Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Non-conventional Energy Sources
Author: G. D. Rai
Publisher: Khanna Publishers
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
ISBN: 8174090738
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
6 Wind Energy
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16
8 Geothermal Energy
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29
30
14 Thermionic Generation
38
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.7.1
3.6.1
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11
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20
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32
35
38
Chapter 2
Solar radiation and its
Measurement
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6
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10
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12
// Ex2 . 4 . 1 . ; D e t r e m i n e l o c a l s o l a r t i m e and
declination
// The l o c a l s o l a r t i m e=IST 4( s t a n d a r d t i m e l o n g i t u d e
l o n g i t u d e o f l o c a t i o n )+E q u a t i o n o f t i m e
correstion
// IST=12h 30 min ; f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c a l c u l a t i o n we
a r e w r i t i n g i t a s a=12h , b=29 min 60 s e c ;
a =12;
b =29.60;
// ( s t a n d a r d t i m e l o n g i t u d e l o n g i t u d e o f l o c a t i o n ) =82
d e g r e e 30 min 77 d e g r e e 30 min ;
// f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c a l c u l a t i o n we a r e w r i t i n g i t
as
STL3 =82.5 -72.5;
// E q u a t i o n o f t i m e c o r r e s t i o n : 1 min 01 s e c
// f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c a l c u l a t i o n we a r e w r i t i n g i t
as
c =1.01;
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// The l o c a l s o l a r t i m e=IST 4( s t a n d a r d t i m e l o n g i t u d e
l o n g i t u d e o f l o c a t i o n )+E q u a t i o n o f t i m e
correstion
LST =b - STL3 - c ;
printf ( The l o c a l s o l a r t i m e=%f . %f i n h r . min . s e c ,a
, LST ) ;
// D e c l i n a t i o n d e l t a can be o b t a i n by c o o p e r s eqn :
d e l t a = 2 3 . 4 5 s i n ( ( 3 6 0 / 3 6 5 ) (284+ n ) )
n =170; // ( on June 1 9 )
// l e t
a =(360/365) *(284+ n ) ; aa =( a * %pi ) /180;
// t h e r e f o r e
delta =23.45* sin ( aa ) ;
printf ( \n d e l t a=%f d e g r e e , delta ) ;
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// Ex2 . 7 . 1 . ; D e t e r m i n e t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s o f r a d i a t i o n
on a h o r i z o n t a l s u r f a c e
// D e c l i n a t i o n d e l t a f o r June 2 2 = 2 3 . 5 d e g r e e , s u n r i c e
h o u r a n g l e ws
delta =(23.5* %pi ) /180; // u n i t=r a d i a n s
fie =(10* %pi ) /180;; // u n i t=r a d i a n s
// S u n r i c e h o u r a n g l e ws=a c o s d ( t a n ( f i e ) t a n ( d e l t a ) )
ws = acosd ( - tan ( fie ) * tan ( delta ) ) ;
printf ( S u n r i c e h o u r a n g l e ws=%f D e g r e e , ws ) ;
n =172; //=d a y s o f t h e y e a r ( f o r June 2 2 )
//We have t h e r e l a t i o n f o r A v e r a g e i n s o l a t i o n a t t h e
top o f the atmosphere
//Ho=(24/ %pi ) I s c [ { 1 + 0 . 0 3 3 ( 3 6 0 n / 3 6 5 ) } ( ( c o s ( f i e )
c o s ( d e l t a ) s i n ( ws ) ) +(2 %pi ws / 3 6 0 ) s i n ( f i e ) s i n (
delta ) ) ]
Isc =1353; // S I u n i t=W/m2
ISC =1165; //MKS u n i t=k c a l / h r m2
// l e t
a =24/ %pi ;
aa =(360*172) /365; aaa =( aa * %pi ) /180;
b = cos ( aaa ) ; bb =0.033* b ; bbb =1+ bb ;
c =(10* %pi ) /180; c1 = cos ( c ) ;
cc =(23.5* %pi ) /180; cc1 = cos ( cc ) ;
ccc =(94.39* %pi ) /180; ccc1 = sin ( ccc ) ;
c = c1 * cc1 * ccc1 ;
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36
Chapter 3
Solar Energy Collectors
Scilab code Exa 3.6.1 Solar altitude angle and Incident angle and Collector efficiency
1
// Ex3 . 6 . 1 . ; c a l c u l a t e : s o l a r a l t i t u d e a n g l r , I n c i d e n t
angle , C o l l e c t o r e f f i c i e n c y
2
3 // S o l a r d e c l i n a t i o n : d e l t a
4 n =1
5 delta =23.45* sin ((360/365) *(284+ n ) ) ;
6 printf ( S o l a r d e c l i n a t i o n d e l t a=%f d e g r e e , delta ) ;
7 fie =22; // d e g r e e
8 // s o l a r h o u r a n g l e ws =0 ,( a t mean o f 1 1 : 3 0 and 1 2 : 3 0 )
9 ws =0;
10 // S o l a r a l t i t u d e a n g l r a l p h a i s g i v e n by
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12 // a l p h a=a s i n d ( ( ( c o s ( f i e ) c o s ( d e l t a ) c o s ( ws ) ) +( s i n (
f i e ) sin ( delta ) ) )
13 // l e t
14 a = cos ((22* %pi ) /180) * cos (( -23* %pi ) /180) * cos (0) ;
15 b = sin ((22* %pi ) /180) * sin (( -23* %pi ) /180) ;
16 // t h e r e f o r e
17 sin_alpha = a + b ;
18 printf ( \n s i n a p l h a=%f , sin_alpha ) ;
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/180) * cos (0) ) +( sin (((22* %pi ) /180) -(37* %pi ) /180) *
sin (( -23* %pi ) /180) ) ) / sin_alpha ;
printf ( \n Rb=%f , Rb ) ;
// E f f e c t i v e a b s o r p t a n c e p r o d u c t i s <t . a l p h a >=t . a l p h a
/ 1(1 a l p h a ) pd
pd =0.24; // D i f f u s e r e f l e c t a n c e f o r two g l a s s c o v e r s
// l e t TA=<t . a l p h a >
TA =(0.88*0.90) /(1 -(1 -0.90) * pd ) ;
printf ( \n E f f e c t i v e a b s o r p t a n c e p r o d u c t i s <t . a l p h a
>=%f , TA ) ;
// S o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n t e n s i t y ( c o n s i d e r beam r a d i a t i o n
only )
//Hb=0.5 l y /mm = 0 . 5 c a l /cm2 min
Hb =((0.5*10^4) /10^3) *60; // u n i t=k c a l /m2 h r
printf ( \n Hb=%f k c a l /m2 h r , Hb ) ;
Hb = Hb *1.163; // u n i t=W/m2 h r ;
[ since 1 kcal =
1 . 1 6 3 watt ]
printf ( \n Hb=%f W/m2 h r , Hb ) ;
// S=HbRb< t . a l p h a >
S = Hb * Rb * TA ;
printf ( \n S=%f W/m2 h r ,S ) ;
s = S /1.163;
printf ( \n S=%f k c a l /m2 h r ,s ) ;
// U s e f u l g a i n
// qu=FR( SUL ( T f i Ta ) )
qu =0.810*( s -(6.80*(60 -15) ) )
printf ( \n qu=%f k c a l /m2 h r , qu ) ;
//Qu=FR( SUL ( T f i Ta ) )
Qu =0.810*( S -(7.88*(60 -15) ) )
printf ( \n qu=%f W/m2 h r , Qu ) ;
// C o l l e c t i o n E f f i c i e n c y
: nc =(qu / ( HbRb ) ) 1 0 0 ;
10
51 nc =(28.07/(300* Rb ) ) *100;
52 printf ( \n C o l l e c t i o n E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r s e n t , nc ) ;
53
54
55 // v a l u e s o f s i n e a l p h a i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s t a k e n
Scilab code Exa 3.9.1 Useful gain and exit fluid temperature and collection efficiency
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// c a l c u l a t e t h e u s e f u l g a i n , e x i t f l u i d t e m p e r a t u r e
and c o l l e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y
// O p t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e e s t i m a t e d a s
p =0.85;
// (T . a l p h a ) = 0 . 7 7 ; l e t A=(T . a l p h a )
A =0.77
gama =0.94;
Do =0.06;
L =8; // u n i t=meter , / / L=l e n g t h o f c o n c e n t r a t o r
W =2; //W=w i d t h o f c o n c e n t r a t o r i n m e t e r
dco =0.09; // dco=d i a m e t e r o f t r a n s p a a r e n t c o v e r
Ar = %pi * Do * L ; // Ar=a r e a o f t h e r e c e i v e r p i p e
A_alpha =( W - dco ) * L ; // a p e r t u r e a r e a o f t h e
concentration
Cp =0.30; // u n i t=k c a l / kg d e g r e e c a l c i u s
m =400; // u n i t=kg / hr ,m=f l o w r a t e
HbRb =600; // u n i t=k c a l / h r m2
Tfi =150; // d e g r e e c a l c i u s
T_alpha =25; // d e g r e e c a l c i u s
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t from f l u i d i n s i d e t o
surroundings ,
Uo =5.2; // u n i t=k c a l / hrm2
// Heat t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t from a b s o r b e r c o v e r
s u r f a c e to surroundings ,
UL =6; // u n i t=k c a l / hrm2
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F =( Uo / UL ) ;
// Heat removed f a c t o r FR i s
//FR=((mCp ) / ( ArUL) ) (1 (%e (( ArULF ) / (mCp ) ) ) )
// l e t X=(mCp ) / ( ArUL) ; Y=(%e (( ArULF ) / (mCp ) ) )
X =( m * Cp ) /(1.51* UL *0.86) ;
Y = %e ^( -1/ X ) ;
FR = X *0.86*(1 - Y ) ;
// Absorbed s o l a r e n e r g y i s
S = HbRb * p * gama * A ;
printf ( Area o f t h e r e c e i v e r p i p e Ar= %f =1.51 m2 \
n A a p l h a= %f m2= c o l l e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r ,
Ar , A_alpha ) ;
printf ( \n v a l u e o f F= %f ,F ) ;
printf ( \n Heat removed f a c t o r FR=%f \n Absorbed
s o l a r e n e r g y i s \n S=%f k c a l / Hr m2 . . . . . ( MKS) ,
FR , S ) ;
// f o r u n i t i n S . I .
, 1 k c a l / Hr m2 = 1 . 1 6 2 9 8 W/m2
s = S *1.16298; // i n W/m2
printf ( \n S=%f W/m 2 . . . . . ( S I ) ,s ) ;
// t h e v a l u e s o f F , FR w i l l be same i n any u n i t , s i n c e
they are f a c t o r s ( d i m e n s i o n l e s s )
// U s e f u l Gain=Qu=A a l p h a FR ( S (( ArUL) / A a l p h a ) (
T f i T a l p h a ) )
// I n MKS u n i t
Qu = A_alpha * FR *( S -((1.51* UL ) / A_alpha ) *( Tfi - T_alpha ) )
printf ( \n u s e f u l g a i n i n (MKS) Qu=%f k c a l / h r , Qu ) ;
// IN S I u n i t
qu = A_alpha * FR *( s -((1.51*6.98) / A_alpha ) *( Tfi - T_alpha )
) //UL=6.98 W/m2 d e g r e e c e l c i u s
printf ( \n u s e f u l g a i n i n ( S I ) Qu=%f Watt , qu ) ;
// t h e e x i t f l u i d t e m p e r a t u r e can be o b t a i n e d from
tci =150; // d e g r e e c e l c i u s
tco = tci +( Qu /( m * Cp ) ) ; // from Qu=mCp( t c o t c ) ; where ,
t c o= c o l l e c t o r f l u i d temp . a t o u t l e t , t c i =F l u i d
i n l e t temp .
n =( Qu /(16* HbRb ) ) *100; // n c o l l e c t o r =Qu/ ( A a l p h a HbRb )
100;
printf ( \n c o l l e c t o r f l u i d temp . a t o u t l e t
t c o=%f
12
d e g r e e c e l c i u s \n n c o l l e c t o r = %f p e r c e n t ,tco , n
);
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51
// The v a l u e s / r e s u l t s / a n s w e r s i s a p p r o x i m a t e i n t h e
t e x t book t o t h e r e a l c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e
13
Chapter 6
Wind Energy
// Ex . 6 . 2 . 1 .
// For a i r , t h e v a l u e o f g a s c o n s t a n t
R =0.287 // u n i t=k j / kg K
//T=15 i n d e g r e e c a l c i u s
T =15+273; // i n k a l v i n
RT =0.287*10^3*288;
P =1.01325*10^5; // u n i t=Pa ; a t 1 atm
Vi =15; // u n i t=m/ s
gc =1;
D =120; // t u r b i n e d i a m e t e r ; u n i t=m
N =40/60;
// A i r d e n s i t y
p =( P / RT ) ;
printf ( A i r d e n s i t y p=%f kg /M3 ,p ) ;
// 1 ] T o t a l p o w e r= P t o t a l=pA Vi 3 / 2 g c
// power d e n s i t y =P t o t a l /A=p Vi 3 / 2 g c
power_density =(1/(2* gc ) ) *( p * Vi ^3) ;
// 2 ] M a x i m u m p o w e r d e n s i t y=Pmax/A=8p Vi 3 / 2 7 g c
Maximum_power_density =(8/(27* gc ) ) *( p * Vi ^3) ;
printf ( \n power d e n s i t y =P t o t a l /A= %f W/m2 \n
Maximum power d e n s i t y=Pmax/A= %f W/m2 ,
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power_density , Maximum_power_density ) ;
// 3 ] Assuming n=35%
n =0.35;
// l e t P/A=x
x = n *( power_density ) ;
printf ( \n P/A=%f W/m2 ,x ) ;
// 4 ] T o t a l power P= power d e n s i t y Area
Total_power_P =724*( %pi /4) *( D ^2) // T o t a l power P=
power d e n s i t y ( %pi / 4 ) D2
printf ( \n T o t a l p o w e r P=%f w a t t=%f10 3 kW ,
Total_power_P , Total_power_P ) ;
// 5 ] Torgue a t maximum e f f i c i e n c y
Tmax =(2/(27* gc ) ) *((1.226* D * Vi * Vi * Vi ) / N ) ; //Tmax
= ( 2 / ( 2 7 g c ) ) ( ( pD Vi Vi Vi ) /N) ;
printf ( \n Torgue a t maximum e f f i c i e n c y =%f Newton ,
Tmax )
// and maximum a x i a l t h u r s t
Fxmax =(3.14/(9* gc ) ) *1.226* D ^2* Vi ^2; // Fxmax=(%pi / ( 9
g c ) ) pD2 Vi 2 ;
printf ( \n maximum a x i a l t h u r s t=%f Newton , Fxmax ) ;
15
Chapter 7
Energy from Biomass
Scilab code Exa 7.15.1 Volume of biogas digester and power available
from the digester
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Mj/ day ,E ) ;
E = E *0.2728; // u n i t=kWh/ day
printf ( =%f kWh/ day ,E ) ;
E = E *41.8 // u n i t=W( c o n t i n u o u s t h e r m a l )
printf ( =%f W( c o n t i n u o u s t h e r m a l ) ,E ) ;
17
Chapter 8
Geothermal Energy
// Ex8 . 5 . 1 . ; c a l c u l a t e : steam f l o w r a t e , c o o l i n g w a t e r
f l o w , p l a n t e f f i c i e n c y , Heat r a t e
// E n t h a l p y a t p o i n t 1 a t ( 3 1 kg /cm 2 ) = 6 6 9 . 6 k c a l / kg
//H1=H2=H3 , e n t h a l p y r e m a i n c o n s t a n t d u r i n g
throttling
H1 =669.7; // u n i t= k c a l / kg
H2 =669.7; // u n i t= k c a l / kg
H3 =669.7; // u n i t= k c a l / kg
// At p o i n t 3 ,
P3 =9.55; // u n i t= kg /cm2
// s p e c i f i c volume
vs3 =0.22; // u n i t=m3/ kg
// Entropy
S3 =1.580
T3 =190; // u n i t=d e g r e e C , ( d e g r e e o f s u p e r h e a t =13
d e g r e e C)
// S 4 s a t 0 . 3 4 kg /cm2=S3
// x 4 s = 0 . 8 3 8
// and H 4 s=h s+xL
H4_s =72+(0.838*556)
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Scilab code Exa 8.5.2 Cycle efficiency and Plant Heat Rate
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// Ex8 . 5 . 2 . ; c a l c u l a t e : h o t w a t e r f l o w , c o n d e n s e r
c o o l i n g water flow , c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y , plant heat
rate .
H1 =669.6; // u n i t=k c a l / kg
H2 =669.6; // u n i t=k c a l / kg
// p r e s s u r e a t p o i n t 2 , i s 1 0 . 5 kg /cm 2 ; t h u s ,
T2 =195; // u n i t=d e g r e e c e l c i u s ; ( 1 4 d e g r e e c e l c i u s o f
superheat )
s2 =1.567;
vsup =0.27;
x3s =0.832;
H3s =535; // u n i t=k c a l / kg
// I s e n t r o p i c t u r b i n e work
ITW = H2 - H3s ;
printf ( I s e n t r o p i c t u r b i n e work=%f k c a l / kg , ITW ) ;
// A c t u a l t u r b i n e work
ATW =0.65* ITW ;
printf ( \n A c t u a l t u r b i n e work=%f k c a l / kg , ATW ) ;
H3 =669.6 - ATW ;
printf ( \n H3=%f k c a l / kg , H3 )
// h 4 5( i g n o r e bpump work )
h4 =72.4; // u n i t=k c a l / kg
// h6 a t 27 d e g r e e c
h6 =27; // u n i t=k c a l / kg
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// T u r b i n e steam f l o w o r h o t w a t e r f l o w=power o u t p u t /
a c t u a l t u r b i n e work
TSF =(10*10^6*0.86) / ATW ;
printf ( \n T u r b i n e steam f l o w o r h o t w a t e r f l o w=%f
kg / h r , TSF ) ;
// c o n s i d e r c o o l i n g w a t e r f l o w m4 : m3 ( H3h4 )=m4( h4
h6 )
// o r
m4 =((582.11 -72.4) *0.983*10^5) /(72.4 -27) ;
printf ( \n c o o l i n g w a t e r f l o w=%f kg / h r , m4 ) ;
Heat_added = H1 - h4
printf ( \n H e a t a d d e d=%f k c a l / kg , Heat_added ) ;
// p l a n t e f f i c i e n c y =T u r b i n e work / Heat added
Plant_efficiency =( ATW / Heat_added ) ;
plant_efficiency = Plant_efficiency *100;
printf ( \n P l a n t E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r s e n t ,
plant_efficiency ) ;
// P l a n t h e a t r a t e =860/ P l a n t E f f i c i e n c y
Plant_heat_rate =860/ Plant_efficiency ;
printf ( \n P l a n t h e a t r a t e=%f k c a l /kWh ,
Plant_heat_rate ) ;
21
Chapter 9
Energy from the Oceans
// Ex9 . 3 . 5 . 1 . ; C a l c u l a t e Energy g e n e r a t e d
R =12; // u n i t=m; R i s t h e r a n g e
r =3; // u n i t=m; t h e head b e l o w t u r b i n e s t o p s o p e r a t i n g
time =(44700/2) ;
A =30*10^6;
g =9.80;
p =1025;
// The t o t a l t h e o r e t i c a l work W= i n t e g r a t e ( 1 , w , R , r
);
W =( g * p * A *(( R ^2) -( r ^2) ) ) /2;
printf ( W=%f ,W ) ;
// The a v e r a g e power g e n e r a t e d
Pav = W / time ; // u n i t=w a t t s
printf ( \n The a v e r a g e power g e n e r a t e d=%f w a t t s , Pav
);
pav =( Pav /1000) *3600; // u n i t=kWh
printf ( \n The a v e r a g e power g e n e r a t e d=%f kWh , pav )
// t h e e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d
Energy_generated = pav *0.73
printf ( \n Energy g e n e r a t e d=%f kWh , Energy_generated
);
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Chapter 10
Chemical Energy Sources
Scilab code Exa 10.2.8.1 Reversible Voltage for Hydrogen oxygen fuel cell
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// Ex10 . 2 . 8 . 1 ; Find R e v e r s i b l e v o l t a g e f o r h y d r o g e n
oxygen f u e l c e l l
del_G = -237.3*10^3; // J o u l e s /gmmole o f H2
// R e v e r s i b l e v o l t a f e E o f a c e l l i s g i v e n by =
d e l W r e v /nF=d e l G /nF
// s i n c e 2 e l e c t r o n s a r e t r a n s f e r r e d p e r m o l e c u l e o f
H2 . t h u s
n =2;
F =96500; // Faraday s c o n s t a n t
E = - del_G /( n * F ) ;
printf ( R e v e r s i b l e v o l t a g e=%f v o l t s ,E ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2.8.2 Voltage output and efficiency and heat transfer
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// Ex10 . 2 . 8 . 2 ; c a l c u l a t e v o l t a g e o u t p u t o f c e l l ,
e f f i c i e n c y , e l e c t r i c work o u t p u t , h e a t t r a n s f e r t o
the surroundings
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3 // 1 ] v o l t a g e o u t p u t o f c e l l
4 del_G = -237.3*10^3; // J o u l e s /gmmole o f H2
5 n =2;
6 F =96500; // Faraday s c o n s t a n t
7 E = - del_G /( n * F ) ;
8 printf ( E=%f v o l t s ,E ) ;
9 // 2 ] E f f i c i e n c y
10 // nmax=del Wmax/( d e l H ) 25 d e g r e e c e l c u i s = ( d e l G )
T/( d e l H ) 25
11 del_G_at298k = -56690; // u n i t=k c a l / kg mole
12 del_H_at298k = -68317; // u n i t=k c a l / kg mole
13 nmax = del_G_at298k / del_H_at298k ,
14 printf ( \n nmax=%f , nmax ) ;
15 // 3 ] E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole
16 F =(96500/4.184) ;
17 del_Wrever =( n * F * E ) ;
18 printf ( \n E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole=%f k c a l / kg
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mole , del_Wrever ) ;
// 4 ] Heat t r a n s f e r t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s
// t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i s Q=T d e l s=d e l H a t 2 9 8 k
del G at298k
Q = del_H_at298k - del_G_at298k ;
printf ( \n The h e a t t r a n s f e r i s Q=%f k c a l / kg mole ,Q
);
// The n e g a t i v e s i g n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e h e a t i s
removed from t h e c e l l and t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e
surrounding
// v a l u e o f E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole i s
a p p r o x i m a t e i n t h e t e x t book t o t h e r e a l
calculated value
Scilab code Exa 10.2.8.3 Voltage output and efficiency and heat transferred
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1 // Ex10 . 2 . 8 . 3 ; The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g
2 del_G_at298k = -237191; // u n i t=kJ / kg mole
3 del_H_at298k = -285838; // u n i t=kJ / kg mole
4 ne =2;
5 F =96500; // Faraday s c o n s t a n t
6 E = - del_G_at298k /( ne * F ) ;
7 printf ( E=%f v o l t s ,E ) ;
8 nmax = del_G_at298k / del_H_at298k ,
9 printf ( \n nmax=%f , nmax ) ;
10 nmax = nmax *100;
11 printf ( =%f p e r s e n t , nmax ) ;
12 // E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole o f t h e f u l e i s We=
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d e l G kJ / kg mole
We = del_G_at298k ; // kJ / kg mole
printf ( \n E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole o f t h e f u l e
i s We=%f kJ / kg mole , We ) ;
// s i n c e t h e r e i s 1 mol o s H2O f o r e a c h mole o f f u l e ,
t h e r e i s a l s o a work o u t p u t o f 2 3 7 1 9 1 kJ / kg mole
// Heat t r a n s f e r r e d i s Q=T d e l s=d e l H a t 2 9 8 k
del G at298k
Q = del_H_at298k - del_G_at298k ;
printf ( \n The h e a t t r a n s f e r i s Q=%f kJ / kg mole ,Q ) ;
// The n e g a t i v e s i g n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e h e a t i s
removed from t h e c e l l and t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e
surrounding
// v a l u e o f E l e c t r i c work o u t p u t p e r mole i s
m i s p r i n t e d i n t h e t e x t book .
Scilab code Exa 10.2.8.4 Gibbs free energy and Entropy change
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// Ex10 . 2 . 8 . 4 ; c a l c u l a t e d e l G , d e l S , d e l H ;
//We have t h e r e l a t i o n d e l G=nFE
// where , d e l G=g i b b s f r e e e n e r g y o f t h e s y s t e m a t 1
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// v a l u e a r e t a k e n a p p r o x i m a t e i n t h e t e x t book t o
the r e a l c a l c u l a t e d value
// Ex10 . 2 . 8 . 5 ; h e a t t r a n s f e r r a t e would be i n v o l v e d
under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s
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3 del_G_at25degree_celcius = -195500; // u n i t=c a l /gm mole
4 del_H_at25degree_celcius = -212800; // u n i t=c a l /gm mole
5 F =(96500/4.184) ; // s i n c e F=96500 c o u l o m b s /gmmole
6 n =8
7 E_at25degree_celcius = - del_G_at25degree_celcius /( n * F )
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; // J o u l e s / coulomb
printf ( E a t 2 5 d e g r e e c e l c i u s =%f v o l t s = 1 . 0 6 0 v o l t s ,
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E_at25degree_celcius ) ;
//Max . e f f i c i e n c y nmax=del Wmax/( d e l H ) a t 2 5 d e g r e e
c e l c u i s = ( d e l G )T/( d e l H ) 25
nmax = del_G_at25degree_celcius /
del_H_at25degree_celcius ;
printf ( \n nmax=%f , nmax ) ;
// v o l t a g e e f f i c i e n c y nv=on l o a d v o l t a g e / open c i r c u i t
v o l t a g e=O p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e / T h e o r e t i c a l v o l t a g e
Theoretical_voltage =1.060/0.92;
printf ( \n T h e o r e t i c a l v o l t a g e =%f v o l t s ,
Theoretical_voltage ) ;
// power d e v e l o p e d =100 kW=100103 W
power_developed =(100*10^3) *0.86; // u n i t=k c a l / h r ;
s i n c e 1 w a t t=1 j o u l e / s e c =0.86 k c a l / h r
printf ( \n p o w e r d e v e l o p e d=%f k c a l / h r ,
power_developed ) ;
del_G = -195500;
// R e q u i r e d f l o w r a t e o f Methane
R_F_R_O_M =( power_developed *16) / del_G ; // kg / h r ;
// ( methane m o l e s ) =16
printf ( \n f l o w r a t e o f Methane=%f kg / h r , R_F_R_O_M )
;
// Heat t r a n s f e r Q=T 8 d e l s=d e l H+d e l w=d e l H d e l G
Q = del_H_at25degree_celcius - del_G_at25degree_celcius ;
printf ( \n The h e a t t r a n s f e r i s Q=%f k c a l / kg mole ,Q
);
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// The v a l u e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e i n t h e t e x t book t o t h e
real calculated value
28 // v a l u e o f R e q u i r e d f l o w r a t e o f methane i s wrong
i n t h e t e x t book .
29 // v a l u e o f Heat t r a n s f e r i s wrong i n t h e t e x t book
.
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Chapter 12
Magneto Hydro Dynamic
Power Generation
Scilab code Exa 12.6.1 Open circuit voltage and maximum power output
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Chapter 13
Thermo Electric Power
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// Ex13 . 2 . 1 . ; P e l t i e r h e a t s a b s o r b e d and r e j e c t e d
// p e l t i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s a t t h e s e j u n c t i o n s a r e
a p l h a p 1 2= a l p h a s 1 2T
// L e t A=a l p h a s 1 2 a t 373 k =5510 6 v / d e g r e e k and
B=a l p h a s 1 2 a t 273 k =5010 6 v / d e g r e e k
A =(55*10^ -6) ;
B =(50*10^ -6) ;
T1 =373; // k
T2 =273; // k
I =10*10^ -3; // c u r r e n t ; u n i t=Ampere
alpha_p_1_2_at_373k = A * T1 ;
alpha_p_1_2_at_273k = B * T2 ;
printf ( a l p h a p 1 2 a t 3 7 3 k=%f W/amp \n
a l p h a p 1 2 a t 2 7 3 k=%f W/amp , alpha_p_1_2_at_373k
= A * T1 , alpha_p_1_2_at_273k = B * T2 ) ;
// P e l t i e r h e a t s a b s o r n e d and r e j e c t e d t o be
q2_peltier = alpha_p_1_2_at_373k * I ;
q1_peltier = alpha_p_1_2_at_273k * I ;
printf ( \n q 2 p e l t i e r =%f w \n q 1 p e l t i e r =%f W ,
q2_peltier , q1_peltier ) ;
c = q2_peltier - q1_peltier ;
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printf ( \n I f no o t h e r h e a t t r a n s f e r w e r e i n v o l v e d ,
the d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s e vaues , );
18 printf ( \n %f%f=%f W, would be s u p p l i e d a s e l e c t r i c
power , q2_peltier , q1_peltier , c ) ;
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// Ex . 1 3 . 3 . 2 . ; Find t h e thomson h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d
// L e t D=d a l p h a s 1 /dT ;
D =5.4*10^ -3; // u n i t=m i c r o V/ d e g r e e k 2
T1 =273; // u n i t=k
T2 =373; // u n i t=k
I =10*10^ -3; // u n i t=A
// Thomson c o e f f i c i e n t sigma , v a r i e s w i t h temp .
// s i g m a 1 o f T=TD ; u n i t=V/ d e g r e e k
// The thomson h e a t i s g i v e n by e q u a t i o n
// q t h=I I n t e g r a t i o n o f s i g m a 1 o f T w . r . t . T
Integration = integrate ( T , T ,T1 , T2 ) ;
qth = I * D * Integration ;
printf ( The THOMSON HEAT=%f m i c r o W , qth ) ;
// Ex13 . 4 . 1 . ; D e t e r m i n e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
t h e r m o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r . what w i l l be i t s c a r n o t
efficiency
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3 TH =600; // d e g r e e k ; / / t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t
of source
4 TC =300; // d e g r e e k ; / / t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s i n k
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reservior
5 Z =2*(10^ -3) ; // 1/ d e g r e e k ; / / F i g u r e o f m e r i t
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f o r the
material
M_optimum =(1+(( Z /2) *( TH + TC ) ) ) ^0.5;
printf ( M optimum=%f , M_optimum ) ;
// E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t h e r m o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r i s n
= ( ( (THTC) /TH) ( ( M optimum 1) / ( M optimum+(TC/TH) )
) 100;
a =(( TH - TC ) / TH ) ;
b =( M_optimum -1) /( M_optimum +( TC / TH ) ) ;
n = a * b *100;
printf ( \n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t h e r m o e l e c t r i c
g e n e r a t o r i s n=%f p e r s e n t ,n ) ;
// where a s e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c a r n o t c y c l e (
r e v e r s i b l e ) nc =((THTC) /TH) 100
nc = a *100;
printf ( \n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c a r n o t c y c l e (
r e v e r s i b l e ) nc=%f p e r s e n t , nc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.4.2 Maximum generator efficiency and Power Output
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// Ex13 . 4 . 1 2 . ; C a l c u l a r e maximum g e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y
and t h e e f f i c i e n c y f o r maximum power , power o u t p u t
// s e e d b e c k c o e f f i c i e n t ( a l p h a s ) ; u n i t= v o l t s / d e g r e e
celcius
alpha_s1 = -190*10^ -6; // nt y p e
alpha_s2 =190*10^ -6; // pt y p e
// S p e c i f i c r e s i s t i v i t y ( p ) ; u n i t=Ohmcm
p1 =1.45*10^ -3; // nt y p e
p2 =1.8*10^ -3; // pt y p e
// F i g u r e o f m e r i t ( Z ) ; u n i t=d e g r e e k1
Z1 =2*10^ -3; // nt y p e
Z2 =1.7*10^ -3; // pt y p e
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14 // c o n d u c t i v i t y ( nt y p e ) ,
15 k1 =( alpha_s1 ^2) /( p1 * Z1 ) ;
16 // s i m i l a r l y
17 k2 =( alpha_s2 ^2) /( p2 * Z2 ) ;
18 printf ( C o n d u c t i v i t y k1=%f W/cm d e g r e e
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c e l c i u s \n
C o n d u c t i v i t y k2=%f W/cm d e g r e e c e l c i u s ,k1 , k2 ) ;
// Z o p t =(( a l p h a s 1 a l p h a s 2 ) 2 ) / [ ( p1 k1 ) 2+( p2 k2 )
2];
// l e t
a =( alpha_s1 - alpha_s2 )
b =( p1 * k1 )
c =( p2 * k2 )
A = sqrt ( b )
B = sqrt ( c )
C =( A + B ) ;
// / t h e r e f o r e
Z_opt =( a / C ) ^2;
printf ( \n Z o p t=%f d e g r e e k , Z_opt ) ;
// Thermal c o n d u c t a n c e
A1 =2.3; //cm2
A2 =1.303; //cm2
l1 =1.5; //cm
l2 =0.653; //cm
K =(( k1 * A1 ) / l1 ) +(( k2 * A2 ) / l2 )
printf ( \n Thermal c o n d u c t a n c e K=%f W/ d e g r e e c e l c i u s
,K ) ;
//R=R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r=R1+R2
R =(( p1 * l1 ) / A1 ) +(( p2 * l2 ) / A2 ) ;
printf ( \n R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e g e n e r a t o r R=%f ohm ,R ) ;
TH =923; // u n i t=k
TC =323; // u n i t=k
M_opt =(1+(( Z_opt /2) *( TH + TC ) ) ) ^0.5;
printf ( \n M opt=%f ohm , M_opt ) ;
RL = M_opt * R ;
printf ( \n RL=%f ohms , RL ) ;
// Optimum e f f i c i e n c y n o p t = ( ( (THTC) /TH) ( ( M opt 1)
/ ( M opt +(TC/TH) ) ) 1 0 0 ;
aa =(( TH - TC ) / TH ) ;
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48 // t a k i n g M opt =1.43
49 b =(1.43 -1) /(1.43+( TC / TH ) ) ;
50 n_opt = aa * b *100;
51 printf ( \n Optimum e f f i c i e n c y
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n o p t=%f p e r s e n t ,
n_opt ) ;
// e f f i c i e n c y f o r max . power o u t p u t n= (THTC) /TH) m
/ [ ( ( 1 +m) 2/TH) (KR/ a l p h a s 1 2 2 ) +(1+m) (THTC) /2
TH) ]
// E f f i c i e n c y power o u t p u t
//RL=R i . e . m=1
// l e t ab=(1+m) 2/TH ; a c =(KR/ a l p h a s 1 2 2 ) ; ad=(THTC)
/2TH
m =1;
ab =4/ TH ;
ac =1/ Z_opt ;
ad = aa /2;
n_max =[ aa /( ab * ac +2 - ad ) ]*100;
printf ( \n max . power o u t p u t n max %f p e r s e n t , n_max
)
// Power o u t p u t P o p t=I 2RL=a l p h a s 1 2 2 (THTC) RL/ (R
+RL) 2= a l p h a s 1 2 2 (THTC) /(1+ M opt ) 2RL
// l e t a t=a l p h a s 1 2 2 (THTC) ; mi=(1+M opt ) 2RL
at = a * a *( TH - TC ) *( TH - TC ) ;
ml =(1+1.43) *(1+1.43) *2.63*10^ -3
P_opt = at / ml ;
printf ( \n Power o u t p u t P o p t=%f w a t t s , P_opt ) ;
// f o r max . power P max (RL=R)
// P max=a l p h a s 1 2 2 (THTC) RL/ ( r+RL) 2= a l p h a s 1 2 2 (
THTC)RL4RL
P_max = at /(4*1.84*10^ -3) ;
printf ( \n max . power P max=%f w a t t s , P_max ) ;
//Many c a l c u a t i n g m i s t a k a r e t h e r e i n a f o l l o w i n g
example , which i s c o r r e c t e d i n program .
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// Ex . 1 3 . 4 . 3 ; maximum e f f i c i e n c y , no . o f t h e r m o c o u p l e
i n s e r i e s , open c k t v o l t a g e , h e a t i /p and r e j e c t a t
f u l l load .
kA =0.02; // u n i t=w a t t /cm d e g r e e k e l v i n
kB =0.03; // u n i t=w a t t /cm d e g r e e k e l v i n
pA =0.01; // u n i t=ohm cm
pB =0.012; // u n i t=ohm cm
TH =1500; // u n i t=d e g r e e k e l v i n
TC =1000; // u n i t=d e g r e e k e l v i n
AA =43.5; // u n i t=cm2
AB =48.6; // u n i t=cm2
LA =0.49; // u n i t=cm
LB =0.49; // u n i t=cm
I =20*48.6; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n t h e e l e m e n t l i m i t e d
to , I =20 amp/cm2
output =100; // u n i t=kW
// alpha SAB a t 1 2 5 0 d e g r e e k e l v i n = 0 . 0 0 1 2 v o l t / d e g r e e
k e l v i n=alpha SA a l p h a S B
alpha_SAB =0.0012; // u n i t=v o l t / d e g r e e k e l v i n
// l e t
b =( pA * kA ) ;
c =( pB * kB ) ;
A = sqrt ( b ) ;
B = sqrt ( c ) ;
C =( A + B ) ;
// f i g u r e o f m e r i t
Z =( alpha_SAB / C ) ^2;
printf ( Z=%f d e g r e e k1 ,Z ) ;
M =(1+(( Z /2) *( TH + TC ) ) ) ^0.5;
printf ( \n M=%f ,M ) ;
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28 // l e t
29 aa =(( TH - TC ) / TH ) ;
30 bb =( M -1) /( M +( TC / TH ) ) ;
31 // 1 ] MAx. e f f i c i e n c y o f a t h e r m o e l e c t r i c
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converter
i s g i v e n by n max =((THTC) /TH) [ (M1) / (M+(TC/TH) )
]100;
n_max = aa * bb *100;
printf ( \n Maximum e f f i c i e n c y n max=%f p e r s e n t ,
n_max ) ;
// 2 ] No . o f t h e r m o c o u p l e i n s e r i e s
V = alpha_SAB *( TH - TC ) ;
printf ( \n V=%f v o l t ,V ) ;
R =(( pA * LA ) / AA ) +(( pB * LB ) / AB ) ; // s i n c e R=RA+RB=((pALA
) /AA) +((pBLB) /AB) ;
printf ( \n R=%f ohm ,R ) ;
VL =V -( R * I ) ;
printf ( \n VL=%f v o l t , VL ) ;
//NTCS= t o t a l v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d / v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d by
one c o u p l e
NTCS =115/ VL ;
printf ( \n No . o f t h e r m o c o u p l e i n s e r i e s =%f , NTCS ) ;
// 3 ] Open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e
OCV = V *309;
printf ( \n Open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e=%f v o l t , OCV )
// 4 ] Heat i n p u t and r e j e c t a t f u l l l o a d .
// Heat i n p u t a t f u l l l o a d .= o u t p u t / e f f i c e n c y
=100/0.091
HIFL = output /( n_max /100) ;
printf ( \n Heat i n p u t a t f u l l l o a d=%f kW , HIFL )
// Heat r e j e c t a t f u l l l o a d . =Heat i n p u t Work o u t p u t
HRFL = HIFL - output ;
printf ( \n Heat r e j e c t a t f u l l l o a d=%f kW , HRFL )
// The v a l u e o f pB i s m i s p r i n t e d
// The v a l u e s a r e t a k e n i n t h e t e x t book i s
approximately equal to c a l c u l a t e d values
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Chapter 14
Thermionic Generation
Scilab code Exa 14.4.1 Efficiency of the generator and Carnot efficiency
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// Ex . 1 4 . 4 . 1 . ; C a l c u l a t e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
g e n e r a t o r and a l s o compare w i t h t h e c a r n o t
efficiency
// c a t h o d e work f u n t i o n
flux_c =2.5; // u n i t= v o l t s
// anode work f u n t i o n
flux_a =2; // u n i t= v o l t s
//Temp . o f c a t h o d e
Tc =2000; // u n i t=d e g r e e k
//Temp . o f s u r r o u n d i n g
Ts =1000; // u n i t=d e g r e e k
// p l a s m a p o t e n t a i l d r o p
flux_p =0.1; // u n i t= v o l t s
// Net o u t p u t v o l t a g e
V = flux_c - flux_a - flux_p
printf ( V=%f v o l t ,V ) ;
// c h a r g e o f an e l e c t r o n
e =1.6*10^ -19; // u n i t=coulomb
// b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t
k =1.38*10^ -23; // u n i t= j o u l e / d e g r e e k e l v i n
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20 A =1.20*10^6;
21 // one e l e c t r o n v o l t =1.610 19 j o u l e
22 // The n e t c u r r e n t i n t h e g e n e r a t o r J=J c a t h o d e
J anode
23 // l e t EC=e ( f l u x c / k Tc )
24 EC = %e ^[ -(1.6*10^ -19* flux_c ) /( k * Tc ) ];
25 J_cathode = A *( Tc * Tc ) * EC ; // J c a t h o d e=ATc 2 e ( f l u x c
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/ k Tc )
printf ( \n J c a t h o d e=%f amp/m2 , J_cathode ) ;
// l e t EA=e ( f l u x c / k Ts )
EA = %e ^[ -(1.6*10^ -19* flux_a ) /( k * Ts ) ];
J_anode = A *( Ts ^2) * EA ; // J c a t h o d e=A Ts 2 e ( f l u x c / k
Ts )
printf ( \n J a n o d e=%f amp/m2 , J_anode ) ;
// The n e t c u r r e n t can be t a k e n =Jc , a s Ja can be
n e g l e c t e d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h Jc
J = J_cathode ;
printf ( \n J=%f amp/m2 ,J ) ;
// The h e a t s u p p l i e d t o t h e c a t h o d e Qc/Ac=J ( f l u x c
+((2 k Tc ) / e ) )+s a m e s t i o n o f s i g m a ( Tc4Ts 4 )
// l e t QA=Qc/Ac ; and
a =2.5+((2*1.38*10^ -23*2000) /(1.6*10^ -19) ) ;
b=J*a;
c =(0.2*5.67*(10^ -12) *(10^ -4) *((2000^4) -(1000^4) ) ) ;
// t h e r e f o r e
QA = b + c ; // s i n c e : QA=(J ( 2 . 5 + ( ( 2 ( 1 . 3 8 1 0 2 3 ) 2 0 0 0 )
/ ( 1 . 6 1 0 1 9 ) ) ) ) + ( 0 . 2 5 . 6 7 ( 1 0 1 2 ) (10 4)
( ( 2 0 0 0 4 ) (10004) ) )
printf ( \n The h e a t s u p p l i e d t o t h e c a t h o d e Qc/Ac=%f
w a t t /m2 , QA ) ;
// e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e g e n e r a t o r
ng =(( J * V ) /(7.026*10^6) ) *100;
printf ( \n ng=%f p e r s e n t , ng ) ;
// c a r n o t e f f i c i e n c y t h i s d e v i c e
T1 =2000;
T2 =1000;
T =2000;
nc =(( T1 - T2 ) / T ) *100;
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printf ( \n nc=%f p e r s e n t , nc ) ;
// V a l u e o f The h e a t s u p p l i e d t o t h e c a t h o d e Qc/Ac
i s g i v e n wrong
54 // v a l u e o f c h a r g e e i s t a k e n wrong ; c o r r e c t e d by
g i v i n g v a l u e 1.6 10 19
55 // v a l u e o f J anode i s d i f f e r from c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e .
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