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  • VLSI Chip Technology History

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    Biswajit Mohanty
    37 visualizzazioni3 pagine
    Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of integrating thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s with the development of complex semiconductor and communication technologies. Before VLSI, most integrated circuits had limited functions, but VLSI allows designers to combine a CPU, ROM, RAM, and other logic onto one chip. As transistor sizes shrank due to advances in semiconductor fabrication, designers were able to integrate more components leading from small-scale integration to medium-scale integration to large-scale integration and eventually VLSI with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip.

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    VLSI

    Titolo originale

    Very Large Scale Integration

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    Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of integrating thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s with the development of complex semiconductor and communication technologies. Before VLSI, most integrated circuits had limited functions, but VLSI allows designers to combine a CPU, ROM, RAM, and other logic onto one chip. As transistor sizes shrank due to advances in semiconductor fabrication, designers were able to integrate more components leading from small-scale integration to medium-scale integration to large-scale integration and eventually VLSI with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    37 visualizzazioni3 pagine

    VLSI Chip Technology History

    Caricato da

    Biswajit Mohanty
    Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of integrating thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s with the development of complex semiconductor and communication technologies. Before VLSI, most integrated circuits had limited functions, but VLSI allows designers to combine a CPU, ROM, RAM, and other logic onto one chip. As transistor sizes shrank due to advances in semiconductor fabrication, designers were able to integrate more components leading from small-scale integration to medium-scale integration to large-scale integration and eventually VLSI with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 3

    1/27/2017

    VerylargescaleintegrationWikipedia

    Verylargescaleintegration
    FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

    Verylargescaleintegration(VLSI)istheprocessofcreatinganintegratedcircuit(IC)bycombiningthousands
    oftransistorsintoasinglechip.VLSIbeganinthe1970swhencomplexsemiconductorandcommunication
    technologieswerebeingdeveloped.ThemicroprocessorisaVLSIdevice.BeforetheintroductionofVLSI
    technologymostICshadalimitedsetoffunctionstheycouldperform.Anelectroniccircuitmightconsistofa
    CPU,ROM,RAMandothergluelogic.VLSIletsICdesignersaddalloftheseintoonechip.

    Contents
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    History
    Developments
    Structureddesign
    Struggles
    Seealso
    References
    Furtherreading
    Externallinks
    AVLSIintegratedcircuitdie

    History
    TheHistoryofthetransistordatestothemid1920swhenseveralinventorsattempteddevicesthatwereintended
    tocontrolcurrentinsolidstatediodesandconvertthemintotriodes.SuccesscameafterWorldWarII,whenthe
    useofsiliconandgermaniumcrystalsasradardetectorsledtoimprovementsinfabricationandtheory.Scientists
    whohadbeendivertedtoradardevelopmentreturnedtosolidstatedevicedevelopment.Withtheinventionof
    transistorsatBellLabsin1947,thefieldofelectronicsshiftedfromvacuumtubestosolidstatedevices.
    Withthesmalltransistorattheirhands,electricalengineersofthe1950ssawthepossibilitiesofconstructingfar
    moreadvancedcircuits.Asthecomplexityofcircuitsgrew,problemsarose.[1]
    Oneproblemwasthesizeofthecircuit.Acomplexcircuit,likeacomputer,wasdependentonspeed.Ifthe
    componentsofthecomputerweretoolargeorthewiresinterconnectingthemtoolong,theelectricsignalscouldn't
    travelfastenoughthroughthecircuit,thusmakingthecomputertooslowtobeeffective.[1]
    JackKilbyatTexasInstrumentsfoundasolutiontothisproblemin1958.Kilby'sideawastomakeallthe
    componentsandthechipoutofthesameblock(monolith)ofsemiconductormaterial.InSeptember1958,hisfirst
    integratedcircuitwasready.[1]Thiscrudebeginningbrokegroundonanewidea.Bymakingallthepartsoutofthe
    sameblockofmaterialandaddingtheconnectionsasalayerontop,therewasnoneedfordiscretecomponents,to
    beassembledmanually.Thecircuitscouldbemadesmaller,andthemanufacturingprocesscouldbeautomated.
    Thisledtotheideaofintegratingallcomponentsonasinglesiliconwafercameintoexistence,whichledto
    developmentinsmallscaleintegration(SSI)intheearly1960s,mediumscaleintegration(MSI)inthelate1960s,
    andthenlargescaleintegration(LSI)aswellasVLSIinthe1970sand1980s,withtensofthousandsoftransistors
    onasinglechip(laterhundredsofthousands,thenmillions,andnowbillions(109)).

    Developments
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verylargescale_integration

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    VerylargescaleintegrationWikipedia

    Thefirstsemiconductorchipsheldtwotransistorseach.Subsequentadvancesaddedmoretransistors,andasa
    consequence,moreindividualfunctionsorsystemswereintegratedovertime.Thefirstintegratedcircuitsheld
    onlyafewdevices,perhapsasmanyastendiodes,transistors,resistorsandcapacitors,makingitpossibleto
    fabricateoneormorelogicgatesonasingledevice.Nowknownretrospectivelyassmallscaleintegration(SSI),
    improvementsintechniqueledtodeviceswithhundredsoflogicgates,knownasmediumscaleintegration(MSI).
    Furtherimprovementsledtolargescaleintegration(LSI),i.e.systemswithatleastathousandlogicgates.Current
    technologyhasmovedfarpastthismarkandtoday'smicroprocessorshavemanymillionsofgatesandbillionsof
    individualtransistors.
    Atonetime,therewasanefforttonameandcalibratevariouslevelsoflargescaleintegrationaboveVLSI.Terms
    likeultralargescaleintegration(ULSI)wereused.Butthehugenumberofgatesandtransistorsavailableon
    commondeviceshasrenderedsuchfinedistinctionsmoot.TermssuggestinggreaterthanVLSIlevelsof
    integrationarenolongerinwidespreaduse.
    In2008,billiontransistorprocessorsbecamecommerciallyavailable.Thisbecamemorecommonplaceas
    semiconductorfabricationadvancedfromthethencurrentgenerationof65nmprocesses.Currentdesigns,unlike
    theearliestdevices,useextensivedesignautomationandautomatedlogicsynthesistolayoutthetransistors,
    enablinghigherlevelsofcomplexityintheresultinglogicfunctionality.Certainhighperformancelogicblockslike
    theSRAM(staticrandomaccessmemory)cell,arestilldesignedbyhandtoensurethehighestefficiency.

    Structureddesign
    StructuredVLSIdesignisamodularmethodologyoriginatedbyCarverMeadandLynnConwayforsaving
    microchipareabyminimizingtheinterconnectfabricsarea.Thisisobtainedbyrepetitivearrangementof
    rectangularmacroblockswhichcanbeinterconnectedusingwiringbyabutment.Anexampleispartitioningthe
    layoutofanadderintoarowofequalbitslicescells.Incomplexdesignsthisstructuringmaybeachievedby
    hierarchicalnesting.
    StructuredVLSIdesignhadbeenpopularintheearly1980s,butlostitspopularitylaterbecauseoftheadventof
    placementandroutingtoolswastingalotofareabyrouting,whichistoleratedbecauseoftheprogressofMoore's
    Law.WhenintroducingthehardwaredescriptionlanguageKARLinthemid'1970s,ReinerHartensteincoinedthe
    term"structuredVLSIdesign"(originallyas"structuredLSIdesign"),echoingEdsgerDijkstra'sstructured
    programmingapproachbyprocedurenestingtoavoidchaoticspaghettistructuredprogram

    Struggles
    Asmicroprocessorsbecomemorecomplexduetotechnologyscaling,microprocessordesignershaveencountered
    severalchallengeswhichforcethemtothinkbeyondthedesignplane,andlookaheadtopostsilicon:
    ProcessvariationAsphotolithographytechniquesgetclosertothefundamentallawsofoptics,achieving
    highaccuracyindopingconcentrationsandetchedwiresisbecomingmoredifficultandpronetoerrorsdue
    tovariation.Designersnowmustsimulateacrossmultiplefabricationprocesscornersbeforeachipis
    certifiedreadyforproduction,orusesystemleveltechniquesfordealingwitheffectsofvariation.[2]
    StricterdesignrulesDuetolithographyandetchissueswithscaling,designrulesforlayouthavebecome
    increasinglystringent.Designersmustkeepevermoreoftheserulesinmindwhilelayingoutcustom
    circuits.Theoverheadforcustomdesignisnowreachingatippingpoint,withmanydesignhousesoptingto
    switchtoelectronicdesignautomation(EDA)toolstoautomatetheirdesignprocess.
    Timing/designclosureAsclockfrequenciestendtoscaleup,designersarefindingitmoredifficultto
    distributeandmaintainlowclockskewbetweenthesehighfrequencyclocksacrosstheentirechip.Thishas
    ledtoarisinginterestinmulticoreandmultiprocessorarchitectures,sinceanoverallspeedupcanbe
    obtainedevenwithlowerclockfrequencybyusingthecomputationalpowerofallthecores.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verylargescale_integration

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    VerylargescaleintegrationWikipedia

    FirstpasssuccessAsdiesizesshrink(duetoscaling),andwafersizesgoup(duetolowermanufacturing
    costs),thenumberofdiesperwaferincreases,andthecomplexityofmakingsuitablephotomasksgoesup
    rapidly.Amasksetforamoderntechnologycancostseveralmilliondollars.Thisnonrecurringexpense
    deterstheolditerativephilosophyinvolvingseveral"spincycles"tofinderrorsinsilicon,andencourages
    firstpasssiliconsuccess.Severaldesignphilosophieshavebeendevelopedtoaidthisnewdesignflow,
    includingdesignformanufacturing(DFM),designfortest(DFT),andDesignforX.

    Seealso
    Neuromorphicengineering
    Applicationspecificintegratedcircuit
    CaltechCosmicCube
    Designruleschecking
    Electronicdesignautomation
    Mead&Conwayrevolution
    Polysilicon

    References
    1."TheHistoryoftheIntegratedCircuit".Nobelprize.org.Retrieved21Apr2012.
    2."ASurveyOfArchitecturalTechniquesforManagingProcessVariation(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285926
    063_A_Survey_Of_Architectural_Techniques_for_Managing_Process_Variation)",ACMComputingSurveys,2015

    Furtherreading
    Baker,R.Jacob(2010).CMOS:CircuitDesign,Layout,andSimulation,ThirdEdition.WileyIEEE.
    p.1174.ISBN9780470881323.http://CMOSedu.com/
    Weste,NeilH.E.&Harris,DavidM.(2010).CMOSVLSIDesign:ACircuitsandSystemsPerspective,
    FourthEdition.Boston:Pearson/AddisonWesley.p.840.ISBN9780321547743.
    http://CMOSVLSI.com/
    Chen,WaiKai(ed)(2006).TheVLSIHandbook,SecondEdition(ElectricalEngineeringHandbook).Boca
    Raton:CRC.ISBN084934199X.
    Mead,CarverA.andConway,Lynn(1980).IntroductiontoVLSIsystems.Boston:AddisonWesley.
    ISBN0201043580.

    Externallinks
    LecturesonDesignandImplementationofVLSISystemsatBrownUniversity(http://scale.engin.brown.ed
    u/classes/EN1600S08/)
    ListofVLSIcompaniesaroundtheworld(http://www.vlsiworld.com/index.php?option=com_glossary&fun
    c=display&Itemid=44&catid=30/)
    DesignofVLSISystems(http://lsiwww.epfl.ch/LSI2001/teaching/webcourse/toc.html)
    CompleteVLSIDesignFlow(http://www.iivdt.com/VLSITrainingInstituteSyllabus.html)
    Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verylargescale_integration&oldid=760176189"
    Categories: Telecommunicationsengineering Integratedcircuits
    Thispagewaslastmodifiedon15January2017,at12:02.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verylargescale_integration

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