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cBSS
Network Planning Guideline
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Network Planning Guideline
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Network Planning Guideline
Radio network dimensioning (RND), the first activity in the pre-planning phase, is conducted
before the first round of bidding for a commercial network. Table 1-1 describes the tasks
involved in preliminary radio network planning.
Table 1-1 Tasks involved in preliminary radio network planning
No.
Task
Description
Information collection
Area Division
RND
Propagation model
selection
Antenna selection
CW testing (optional)
Antenna selection
System simulation
Optional
NOTE
During the pre-sale planning phase, optional planning tasks can be omitted to ensure the planning
progress.
During the post-sale planning phase, all planning tasks must be conducted to ensure accuracy.
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Network Planning Guideline
Final radio network planning is detailed and specific planning on radio networks. Compared
with preliminary network planning, final network planning differs only in the fact that system
simulation, site survey and selection, and noise test are mandatory during final network planning
but they are optional during preliminary network planning. Table 1-2 describes the tasks
involved in network planning.
Table 1-2 Tasks involved in final radio network planning
No.
Task
Description
Noise test
Mandatory
System
simulation
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Network Planning Guideline
No.
Task
Description
Cell parameter
planning
As shown in Figure 1-2, network planning is dynamic and cyclic. The whole process, from
providing a specific requirement, to preparing the network planning scheme, and to a planning
report, is cyclic and adjustable. For example, after system simulation, the previous network
planning scheme can be improved, and then after the site survey and selection, the previous
scheme can be further improved.
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Available sites and frequency, especially available sites of the initial network
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cBSS
Network Planning Guideline
If the existing network is expanded or migrated, the following information is required: recent
network optimization report, configuration of the existing network, drive test documents of the
existing network, traffic measurement data of the existing network, and customer complaints
against the existing network.
Area Division
Area division is the first step in network planning. By performing area division, the target
coverage area is divided into different sub-areas based on the radio propagation environments,
coverage rates, and traffic distribution.
The target coverage area, however, generally does not have obviously marked sub-areas. In
different sub-areas, such as urban areas and rural areas, the radio propagation environments,
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Network Planning Guideline
coverage rates, and traffic distribution are different. Thus, the quantity of BTSs differs in two
areas with the same size. Generally, areas are divided into the following types:
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Urban areas
Suburban areas
Rural areas
Some special coverage areas can be divided into scenic spots, forests, grassland, or other types
of terrain. Area scenario division directly affects network planning. Therefore, site survey at the
early stage of network planning is necessary for the collection of information about the radio
propagation environment. The results of site survey are the basis of scenario division.
Table 1-3 describes the basis of area division.
Table 1-3 Basis of area division
Area Type
Description
Dense urban
areas
Areas that have very dense population, prosperous economy, large traffic,
comparatively dense and tall buildings in the center of a city, and shopping
centers with full vitality
Urban areas
Areas that have less dense population, less prosperous economy, large call
traffic, dense buildings in the center of a city, and shopping centers with
vitality
Suburban
areas
Rural areas
Areas that have small population, developing economy, and less traffic
Input of RND
Table 1-4 describes the input of RND.
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Description
Based on the requirements of network operators, determine the services that
require continuous coverage. Therefore, the cell radius is estimated based on
the service type, and the network is dimensioned based on the cell radius.
Dense urban areas and urban areas have high requirement for the service rate
of continuous coverage, and therefore the cell radius is relatively small.
Suburban areas and rural areas have low requirements for the service rate of
continuous coverage, and therefore the cell radius is relatively large.
NOTE
Services are classified into voice service and data services of different rates. Voice
service and data service should be analyzed separately.
Cell target
load
Traffic
model
Uplink target load: If a low value is set, the dimension of the cell radius is
large and fewer sites need to be planned. Therefore, the initial investment
cost can be reduced. But when the number of subscribers increases, the
radius of the cell is shortened, resulting in blind areas. For dense urban
areas and urban areas, the uplink target load should be high enough to
satisfy the requirements for capacity. For suburban areas and rural areas,
the uplink target load can be relatively low to expand the network coverage
and to reduce the initial investment cost. The typical value of the uplink
target load is 50%60%.
Downlink target load: The value of the target load can be set relatively
high, because the actual value is relatively high. The typical value is 90%.
For the voice service, the service volume of a single subscriber is indicated
by traffic volume that is measured in Erl.
For the data service, the service volume of a single subscriber is indicated
by busy hour throughput that is measured in bit/s.
The value of the service volume of a single subscriber must be set according
to actual situations, such as local economic development, consumption habits,
living habits, and the expenses on mobile communications. For the service
volume of a single subscriber:
Number of
subscribers
If the value is set too high, more BTSs are required because the cell radius
is very small. As a result, the initial investment cost is very high.
If the value is set too low, fewer BTSs are required because the cell radius
is very large. As a result, the network capacity is so low that network
expansion may be required shortly after the construction.
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Network Planning Guideline
Input of
RND
Description
Propagation
model
Used to predict the impact that terrain and human actions have on path loss.
An appropriate model can ensure the accuracy of dimensioning. The
propagation model is selected on the basis of scenarios and geographical
environments.
Planning area
Areas within the coverage of radio signals. The size of this area is determined
by the requirements of the operator.
Maximum
number of
available
carriers every
sector
Related
parameters of
devices and
terminals
Includes the transmit power, height of antennas, antenna gain, type of feeders,
and length of feeders.
Target
network
quality
Refers to the coverage rate, system blocking rate, and frame error rate.
RND
Coverage and capacity are considered during the RND phase, of which the procedure is described
in Table 1-5 and shown in Figure 1-3.
Table 1-5 Description of the RND procedure
RND Process
Description
Carry out capacity dimensioning of the Figure 1-4 shows the capacity dimensioning
network configuration that meets the
process. The number of required BTSs and the
capacity requirement.
number of required carriers are calculated
according to the traffic model and the capacity that
each type of BTS has. After capacity dimensioning,
the CE configuration is required for each BTS. The
detailed configuration of channel resources
depends on BTS coverage and the number of
subscribers that a BTS supports.
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RND Process
Description
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Output of RND
Table 1-6 describes the output of RND.
Table 1-6 Output of RND
Item
Output of RND
Results of the link budget, such as site scale of each scenario, cell radius, and
required number of BTSs that meets the coverage requirement
Results including site scale of each scenario, cell radius, system resource
requirements, number of BTSs, site type, and number of carriers, to meet the
coverage and capacity requirements
The Radio Network Dimensioning Report, which is used for future reference
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Network Planning Guideline
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Description
Propagation
model
calibration
Referring to the
similar model
Antenna Selection
This describes how to select appropriate antennas for a target network coverage area.
The antenna functions as the interface between the radio transceiver and the outside propagation
medium. One antenna can function as a receiver and a transmitter. Network coverage is achieved
by means of the antenna, so the selection of antenna types has a direct impact on the coverage
quality and interference control.
The specifications of the antenna performance include the working band, gain, polarization
mode, beamwidth, preset tilt angle, tilt method, tilt adjustment range, front-to-back suppression
ratio, secondary lobe suppression ratio, and zero-point filling. The gain, horizontal beamwidth,
and vertical beamwidth are interrelated according to the structure of the antenna.
Table 1-8 describes the requirements for the antenna type selection in different scenarios.
Table 1-8 Requirements for antenna selection in different scenarios
Scenari
o
Dense
urban
areas
Urban
areas
Sector
3sectored
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Scenari
o
Sector
Suburban
areas
3sectored
Rural
areas
3sectored
Rural
areas
Omnidirectio
nal
When the 1X and 1xEV-DO networks are under co-site construction, there are two modes of
antenna systems: sharing antenna system and not-sharing antenna system. Select the antenna
system based on actual network resources for final network planning. The mode of sharing
antenna system can save the space and the cost. But the two network systems may be mutually
interfered, and certain loss is caused. Thus, forward and reverse coverage is affected. If 1X and
1xEV-DO networks do not share the antenna system, no loss is caused, and accordingly forward
and reverse coverage is not affected. But a large space is required.
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Dimensioning results, including network scale of each scenario and cell radius
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Network Planning Guideline
Action
Description
Select or
add a site
Before selecting the initial sites, you should have a good understanding
of the terrain and buildings in the planning area to avoid selecting
unnecessary or redundant sites. Site survey is optional in the
preliminary network planning phase.
The co-site construction of 1X and 1xEV-DO is recommended to avoid
the near and far effect.
Design the
antenna
azimuth
angle.
Design the
antenna tilt
angle.
Set the initial azimuth angle with reference to the antenna tilt angle
in the existing network if the co-site ratio is high in the preliminary
planning phase.
Consider the following two cases when setting the antenna tilt angle:
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For the existing network, set the initial tilt angle with reference to
the antenna tilt angle in the existing network if the co-site ratio is
high in the preliminary planning phase.
For the existing network or the emerging network, if the co-site ratio
is low, set the tilt angle to degrees to degrees in the dense urban
areas, to 2 degrees to degrees in the urban areas, and degrees to
degrees in the suburban areas and rural areas.
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Network Planning Guideline
Item
Action
Description
Predict the
coverage.
After the initial site selection, verify the quality of the network
coverage through coverage dimensioning.
Evaluate the coverage quality by observing the distribution of the pilot
level and receiving level in the dimensioning results.
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For plots, adjust the antenna direction and the tilt angle if the
coverage level does not satisfy the requirements.
For large areas where the coverage level does not satisfy the
requirements, add sites to increase the coverage if the distance
between sites is extremely far. If the distance between sites is not
extremely far, check whether the setting of parameters for the
coverage prediction is proper.
The output of initial site selection specifies the number of sites, site types, site locations
(longitude and latitude), and engineering parameters of each site (antennal model, azimuth, tilt,
and gain). The output is used for preliminary network planning.
System Simulation
System simulation refers to performing Monte Carlo simulation based on the results of initial
site selection and the traffic model. The simulation results are used to locate the radio coverage
problem, and to check whether the network scale and the cell configuration meet the network
construction requirements. Through adjusting site parameters, you can solve the radio coverage
problem, and output engineering parameters for site construction, and cell parameters required
by network construction.
The system simulation process in the preliminary planning phase is the same as that in the final
planning phase. The differences between the preliminary planning phase and the final planning
phase are as follows:
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In the preliminary planning phase, as the time and the cost are limited, a site does not go
through a field survey. The site is not available unless it is confirmed by the customer.
Therefore, the estimated values of engineering parameters are used in the preliminary
planning phase.
In the final planning phase, each site goes through field survey and should be confirmed
as available. The engineering parameters must be confirmed. For example, the type and the
length of feeders must conform to the actual requirements. If the system simulation results
in the final planning phase do not meet the requirements, it is difficult to take corrective
measures, if required.
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Input
Propagation model
Scenarios, channel types, service types, traffic model, antenna parameters, and
network parameters
Procedure of Simulation
System simulation refers to using planning simulation software and simulating the actual
network environment to achieve network coverage and QoS prediction.
When the initial site selection and pilot coverage prediction satisfy the requirements, the system
simulation conducts the Monte Carlo simulation according to the corresponding service type,
traffic model, number of subscribers, and subscriber distribution. Usually, the system simulation
takes a long time.
Locate the problematic areas through system simulation. Export engineering parameters and cell
parameters by adjusting the sites or taking other measures to satisfy the requirements of site
construction.
Figure 1-6 shows the simulation process by illustrating Huawei network planning software UNET.
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Different from a simple network coverage prediction, the simulation focuses on the detailed
analysis of the traffic model, subscriber behavior, and subscriber distribution in the network.
These parameters are closely related to network capacity.
The analysis of simulation results focuses on coverage prediction and Monte Carlo simulation
so that you can check whether the RX and the Ec/Io satisfy the requirements. In addition, the
simulation results also concern the access success ratio, pilot pollution, soft handoff ratio, uplink
and downlink load analysis, and the access failure from which the causes and solutions can be
found out.
Through the analysis of simulation results, you can determine whether the network scale and
cell configuration achieve the network construction objective.
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Network Planning Guideline
Topic
Number of BTSs
Site location
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Noise Test
A noise test is performed to check the interference and noises in the operating band, and thus
appropriate measures can be taken to ensure smooth running of the network.
The noise test is optional, because the electromagnetic environment of each band is different. If
required, on-site noise test must be performed by using an electric logging device or a YBT250
tool.
If strong noise interference exists over a frequency band, you must clear the noise or apply for
new frequencies. In the phase of site selection, you must conduct noise tests in the areas that
have heavy traffic or important landmarks to ensure that strong noise interference does not and
will not exist. In this way, the network performance is guaranteed.
After a noise test is complete, the Noise Test Report should be provided for future reference.
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Site information: site location (latitude and longitude), height, azimuth angle, site type,
space of the equipment room, antenna installation (mode and location), transmission
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Network Planning Guideline
In the case of co-site construction, you must consider available resources for the equipment
room and the platform, antenna isolation, possible effect, and preventive measures.
If the survey results of a site meet the construction requirements, the site can be selected. From
the aspects of height, antenna space availability, and equipment room availability, you can
conduct a simple survey and select one or two candidate sites.
After the final site is confirmed, the Site Survey Report should be provided. The site survey
report includes survey records of all sites, detailed description of the related items, subsequent
preparations, and selected sites.
System Simulation
System simulation refers to performing Monte Carlo simulation based on the results of initial
site selection and the traffic model. The simulation results are used to locate the radio coverage
problem, and to check whether the network scale and the cell configuration meet the network
construction requirements. Through adjusting site parameters, you can solve the radio coverage
problem, and output engineering parameters for site construction, and cell parameters required
by network construction.
The system simulation process in the preliminary planning phase is the same as that in the final
planning phase. The differences between the preliminary planning phase and the final planning
phase are as follows:
l
In the preliminary planning phase, as the time and the cost are limited, a site does not go
through a field survey. The site is not available unless it is confirmed by the customer.
Therefore, the estimated values of engineering parameters are used in the preliminary
planning phase.
In the final planning phase, each site goes through field survey and should be confirmed
as available. The engineering parameters must be confirmed. For example, the type and the
length of feeders must conform to the actual requirements. If the system simulation results
in the final planning phase do not meet the requirements, it is difficult to take corrective
measures, if required.
Input
Propagation model
Scenarios, channel types, service types, traffic model, antenna parameters, and
network parameters
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Item
Input
Procedure of Simulation
System simulation refers to using planning simulation software and simulating the actual
network environment to achieve network coverage and QoS prediction.
When the initial site selection and pilot coverage prediction satisfy the requirements, the system
simulation conducts the Monte Carlo simulation according to the corresponding service type,
traffic model, number of subscribers, and subscriber distribution. Usually, the system simulation
takes a long time.
Locate the problematic areas through system simulation. Export engineering parameters and cell
parameters by adjusting the sites or taking other measures to satisfy the requirements of site
construction.
Figure 1-7 shows the simulation process by illustrating Huawei network planning software UNET.
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Different from a simple network coverage prediction, the simulation focuses on the detailed
analysis of the traffic model, subscriber behavior, and subscriber distribution in the network.
These parameters are closely related to network capacity.
The analysis of simulation results focuses on coverage prediction and Monte Carlo simulation
so that you can check whether the RX and the Ec/Io satisfy the requirements. In addition, the
simulation results also concern the access success ratio, pilot pollution, soft handoff ratio, uplink
and downlink load analysis, and the access failure from which the causes and solutions can be
found out.
Through the analysis of simulation results, you can determine whether the network scale and
cell configuration achieve the network construction objective.
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Cell parameters vary slightly with network types. Table 1-13 describes the cell parameters and
planning methods.
Table 1-13 Cell parameters and planning methods
Cell
Parameter
Planning Method
Location area
planning
NOTE
This parameter is planned for the 1X system only.
Neighboring
cell list (intrafrequency
neighboring
cell, interfrequency
neighboring
cell, and intersystem
neighboring
cell)
PN code
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The value of the LAC cannot be set extremely large. The maximum
value of the LAC depends on the paging channel capacity and
processing capability of the BSC.
The LAC planning should comply with the geographical position and
the action of MSs so that the border of a location area is not updated.
A location area cannot cross multiple MSC areas. The location area that
crosses multiple BSC areas is not recommended.
Places with heavy traffic should not be in the border of a location area.
Neighboring cells should be firstly configured for the sectors in the local
BTS.
The hard handoff of neighboring cells should be carried out in the places
with light traffic as possible.
For the PN multiplexing distance between two BTSs with the same pilot,
the interference that other sectors with the same PN offset cause to the
current sector should be lower than the preset threshold.
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Network Planning Guideline
Cell
Parameter
Planning Method
Cell channel
power matching
Handoff
parameter
planning and
access
parameter
planning
You must set the values of these parameters according to the actual
network situations.
Color code
NOTE
This parameter is planned for the 1xEV-DO system only.
Subnet
The color codes should vary with the subnets in the access network
(AN).
The color codes corresponding to the subnets in one city (including the
suburban areas) should be different. The color codes corresponding to
the subnets in different cities (including the suburban areas) can be
multiplexed.
NOTE
This parameter is planned for the 1xEV-DO system only.
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The subnet planning should comply with the geographical position and
the action of MSs. This can reduce the location updates of MSs at the
border of a subnet.
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Description
Information on radio
network BTS planning
Site information
PN planning
Information on radio
parameter planning
After the final radio network planning is complete, the Radio Network Planning Report, Radio
Network Planning Engineering Parameters Table, and Radio Network Planning Cell
Parameters Table should be provided. Table 1-15 describes the topics of the reports.
Table 1-15 Output reports of final radio network planning
Output Report
Topic
BTS planning
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Output Report
Topic
LAC/REG-ZONE configuration
Required number of BTSs that meet the coverage and capacity requirements
CE limitation
Throughput of the entire network, such as total forward throughput and total reserve
throughput
Genex U-Net
The Genex U-Net, which is independently developed by Huawei, is a tool of radio network
planning. Running on the Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems, the Genex UNet supports 2G and 3G technologies and supports incumbent networks such as GSM/TDMA,
GPRS-EDGE, WCDMA, and CDMA. In addition, it has the advantages of flexible user interface
and easy operation.
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Being a kind of simulation software of radio network planning, the Genex U-Net provides the
global support for initial network design, dense network planning construction, and network
optimization.
The Genex U-Net has the following applications:
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Used before the network construction. The Genex U-Net is used for nominal network
planning, model calibration, prediction and simulation, and site analysis to ensure good
effect of the network construction.
Used in network construction and expansion. The Genex U-Net performs parameter
planning and simulation. In addition, this tool can analyze the network coverage and
performance under different parameter configurations. In this way, reasonable parameters
can be configured to ensure optimal network performance.
Used in network optimization. The Genex U-Net is used for network adjustment and
optimization.
Statistic analysis
Genex Apus
The Genex Apus, which is independently developed by Huawei, is a kind of Genex software.
The Genex Apus is used in the network planning phase. The main functions are neighboring cell
planning and PN planning.
The Genex Apus has two modules: neighboring cell planning and PN planning. The module of
neighboring cell planning implements automatic neighboring cell planning. The module of PN
planning implements automatic planning for PN codes. The following describes the two
functions on the whole.
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PN planning
Based on the BTS topology, the module implements automatic planning for PN codes.
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