
efficiency of the collector might be, and thus you can get a rough first estimate of the
solar contribution of a system.
The Economic Analysis
Based on the thermal analysis, an economic analysis is to be prepared. This does not need to be
done in detail, but should be sufficient to indicate to your management what the
economic feasibility of this project might be. In order to do this, assume the following
economic parameters:
Cost of collectors = $ 250/m2
Cost of storage = $ 0.50/liter
Fixed costs = $ 20,000
Cost now of delivering auxiliary energy = $ 10/GJ
Cost of heat exchangers = $ 5 per unit of W/C
Your Procedure
Prepare a simulation program in the language of your choice. You will need two meteorological
data files, one a one-day file of hourly data for debugging your program and a second a
TMY3 (Typical Meteorological Year) file of hourly data which you will use for the
simulations.
Your Report
An executive summary should be included in your report. It should be one or two pages in
length and should contain the essential facts of what you did and what conclusions you
reached. It is intended for managers who are not familiar with the details of solar
processes but who have strong engineering backgrounds. The technical report itself
should follow standard technical report format. It should include such items as: the basis
of the calculations, assumptions made, tables or charts of data, analysis of your results,
notes of what might be done about practical problems such as boiling and freezing, and
344
whatever else may be appropriate. It should be the kind of report you would prepare for
your supervisor who has some familiarity with the technology.
345

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Solutions Manual

J. A. Duffie (Deceased) and W. A. Beckman

* John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (2006)

SOLAR ENGINEERING OF THERMAL PROCESSES

SOLAR ENGINEERING OF THERMAL PROCESSES,

The solution to Problem 1.10 uses this function and is as follows:

"But we will use the SETP function:

Dsun = 1.39 109 [m]

Dearth = 1.27 107 [m]

RSunEarth = 1.495 1011 [m]

TSun = 5777 [K]

Calculate the emitted solar energy

Calculate the fraction intercepted by the earth

Estimate solar constant

Therefore the fraction between 0.5 and 2.0 is:

f0to0.5 = 0.216 [-]

f0to2.0 = 0.941 [-]

So, the range of wavelengths for each of the 10 bands is:

All data and results are in the Parametric Table

n = nDay (month, day)

The difference between standard and solar time is:

SunSetHrAngle = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

n = nDay (month, day)

Table 1.6.1 or SETP function

The more exact declination equation, 1.6.1b can be used

Dec with Eqn 1.6.1a

Dec with Eqn 1.6.1b

n = nDay (month, day)

could use Table 1.6.1 to find n

HourAngle = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr]

CosZenithAngle = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HourAngle) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)

ZenithAngle = arccos (CosZenithAngle)

For horizontal E-W axis, use Equation 1.7.2a:

For horizontal N-S axis, use Equation 1.7.3a:

For polar axis, use Equation 1.7.5a:

HrAng = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr]

CosZen = Cos(Lat) Cos(Dec) Cos(HrAng) + sin (Lat) sin (Dec)

We could use the SETP function to find CosTheta

SunSetHrAng = arccos ( tan (Lat) tan (Dec))

From Equation 1.10.3 the days extraterrestrial radiations is:

24 3600 [s] Gsc

o = HZero, (nave , Lat)

To find the energy in the hour 10 to 11 use Equation 1.10.4

note that this is the midpoint of the hour

HrAng = (T ime 12hr ) 15 [deg/hr] ;

HrAng2 = HrAng + 7.5 [deg] ;

HrAng1 = HrAng 7.5deg

12 3600 [s] Gsc

HrAng = 22.5 [deg]

Dec = 15.52 [deg]

SunSetHrAng = 73.88 [deg]

nave = AveDay (month)

minutes before solar noon

Calculation of shading by an overhang

Lat = 38.3 [deg]

Long = 104.6 [deg]

Or from Table 1.6.1

b) Declination - assumed to be at noon.

Equation 1.6.1b - high accuracy declination

At sunrise and sunset the equivalent n is

change = dec (nsunrise ) dec (nsunset )

c) change in throughout the day for various slopes.

=2.24. The coefficients from Table 2.16.1 are then: