BLEEDING TIME; COAGULATION TIME

Allison Eunice B Servando

I. Objectives
1.

Definition of bleeding time and coagulation time.

Bleeding time is a laboratory test to assess platelet function and the bodys ability to
form a clot. The test involves making a puncture wound in a superficial area of the skin
and monitoring the time needed for bleeding to stop (medscape.com). Coagulation time,
also known as clotting time is a temporal duration required for blood to coagulate.

2.

Different Factors that affect bleeding time and coagulation time.

Bleeding time is affected by platelet function, certain vascular disorders and von Willebrand
Disease. Diseases that cause prolonged bleeding time include thrombocytopenia,
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Bernard-Soulier disease, and Glanzmann's
thrombasthenia. Some drugs also affect bleeding time such as aspirin, cyclooxygenase
inhibitors, warfarin and heparin, where they increase bleeding time. Factors that affect

coagulation time according to Wright (1894) are the following: a) blood glucose level
whereby coagulation time is decreased after meals as well b.) epinephrine which causes
hyperglycemia and therefore lowers coagulation time. Clotting time is prolonged in
conditions like vitamin K deficiency, liver diseases, disseminated intravascular
coagulation, overdosage of anticoagulants etc.
3.

Physiologic significance of bleeding time and coagulation time

The significance of bleeding time is to evaluate platelet function whether to test if its
normal or abnormal. Abnormal results indicates the following: a.) a blood vessel

defect is any condition that affects how well your blood vessels transport blood through
your body. b.) A genetic platelet function defect is a condition present at birth that affects
how well your platelets function. Hemophilia is one example of this type of defect. c.)
Primary thrombocythemia is a condition in which your bone marrow creates too many
platelets.d.) Thrombocytopenia is a condition that causes your body to produce too few
platelets.e.) Von Willebrands disease is a hereditary condition that affects how your
blood coagulates, or clots. Significance of coagulation time to determine whether
duration of clotting is normal or not Conditions that can cause coagulation problems
include liver disease, thrombophilia (excessive clotting) and hemophilia (inability to
clot normally).
II. Procedure
A. Bleeding time (Dukes Method)

During the experiment, we made a total of 6 blots and acquired a bleeding time of three
minutes and thirty-nine seconds (03:39)
B. Coagulation Time (Capillary Tube Method)
We obtain a coagulation time of three minutes and eight seconds (03:08)

III. Report and Conclusion

A. Theory
The time required for complete stopping of blood flow from the punctured blood
vessels called the bleeding time. Normally it is 1-3 minutes for a normal human's blood.
Normal clotting time and bleeding time values differ because bleeding time is the time for
stopping bleeding by the formation of fibrin network on the surface of punctured skin; that
is it is the surface phenomenon. But the clotting time is the time for clotting the whole
blood, collected in the capillary tube; therefore it is a volume phenomenon. For this reason
clotting time is more than the bleeding time, when determining by conventional methods.
B. Bleeding Time
1. Determination of bleeding time is used for?
A bleeding time test determines how quickly the blood clots to stop bleeding. The test
involves making small, superficial cuts on the skin. The test is a basic assessment of how
well your blood platelets work -form clots. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that circulate in
the blood.
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Dukes method
The advantage to the Duke method is that no scar remains after the test. The other methods
may result in a tiny, hairline scar where the wound was made. However, this is largely a
cosmetic concern. The disadvantage to the Duke method is that the pressure on the blood
veins in the stab area is not constant and the results achieved are less reliable.
3. Interpretation of the results
General interpretations of bleeding time are as follows:

1-9 minutes: Normal (We obtained a normal result)

9-15 minutes: Platelet dysfunction
More than 15 minutes: Critical test must be discontinued and pressure should be applied.
A bleeding time evaluation is used to measure the primary phase of hemostasis, which
involves platelet adherence to injured capillaries and then platelet activation and
aggregation. The bleeding time can be abnormal when the platelet count is low or the
platelets are dysfunctional. Causes of abnormal bleeding time can be hereditary or acquired.
C. Coagulation Time
1. Determination of coagulation time is used for?
The Clotting Time Blood Test or coagulation time helps determine the time it takes for a
sample of blood to form a blood clot while in a glass test tube of standard size. It was once
regularly used to diagnose clotting disorders; but presently, the test is rarely used.
2. Interpretation of Results
The average time range for blood to clot is about 10 to 14 seconds. A number higher than
that range means it takes blood longer than usual to clot. A number lower than that range
means blood clots more quickly than normal.
A high value for the test may indicate: Hemophilia disorders Congenital deficiencies in
clotting factors
A low value for the test may indicate: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Thrombotic predisposition The laboratory test results are NOT to be interpreted as results
of a "stand-alone" test. The test results have to be interpreted after correlating with suitable
clinical findings and additional supplemental tests/information.
3. Differentiate Bleeding time and coagulation time
Bleeding time and clotting time are not the same. Bleeding time depends on the integrity of
platelets and vessel walls, whereas clotting time depends on the availability of coagulation
factors. In coagulation disorders like haemophilia, clotting time is prolonged but bleeding
time remains normal.

BLOOD TYPING
Allison Eunice B Servando

I. Objectives
1. Blood Type of Members

Name of Members

Blood Type

Allison Eunice Servando

Type O

Rizza Que

Type O

Bryan Panes

Type A

James Nicole Soriaso

Type B

Shane Tingson

Type B

Tephanie Gimotea

Type A

II. Preparations
1. Define: Agglutinogen and Agglutin
Agglutinogen

An antigenic substance that stimulates the formation of specific agglutinin, which can
cause agglutination of cells that contain the antigen or particles coated with the antigen.
Agglutin
Any substance causing agglutination (clumping together) of cells, particularly a specific
antibody formed in the blood in response to the presence of an invading agent.
Agglutininsare proteins (immunoglobulins) and function as part of the immune mechanism
of the body. When the invading agents that bring about the production of agglutinins are
bacteria, the agglutinins produced bring about agglutination of the bacterial cells.
2. Enumerate the different blood types belonging to the ABO System together with the

corresponding agglutinogens and agglutins.