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Lecturer
Associate Professor
saidelshahat@agr.kfs.edu.eg
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, EGYPT
Abstract
Extremely needed of foodborne
toxins in-situ monitoring, in the
Egyptian food processing plants,
is due to frequent food poisoning
cases. The new method was developed in real time program. Near
infrared data were acquired with
fresh and spoiled tomato juices. The
spectral data were studied using discriminant analysis. A test set of two
groups of tomato juices (fresh and
spoiled) were used for testing the
developed model. Fresh and spoiled
juices were classified with an accuracy of 75 and 80 %, respectively.
Manufactured firmness tester was
used to categorize the tomatoes in
groups for this experiment before
juice extraction.
Introduction
Severe impacts on human health
exist if no appropriate monitoring program for toxins in food is
in place. Foodborne diseases are
a widespread and growing public
health problem, both in developed
and developing countries. In industrialized countries, the percentage
of the population suffering from
32
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VOL.45 NO.4 2014 AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA
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presence, 350 were used as a training set, 100 as a test set and 50 as a
validation set.
Nir Spectral Data Analysis Methods and Model Developing
NIR analysis of tomato juice can
be run in two main ways (Fig. 4):
1) qualitative or 2) quantitative. 1)
Qualitative analysis with NIR used to
discriminate between samples with
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
by building classes of samples.
Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression
PLS can also be expressed as, a
projection on latent structures, is a
recent technique that combines features from and generalizes PCA and
multiple linear regression. Its goal
is to predict a set of dependent variables from a set of independent variables or predictors. This prediction
is achieved by extracting from the
predictors a set of orthogonal factors
called latent variables which have
the best predictive power. These
latent variables can be used to create displays akin to PCA displays.
The quality of the prediction obtained from a PLS regression model
is evaluated with cross-validation
techniques such as the bootstrap and
jackknife. There are two main variants of PLS regression: The most
common one separates the roles of
Skins, seedsetc.
Disposed juice
Heat treatment
Fine Pulping (Refining)
Juice concentration
Evaporator and concentrator
Juice Pasteurization
Can packing
34
1: light source, 2: Ocean optics USB 2000, 3: optical fiber bundle head,
4: NI-DAQ 6008, 5: Labtop, 6: tomato juice entered, 7: two automatic
valves (controlled by servo motors), 8: spoiled juice outlet, 9: heat
treatment unit
AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA 2014 VOL.45 NO.4
Pretreatment of spectra
Firmness
Tomato juice
Sorting scale
classes
discrimination
Firm
0 10
Fresh
Soft
10 < 18
Fresh
Very soft
18 < 30
Spoiled
Quantitative analysis
Qualitative analysis
Local/global calibration on
reference analysis and validation
on independent sample set,
partial least square (PLS)
Assessment of statistical
distances between spectra,
calibration of spectral classes,
principal component analysis
(PCA)
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35
Deformation, mm
Sorting scale
Wavelength, nm
PC1 (97.48 %)
36
PC2 (1.34 %)
PC2 (1.34 %)
Reflectance, decimal
PC1 (97.48 %)
AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA 2014 VOL.45 NO.4
Fresh
11.322
b1
11.882
21.071
12.685
9.987
20.724
7.730
15.459
26.526
15.268
23.844
11.582
5.484
7.552
11.505
14.052
24.945
70.177
12.668
18.751
108.930
17.638
21.018
4.742
0.290
19.850
Spoiled
10.322
b2
11.882
21.071
12.685
9.987
20.724
7.730
15.459
26.526
15.268
23.844
11.582
5.484
7.552
11.505
14.052
24.945
70.177
12.668
18.751
108.930
17.638
21.018
4.742
0.290
19.850
Variable
R750
R760
R770
R780
R790
R800
R810
R820
R830
R840
R850
R860
R870
R880
R890
R 900
R 910
R 920
R 930
R 940
R 950
R 960
R 970
R 980
R 990
R1000
Fresh
b1
40.941
11.882
21.071
12.685
9.987
20.724
7.730
15.459
26.526
15.268
23.844
11.582
5.484
7.552
11.505
14.052
24.945
70.177
12.668
18.751
108.930
17.638
21.018
4.742
0.290
19.850
Spoiled
b2
40.941
11.882
21.071
12.685
9.987
20.724
7.730
15.459
26.526
15.268
23.844
11.582
5.484
7.552
11.505
14.052
24.945
70.177
12.668
18.751
108.930
17.638
21.018
4.742
0.290
19.850
Conclusions
The spoiled juice can be detected
with high efficiency using optical
reflectance. The developed control
point is reliable, cheap and quick
and does not require the presence
of liquids to detect tomato infection. Normal laboratory techniques
require one day detecting the spoilages wh ich can not be visu ally
identified. Proper and periodical
inspections before filling trailer
containers and at storage rooms can
help to maintain tomatoes within
quality tolerances reducing postharvest losses before reaching the
consumer. In the future, one sensor
will be required that will be sensitive enough to discriminate among
bacterial infections in tomatoes.
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