PROTA

PROTA 28th Anniversary Symposium

Seismic Isolation Methods and Practices
Ankara, Feb. 28 & March 1, 2013

Seismic Isolation Principles and Practice

in the Context of European Standards
Michael N. Fardis
University of Patras, Greece

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European Standards (ENs)

Design standards : The Eurocodes
Material standards (steel, ETAs: European Technical
concrete, etc.)
Approvals
Product standards
(Special isolation or
(Structural bearings,
dissipation devices, FRPs,
Antiseismic devices, etc.) prestressing systems, etc.)
Execution standards (e.g., standards for the execution
of concrete or steel structures)
Test standards

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THE EN-EUROCODES
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design

EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite (steel-concrete)

structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures

EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures

EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake
resistance

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EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

INTERRELATION OF EUROCODES
EN1990

Structural safety,
serviceability and
durability

EN1991

Actions on
structures

EN1992

EN1993

EN1994

EN1995

EN1996

EN1999

EN1997

EN1998

Design and
detailing

Geotechnical
and seismic
design

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FLEXIBILITY IN THE EUROCODE SYSTEM

Eurocodes (ECs) or National Annexes cannot allow design with rules
other than those in the ECs.
National choice can be exercised through the National Annex, only where
the Eurocode itself explicitly allows:
1. Choosing a value for a parameter, for which a symbol or range of
values is given in the Eurocode;
2. Choice among alternative classes or models detailed in the Eurocode.
3. Adopting an Informative Annex or referring to alternative national
document.
Items of national choice in 1-2: Nationally Determined Parameters NDPs
National choice through NDPs:

Wherever agreement on single choice cannot be reached;

On issues controlling safety, durability & economy (national

competence) & where geographic or climatic differences exist (eg.
Seismic Hazard)
For cases 1 & 2, the Eurocode itself recommends (in a Note) a choice.
The European Commission will urge countries to adopt
recommendation(s), to minimize diversity within the EU.
If a National Annex does not exercise national choice for a NDP, designer
will make the choice, depending on conditions of the project.

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EC8 Parts
EC8 Part

Title

CEN date

1: EN1998-1 General rules, seismic actions, rules for buildings

Dec. 04

2: EN1998-2 Bridges

Nov. 05

3: EN1998-3 Assessment and retrofitting of buildings

June 05

4: EN1998-4 Silos, tanks, pipelines

July 06

Foundations, retaining structures, geotechnical

5: EN1998-5 aspects

Nov. 04

6: EN1998-6 Towers, masts, chimneys

June 05

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EN 1998-1:2004
General rules, seismic actions, rules for buildings
No. of NDPs
1.
General
_
2.
Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria
2
3.
Ground Conditions and Seismic Action
8
4.
Design of Buildings
7
5.
Specific Rules for Concrete Buildings
11
6.
Specific Rules for Steel Buildings
6
7.
Specific Rules for Steel-Concrete Composite Buildings
4
8.
Specific Rules for Timber Buildings
1
9.
Specific Rules for Masonry Buildings
15
10. Base Isolation
1
Annex A (Informative): Elastic Displacement Response Spectrum
1
Annex B (Informative): Determination of the Target Displacement for Nonlinear
1
Static (Pushover) Analysis
Annex C (Normative): Design of the Slab of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams at
Beam-Column Joints in Moment Resisting Frames

Total:

_
57

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EN 1998-2:2005: Bridges
no of NDPs
1.
Introduction
2.
Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria
8
3.
Seismic Action
4
4.
Analysis
2
5.
Strength Verification
3
6.
Detailing
6
7.
Bridges with Seismic Isolation
4
Annex A (Informative): Probabilities related to the reference seismic action 1

Guidance for the selection of the design seismic action during construction
Annex B (Informative): Relationship between displacement ductility and curvature
1
ductility factors of plastic hinges in concrete piers
1
Annex C (Informative): Estimation of the effective stiffness of reinforced concrete
ductile members
Annex D (Informative): Spatial variability of earthquake ground motion: Model and
1
methods of analysis
Annex E (Informative): Probable material properties and plastic hinge deformation
1
capacities for non-linear analyses
Annex F (Informative): Added mass of entrained water for immersed piers
1
Annex G (Normative): Calculation of capacity design effects
Annex H (Informative): Static nonlinear analysis (Pushover)
1
Annex J (Normative): Variation of design properties of seismic isolator units
2
Annex JJ (Informative): -factors for common isolator types
1
Annex K (Informative): Tests for validation of design properties of seismic isolator units1
Total: 38

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Application of EN1998 rules for seismic isolation

The rules in Section 10 of EN 1998-1:
apply to buildings (and building-like structures).
The rules in Section 7 and Annexes J, JJ & K of EN
1998-2:
apply to bridges only;
are more detailed & up-to-date than those in
EN1998-1.
The parts of Eurocode 8 on tanks, silos, pipelines,
towers, etc:
do not include specific rules for seismic isolation;
for such structures the rules in EN 1998-1, EN
1998-2 on seismic isolation may be applied by
analogy.

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From EN1990 (Eurocode Basis of structural design):

Seismic design situation:

G
j 1

k, j

"" P"" AEd "" 2,i Qk ,i

i 1

Gk , j : Permanent actions (characteristic or nominal values)

j 1
: Prestressing
P

2,iQk ,i : Quasi-permanent values of variable actions (live loads)

AEd AEk : Design Seismic action
AEk: Characteristic Seismic action, : Importance factor of structure

From EN1990:

AEk :Reference Seismic action (Reference exceedance probability

PR in design life TL of structure, or Reference return period TR).

2,i: Residential & office buildings: 2 =0.3;

Shopping or congregation areas in buildings: 2 =0.6;

Storage areas in buildings:2 =0.8;
Roofs: 2 =0.0 (but 2 =0.2 for snow, at altitudes >1000m or in Scandinavia);
Bridges of motorways/roads of national importance:2=0.2 on uniform load;
Bridges for intercity rail links or high speed trains: 2 =0.3;
Other bridges and footbridges: 2 =0.

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Design seismic action in Eurocode 8

The Reference Return Period of the Reference Seismic action
is a NDP, with recommended value of 475yrs (Reference
Probability of Exceedance in a design life of 50yrs: 10%).
The Reference Seismic action is described (in the national
zonation maps) in terms of a single parameter:
the Reference Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) on Rock, agR.
The design ground acceleration on rock, ag, is the reference
PGA times the importance factor: ag = IagR

In addition to the Reference Peak Ground Acceleration on

Rock, the Reference Seismic action is defined in terms of the
Elastic Response Spectrum for 5% damping.

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Elastic Spectra in Eurocode 8

Spectral shape: Given in National Annex as NDP as function of:
Ground type (surface layers, a few tens of m)
Earthquake Magnitude
(possibly) deep geology below surface deposits.
Spectral shape: Has regions of:
Constant response spectral pseudo-acceleration
Constant response spectral pseudo-velocity
Constant response spectral displacement
Recommended: Two types of horiz. spectra from S.European data:
Type 1: High & moderate seismicity (distant EQs, Ms> 5.5);
Type 2: Low seismicity; local EQs (Ms< 5.5).
(High amplification at low T; falls-off sooner with T).
Detailed ground classification (5 standard ground types defined on
the basis of shear-wave velocity in top 30m, plus 2 special ones).
Site specific spectra required for Importance Class IV isolated
buildings (essential) near potentially active faults giving Ms>6.5

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Standard Ground types

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Standard elastic response spectral shape

Ranges of constant spectral
pseudo-acceleration,
pseudo-velocity,
displacement, start at
corner periods TB, TC, TD.
Uniform amplification of
spectrum by soil factor S
(including PGA at soil
surface, to Sag).
Damping correction factor:
Constant spectral
acceleration = 2.5 times
PGA at soil surface for
horizontal, 3 times for
vertical.
TB, TC, TD, S: NDPs

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Recommended horizontal elastic spectrum,

Type 1, =5%
4

D
C

Se/ag

B
A

2
1

0 TB TC
Ground motion
max acceleration:
agS

max velocity:
vg = agSTC/(2)

TD

3 (s)

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max displacement:
dg = 0.025 agSTCTD

Recommended vertical elastic spectra, =5%

Corner periods TB, TC, TD: NDPs

Recommended:
Independent of ground type (no

data)
TB = 0.05s
TC = 0.15s
TD = 1.0s
Peak vertical ground acceleration
avg = 0.9ag, if Type 1 spectrum used;
avg = 0.45ag, if Type 2 spectrum.

Vertical component mandatory:

for all isolated bridges;
if avg > 0.25g in buildings.
.

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Ground motion records for time-history analysis

Historic or simulated records preferred over artificial ones.

Simulated records: from mathematical model of the source

dominating the seismic hazard (rupture event, wave propagation via

the bedrock to the site and via the subsoil to the ground surface).
Historic records: from seismic events with magnitude, fault distance &
mechanism of rupture consistent with those dominating the hazard for
the design seismic action. Travel path & subsoil conditions of
recording station should resemble those of the site.
Artificial (synthetic) records: mathematically derived from the target
elastic spectrum (unrealistic if rich in all frequencies in the same way
as the target spectrum; perfect matching of spectrum to be avoided).
Component records scaled so that the elastic
spectra values are 90% of the code spectra
(in the range of 1.5x to 20% of the
fundamental period along the component).
For pairs of horiz. components this is applied
to SRSS of spectral values, taking 0.92 ~1.3.
7 independent seismic events (component or
pair time-histories) needed if analysis results
for peak response quantities are averaged;
3-6 if most adverse peak response from all
the analyses is used.

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Strong discontinuity in heightwise distribution

of lateral stiffness uncouples deformations in
the superstructure from the ground motion

Superstructure

Isolation
device/unit

Isolation system @
isolation interface

Isolation
device/unit

Substructure

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Isolation strategies to reduce lateral forces

on the superstructure
damping

acceleration

Period T

resistance

Period T

displacement

Period

displacement

acceleration

Period

damping

Flexible isolators
lengthen period &
reduce forces.
Damping reduces
displacements @
Period T isolation interface
damping

Limiting the force

resistance of
isolators reduces
the force input (cf.
capacity design).
Damping reduces
displacements @
Period T
isolation interface

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Sd (m)

Sa (m/sec2)

Acceleration, Displacement & ADRS (Acceleration-Displacement)

Type 1 elastic response spectra recommended in EC8
(for damping = 5% & PGA = 1m/sec2 on Soil A rock)
4

Soil A
Soil B
Soil C
Soil D
Soil E

3.5
3
2.5

Sd Sa T

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08

1.5

0.06

0.04

0.5

0.02

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Period (sec)

Spectrum reduction factor for

damping in EC8:

10 (5 %)
0.55 ( 28%) in buildings.
0.40 ( 57%) in bridges.

Sa (m/sec2)

Soil A
Soil B
Soil C
Soil D
Soil E

0
0.5
T=0.25 T=0.50

1.5
T=1.0

3.5

2.5
3
3.5
4
Soil A
Period (sec)
Soil B

Soil C
Soil D

Soil E

2.5

T=1.5

2
1.5

T=2.0

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T=3.0
T=4.0

0.5
0
0

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

0.1

0.12 0.14

Flexibility strategy
Common and relatively inexpensive.
Isolators ~elastic and re-centering:
Elastomeric (rubber) bearings:
with low damping (~5%, LDRB), or high damping
a) (10-20%, HDRB).
If damping is low, supplemental damping (eg, fluid viscous dampers) may
be used to reduce the displacements.

Less effective if:

motion is rich in low-frequencies (eg, on soft soils); or
superstructure is flexible (high-rises); or
substructure is flexible (tall/flexible piers, flexible piles).

Force-limitation strategy

More effective in the cases where flexibility strategy is less effective.

Convenient for retrofitting superstructures with low force resistance.
Isolators with force limitation (eg, flat sliding isolators).
No re-centering.
Supplemental damping may be used to reduce the displacements if
energy dissipation (eg, by friction) is low.

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Combination: Flexibility after force limit

Most common in practice.
Possibly more expensive.
Isolators:
Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB);
Units with spherical sliding surface(s);
Sliding surface with yielding (elasto-plastic) steel device; etc.

Hysteretic energy dissipation after force limit exceeded.

Re-centering depends on details of the hysteretic loop.
Dont need supplemental damping.

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Isolator hysteretic behavior idealized as bilinear

Basic parameters
F0: Force at zero displacement
Ke: elastic stiffness
Kp: post-elastic stiffness
Derived parameters
Fy: yield force =
F0/(1-Kp/Ke)
dy: yield displacement =
(F0/Ke)/(1-Kp/Ke)
Response (& design) values
1 ED
eff

dd (or dbd): design displacement

2 Fmaxd d
Fmax: maximum force = F0+Kpdd
ED: dissipated energy/cycle at displacement dd (area inside hysteresis
loop) = 4F0(dd-dy)
eff: damping =(2/)(Fy/Fmax-dy/dd)

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Analysis methods in EN 1998

Reference method (always applicable):
Non-linear time-history analysis in 3D.

Simplifications (subject to certain conditions):

Equivalent-linear analysis:
Multi-modal equivalent-linear spectral analysis;
Simplified equivalent linear ("fundamental mode" spectral)

In bridges, the displacements & forces from any

analysis are scaled up to reach at least 80% of the
displacement at center of isolation system & of the
total base shear from a fundamental mode analysis
(per hor. direction, if the piers are tall or the
longitudinal eccentricity of deck mass to the stiffness
center of isolation system is > 0.1L).

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Non-linear time-history analysis

Only the isolators are modelled as nonlinear.
Two concurrent horizontal components, considering interaction
of response in the two horizontal directions and the effects of
overturning moments; masses moved by accidental
eccentricities.
The effects of the vertical component may be computed
separately and linearly - with the response spectrum approach and combined to those of the horizontal via the 1:0.3:0.3 rule.
Raleigh damping (C = + ) should not interfere with the
hysteretic damping of the isolated modes (with longest T); it
should dampen-out very short periods:
= 0;
> T/ = 0.1x0.05/ = 0.0016
give >5% for T<0.1 s
20.0%
17.5%

Damping

15.0%
12.5%
10.0%

7.5%
5.0%
2.5%

0.0%
0.0

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0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Equivalent linear analysis

Linear static or modal analysis with:
the total effective stiffness Keff & damping eff of the system computed from
the secant stiffness and dissipated energy of the individual devices at their
displacement which corresponds to the design displacement dd at the
stiffness center of the isolation system,
=5% for higher modes in modal,
torsional response due to accidental eccentricity computed statically.
Applicability condition:
eff 30%;
Additional condition for bridges (EN1998-2):
Ground types A, B, C, E (not D, S1, S2).
Additional conditions for buildings & structures bridges (EN1998-1):
Isolators: LDEB, HDEB, elastoplastic with bilinear hysteresis;
Keff(at dd) 0.5Keff(at 0.2dd);
force-displacement features of isolation system do not vary by >10% due
to loading rate or vertical load variations in the range of the design values;
when displacement of isolation system increases from 0.5dd to dd, its force
increases > 2.5% of total superstructure gravity (for certain recentering).

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Iterative equivalent linear analysis

Assume dcd,a dbd,i

From device i monotonic F-d relation:
Fmax,i Keff,i=Fmax,i/dbd,i,

Fmax
Fy

Kp

F0
Ke

ED: dissipated energy/cycle at dbd,i

Effective period & damping:

dy

Iterations till dcd,r dcd,a.

2 1 ( 1 p)( 1)
~const.
1 p( 1)

dbd

ED

ED,i
M
1
Teff 2
,.. eff
K eff,i
2 Fmax,id bd,i
dcd,r from displacement spectrum:
10
0.55 in buildings
eff
5 eff (%) 0.40 in bridges

Nb: eff

Keff

for

p=Kp/Ke:

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Multi-modal equivalent linear spectral analysis

Full modal analysis of complete structural system, separately in
the two horizontal directions (also separately for the vertical).
to capture possibly significant contributions of higher modes.
Isolators i with their effective stiffness, Keff,i, from the
fundamental mode method in the direction considered.
The substructure & superstructure w/ their normal stiffness
(uncracked in bridges, 50% of uncracked in buildings).
Modal damping = 5% in all modes with T < 0.8Teff
Teff from fundamental mode method;
eff of that mode for all modes w/ T >0.8Teff.
Torsional response due to accidental eccentricities computed
statically and superimposed to results of modal analysis.

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Simplified equivalent linear analysis

("fundamental mode" spectral in EN1998-2)

Superstructure rigid (forces on it proportional to spectral acceleration & mass)

Buildings & structures bridges:
2 DOFs: uncoupled horiz. translations of isolation system stiffness center,
with static torsional effects (about the vertical) on isolation system due to
natural & accidental eccentricities, but neglecting overturning effects .
If horiz. eccentricities ex, ey between mass center & isolation stiffness
center (incl. accidental) 7.5% of plan dimensions:
Torsional effects of eccentricities ex, ey (natural & accidental) by
2
2
multiplying isolator displacements by: xi 1 e y yi / ry ,.. yi 1 ex xi / rx
(rx, ry: torsional radius of isolation system in x, y)
Consider vertical component & DOF (separately) only if avg > 0.25g.
Bridges:
3 DOFs: 2 uncoupled horiz. translations & one vertical;
static torsional effects (about the vertical) on isolation system due to
longitudinal eccentricity ex (natural & accidental) of transverse earthquake
ex
(y) by multiplying transverse isolator displacements etc by:
yi 1
xi
(r: radius of gyration of superstructure mass about vertical).
rrx
Combination of components w/ SRSS or 1:0.3(:0.3) rule.

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Applicability of simplified equivalent linear analysis

("fundamental mode" spectral, in EN1998-2)
Conditions for bridges (EN1998-2)
Distance >10km from potentially active faults.

Conditions for structures bridges (EN1998-1)

Distance >15km from potentially active faults producing Ms 6.5

Max plan dimension 50 m
Rigid substructure
All isolators: above substructure elements supporting vertical load
Effective period Teff 3s & 3-times1st mode period on fixed base.

Additionally, for buildings (EN1998-1):

Superstructure stiffness regular & symmetric in plan

Negligible rocking at the base of the substructure
Vertical-to-horizontal stiffness ratio of isolation system Kv/Keff 150
1st vertical vibration period: Tv 0.1 s

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Low Damping Elastomeric Bearings (LDEB) in EN1998-2

Normal laminated elastomeric
Bearings per EN 1337-3
(rubber layers & bonded steel plates)
Narrow hysteresis loops, ~elastic.
Damping not much larger than 5%.
50

200

45

Rubber Bearing Force(kN)

150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150

PGA:25% (#5 Couple)

40
35
30

7.5% KM
15% KM
20% KM
20% 10KM
20% 0.1KM
20% 0.5KM
20% 2KM
20% 2KM (repeated)
25% KM
25% KM (repeated)
25% 10KM
25% 0.5KM
25% 2KM

25
20
15
10

0.5

PGA:25% (#1 Couple)

PGA:20% (#4 Couple)

PGA:20% (#1 Couple)

-200

3.5
7.5% KM
15% KM
3
20% KM
20% 10KM
20% 0.1KM
2.5
20% 0.5KM
20% 2KM
2
20% 2KM (repeated)
25% KM
25% KM (repeated)
1.5
25% 10KM
25% 0.5KM
25% 2KM
1

G (MPa)

Equivalent Viscous Damping (%)

250

PGA:15% (#4 Couple)

PGA:15% (#1 Couple)
PGA:7.5% (#1 Couple)

PGA:7.5% (#1 Couple)

-250
-150

-120

-90

-60

-30

30

Displacement (mm)

60

90

120

150

25

50

75

100

125

Strain (%)

150

175

200

0 225

25

50

75

100

125

Strain (%)

150

175

200

b
Fb
Horizontal stiffness Kb=GbAb/tb
Ab: plan area, tb: elastomer thickness
Gb: shear modulus ( 0.9 to 1.3 MPa, scragging if Gb<0.6MPa)
Normal LDEB cheap; not manufactured specifically for seismic use:
in strong earthquakes they may not sustain the large shear strains.
Accept some damage & replace, or combine with viscous dampers

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225

High Damping Elastomeric Bearings (HDEB) in EN1998-2

Per EN 15129 (Antiseismic devices)
Broader hysteresis loops, thanks to special elastomer mixed with
special aggregates:
Damping = 10 to 20%
Impact of deformation history (scragging), esp. for low-G elastomer:
Significant drop in shear stiffness after 1st cycle at peak strain.
Initial stiffness ~fully recovered with time (months-years).
Risk: underestimate G by testing scragged bearings.
EC8-2: Test unscragged bearings, use average G in first 3 cycles.

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Force (k

-50

Stiffness, LDE: KR=GRAR/hR; Lead core: KL=GLAL/h

Stiffness LRB: elastic: Ke=KR+KL, post-elastic: Kp=KR
Yield force LRB:
Fy=FLy(1+KR/KL)
Displacement (mm)
Parameters AR, AL: wide range
of bilinear loops
-100

25% 2M
25% 0.5M
25% M

-150

-200
-140

-105

-70

-35

35

70

105

140

20
15

Force (kN)

10

200
150

Force (kN)

100

5
0

-5
-10
-15

50

-20
-15

-10

-5

10

15

Displacement (mm)

-50
-100
25% 2M
25% 0.5M
25% M

-150
-200
-180

-120

50
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
20%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
20%
25%
30%

45
40
35
30
25
20

KM
10KM
01KM
05KM
2KM
KM
KM
10KM
01KM
05KM
2KM
KM second
KM unscragged
KM second

10
5
0

30

60

90

Strain (%)

120

150

60

120

180

High stiffness &

damping at shear
strains < 30%: good for
frequent actions (wind);
Minimum stiffness &
damping for shear
strains of 100-150%
(~design earthquake)

180

4000

Strain (%)

15

-60

15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
20%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
20%
25%
30%

3600
3200
2800

Keff(kN/m)

Equivalent Viscous Damping (%)

Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB) in EN1998-2

2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0

KM
10KM
01KM
05KM
2KM
KM
KM
10KM
01KM
05KM
2KM
KM second
KM unscragged
KM second

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30

60

90

Strain (%)

120

150

180

Fluid viscous dampers (supplemental damping) in EN1998-2

Force Vs. Velocity Constitutive Law

Force (kN)

Velocity governed: F = Cv
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

At max displacement:
v=0, F=0, Keff=0
(no contribution damper to the
stiffness of the isolation system)
For sinusoidal motion:
db=dbdsin(t) with =2/T
F=Cv =Fmax(cos(t))
Fmax=C(dbd)
Depend strongly
ED=()Fmaxdbd on if >>0

=0.15, C=3000kN/(m/sec)

0,5

1,5

Velocity (m/s)

() 2

2 (1 0.5) ,
(2 )

0.01 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.50 2.00

() 3.988 3.882 3.774 3.675 3.582 3.496 3.416 3.341 3.270 3.204

2.876 2.667

( ): gamma function

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If <<1: FmaxC, ()4

Fluid viscous dampers & LDEBs,

approach viaduct of Rio-Antirio
bridge, GR (design PGA 0.48g)

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Rio-Antirio main bridge: fluid viscous dampers in transverse

direction, between deck (suspended from pylon tops) & piers
Characteristics

Pylons

Transition Piers

Prototype

Damper Series

OTP350/3500

OTP350/5200

OTP350/1800

Stroke (mm)

-1650/+1850

2600

900

Pin-to-Pin Length (mm)

10520

11320

6140

Total Length (mm)

11310

12025

6930

Max. Diameter (mm)

500

550

500

Damper Weight (kg)

6500

8500

3300

Total Weight (kg)

9000

11000

286

560

560

2252

5500
Courtesy of GEFYRA SA

560

286

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Courtesy of GEFYRA SA

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Tests of prototype: Caltrans

SRMD facility, UCSD

Courtesy of GEFYRA SA

PROTA

Flat sliding bearings in EN1998-2

Frictional behavior with limiting force:

Fmax = dNSdsign ( d )
bd

d: dynamic friction coefficient

static or breakaway

NSd: vertical force

dbd: velocity
No restoring capability:

Need to combine in isolation system with

fully re-centering components (eg, LDEBs).
Commonly: Lubricated PTFE on stainless steel
with very low mind 0.005-0.02.
If PTFE unlubricated: d 0.05-0.1.
Conformity to EN1337-2 gives controlled upper
bound of d, but no reliable lower limit.
Device damping =2/, but
Energy dissipation: ED=4dNsddbd0.

PROTA

Example: Flat sliding bearings used with

elastomeric bearings for restoring force
Twin bridges over
Corinth Canal (GR):
Flat sliding bearings
on top of the piers;
Elastomeric bearings
at the abutments

PROTA

Two pairs of
elastomeric bearings
per abutment

PROTA

One flat sliding bearing

at the top of each pier

Bearings with spherical sliding surface in EN1998-2

Fmax

Significant restoring force

Stainless steel surfaces; special
surfacing material for low friction
d=0.05-0.10
Device damping:
=(2/)/(1+ddbd/Rb)
Energy dissipation:
ED=4dNsddbd.

NSd

dbd dNSdsign ( d bd)

Rb

PROTA

424 units w/ spherical sliding surface under 2 LNG tanks

Revithousa island, Greece

PROTA

Bearings with two spherical sliding surfaces

Covered by EN 15129, not mentioned in EN1998-2.

Equivalent radius: Rb=R1+R2-h1-h2
Displacement capacity:
d1(1-h1/R1)+d2(1-h2/R1)
No other difference in behavior w.r.to single spherical surface.

PROTA

Bearings with 3 spherical sliding surfaces (not in EN15129 or EN1998)

Schematic Cross Section

Photo of Triple PendulumTM Bearing

Schematic Cross Section

1=4=d 2=3<d

Concaves and Slider Components

Concaves and Slider Assembly

Photo of Triple PendulumTM Bearing

Regimes I & II:

minor earthquakes,
-dy* d dy*, F 2Nsd
Motion in d2, d3.
High stiffness,
good re-centering

Concaves and Slider Components

Schematic Cross Section

Regime V: >design
earthquake, d>dlim,
Motion in remaining
part of d2, d3.

Regimes III & IV: design earthquake.

dy* dlim. Motion within d1 & d4.

PROTA

Properties of isolation systems exclusively of sliding

isolators (normally with spherical sliding surface)
For bearing i: Fbi =NSd,i(db,i/Rb+d) = kiNSd.i
If the isolation system:

is supported on a rigid diaphragm; and

supports the superstucture via a rigid diaphragm (or the
superstucture is horizontally rigid)
all db.i are equal all ki are equal no twisting about the vertical.
[Strictly speaking this is always the case for flat sliders, which
have Rb= but are never used alone in an isolation system].
If db,i/Rb>>d the period is T 2(Rb/g) ~ independent of the
mass of the superstucture.

PROTA

Layout of isolators per EN1998

To minimize twisting: effective stiffness center of
isolation system as close as possible to the horizontal
projection of the center of mass of the superstructure
(met automatically for sliding isolators).
To minimize differential behavior of isolators: they
should share ~uniformly the gravity loads of the
superstructure.
Rigid diaphragm above isolation interface - in
buildings, below it as well.
Sufficient space around isolating devices for
inspection, maintenance, replacement.
Use dampers, shock-absorbers, etc., if shocks is an
issue.

PROTA

Design properties of isolators used in analysis

Nominal (mean) design properties are determined via tests of

prototype devices, to confirm the range specified in the design.
The variation of design properties due to aging, temperature,
contamination, cumulative travel/wear, scragging, etc, considered;
design is carried out using both:
Upper Bound Design Properties (UBDP), for maximum forces
in the superstructure & substructure; and
Lower Bound Design Properties (LBDP), for maximum
displacements of the isolators & the superstructure.
The Bounds of Design Properties from tests, or modification ()
factors (Annex J of EN15129, J & JJ of EN1998-2, from AASHTO
Guide Specs).
Properties obtained for the quasi-permanent variable actions, but
for temperature the frequent value is taken into account.
In bridges, multimode spectral or nonlinear time-history analysis
may be based just on nominal design properties, if the
displacements from Fundamental mode analyses with UBDPs &
LBDPs differ from those for the nominal ones by < 15%.

PROTA

Increased reliability required of the isolation system

Why?
The superstructure and the substructure have safety margins,
because their ULS resistance is calculated from characteristic
(5%-fractile) values of material strengths divided by the material
partial safety factors (1.5 for concrete, 1.15 for steel).
By contrast, the ULS of isolators is defined by their nominal
displacement capacity, without margins.
Thanks to redundancies in the superstructure and the
substructure, attainment locally of their ULS resistance does not
have catastrophic consequences.
By contrast, failure of isolators may be catastrophic for the
superstructure.

How?
Multiplicative factor applied on the seismic displacement of the
isolators from the analysis, dE, with recommended values:
x = 1.2 in buildings;
IS= 1.5 in bridges.
dE,a = (x or IS) dE

PROTA

Verifications

Full
isolation
Superstructure:
Verified at the ULS for forces from the analysis reduced by (behavior
factor) q=1.5 for overstrength - even for nonlinear time-history analysis.

Foundations & substructure:

Verified at the ULS for forces from the analysis (reduction or behavior
factor q=1), except for bridges, where the piers are designed in flexure
for q=1.5 & detailed as "limited ductile(but in shear, q=1).

No detailing for ductility (except in bridge piers) or capacity design

Horiz. clearance between superstructure & surrounding elements
dEd= dE+dG+0.5dT
dG: due to permanent & quasi-permanent actions (shrinkage, creep)
dT: due to design thermal actions.

Isolating system:
Accommodate total displacement:

dEd= dE,a+dG+0.5dT
[dE,a=(x or IS)dE ]
Interstory drifts in buildings for damage limitation earthquake:

PROTA
<0.5% for non-structural partitions, <1% if only structural frame.

Product Standards for the devices

1. EN 15129:2009 Antiseismic devices.
2. EN 1337-3:2005 Structural bearings - Part 3: Elastomeric
bearings
3. EN 1337-2:2000 Structural bearings - Part 2: Sliding elements
4. etc.
Specify:
functional requirements and design criteria for the devices
(2 & 3: for non-seismic actions),
material characteristics,
manufacturing and conformity,
installation and maintenance requirements,
etc.

PROTA

Additional requirements in EN1998-2 for devices

For elastomeric bearings:

Shear strain in elastomer < 200% under resultant of horizontal
displacements of bearing (SRSS or 1:0.3 combination for dE,x dE,y):
dEd,x=IS dE,x+dG,x+0.5dT,x, dEd,y= ISdE,y+dG,y+0.5dT,y

Restoring capability of isolation system:

Option 1:
Design displacement at stiffness center of
isolation system: dcd 0.5dr = 0.5F0/Kp

Option 2:
Displacement capacity
of isolator:
dG+0.5dT+(dud)(ISdE)

du 1.20,

1 d y /d c d

0. 6

d 1 1.35
1. 5
1 80d c d/d r

PROTA

dcd/dr

Factor for displacement capacity of isolator, against 80%-fractile

accumulated residual displacements in sequence of earthquakes
d

dy/dcd

dm dG+0.5dT+(ISdEi)( dud)

d 1 1.35

1 d y /d c d

0.6

1 80d c d/d r

1.5

d u 1.20

d /d
PROTA
cd

Application example to a bridge

http://www.aces.upatras.gr/node/191

PROTA

EXAMPLE: bridge with composite (steel-concrete) deck

and
seismic
isolation
Elevation

Piers - transverse section

Deck cross-section

Pier head & bearings

Piers in elevation

PROTA

Seismic design spectra Ground Motions

Ordinary importance: =1.0
High Seismicity: agR=0.40g , ag=I agR = 0.40g
Ground Type B
Horizontal spectrum
S=1.2, TB=0.15s, TC=0.5s, TD=2.5s

Vertical spectrum
S=1 avg=0.9ag, TB=0.05s, TC=0.15s, TD=1s

2.00

Average SRSS spectrum

of ensemble of earthquakes
1.3 x Elastic spectrum

1.80

Spectral acceleration (g)

1.60

Damping 5%

1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5
3.0
Period (sec)

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

7 ground motion triplets

(2 horizontal, one vertical component)
Artificial records by modulating
historic ones to fit the spectra

PROTA

Plan layout and properties of isolators

Y

C0_L

P1_L

P2_L

C3_L

C0_R

P1_R

P2_R

C3_R

Bearings with spherical sliding surface

Two bearings per abutment, size 0.9m x 0.9m x 0.4m
Two bearings per pier, size 1.2m x 1.2m x 0.4m
d = effective friction coefficient = 0.061 16% = 0.051 - 0.071
R = effective radius =1.83m
Dy = effective yield displacement = 0.005m

PROTA

Isolator Upper & Lower Bound Design Properties (UBDP, LBDP)

Force at zero displacement F0/W - nominal value range: 0.06116%=0.051~0.071
LBDP: (F0/W)min= minDPnom = 0.051
UBDP: per EN 1998-2 Annex J & JJ
Minimum temperature for seismic design: Tmin,b=2Tmin+1=0.5x(-20oC)+5oC

=-5oC (2=0.5: combination factor for thermal actions, Tmin=-20oC: minimum

shade air temperature @ site, 1=5oC for composite deck)
max factors:
f1-ageing: max,f1=1.1 (Table JJ.1, for normal environment, unlubricated
PTFE, protective seal)
f2-temperature: max,f2=1.15 (Table JJ.2 for Tmin,b=-10oC, unlubric. PTFE)
f3-contamination: max,f3=1.1 (Table JJ.3 unlubr. PTFE, sliding surface
facing both upwards & downwards)
f4-cumulative travel max,f4=1 (Table JJ.4 - unlubr. PTFE , cum.travel 1km)
Combination factor fi: fi=0.7 for Importance Class Ordinary (Table J.2)
Combination value of max factors: U,fi=1+(max,fi-1)fi
f1 - ageing: U,f1=1+(1.1-1)x0.7=1.07
f2 - temperature: U,f2=1+(1.15-1)x0.7=1.105
f3 - contamination U,f3 =1+(1.1-1)x0.7=1.07
f4 - cumulative travel U,f4=1+(1.0-1)x0.7=1.0
Effective UBDP:
UBDP =maxDPnomU,f1U,f2U,f3U,f4: (F0/W)max=0.071x1.07x1.105x1.07x1=0.09

PROTA

Fundamental Mode analysis with LBDP - 1st iteration

Weight: W= 36751kN
Assumed value for design displacement: dcd=0.15m

Effective Stiffness of Isolation System (ignoring the piers):

Keff=F/dcd=W(F0/W+dcd/R)/dcd=36751x(0.051+0.15/1.83]/0.15=32578kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Teff 2

Dissipated energy per cycle:

m
36751/9.81
2
2.13 s
K eff
32578

ED=4W(F0/W)(dcd-dy)= 4x36751kNx(0.051)x(0.15-0.005)=1087kNm
Effective damping:
eff=ED,i/(2Keffdcd2)=1087/(2 x 32578 x 0.152)=0.236
=[0.1 /(0.05+eff)]=0.591
Design displacement dcd
dcd=(0.625/2)agSTeffTC=
(0.625/2)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.591x2.13x0.5=0.188m
Check assumed displacement
Assumed displacement 0.15m;
Calculated 0.188m Another iteration

PROTA

Fundamental Mode analysis with LBDP 2nd iteration

Assume new value for design displacement: dcd=0.22m

Effective Stiffness of Isolation System:

Keff=F/dcd=W(F0/W+dcd/R)/dcd=36751x(0.051+0.22/1.83)/0.22=28602kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Teff 2

Dissipated energy per cycle:

m
36751/9.81
2
2.27 s
K eff
28602

ED=4W(F0/W)(dcd-dy)= 4x36751kNx(0.051)x(0.22-0.005)=1612kNm
Effective damping:
eff=ED,i/(2Keffdcd2)=1612/(2 x 28602 x 0.222)=0.185
=[0.1 /(0.05+eff)]=0.652
Design displacement dcd
dcd=(0.625/2)agSTeffTC=
(0.625/2)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.652x2.27x0.5=0.22m Converged.
Spectral acceleration Se
Se=2.5(TC/Teff)agS=2.5x(0.5/2.27)x 0.652x0.4x1.2= 0.172g
Seismic shear force
Vd=Keff dcd=28602x0.22=6292kN

PROTA

Fundamental Mode analysis with UBDP Final results

Assumed design displacement: dcd=0.14m
Effective Stiffness of Isolation System:

Keff=F/dcd=W(F0/W+dcd/R)/dcd=36751x(0.09+0.14/1.83)/0.14=43708kN/m
Effective period of Isolation System:

Teff 2

Dissipated energy per cycle:

m
36751/9.81
2
1.84 s
K eff
43708

ED=4W(F0/W)(dcd-dy)= 4x36751kNx(0.09)x(0.14-0.005)=1799kNm
Effective damping:
eff=ED,i/(2Keffdcd2)=1799/(2 x 43708 x 0.142)=0.33
=[0.1 /(0.05+eff)]=0.512
Design displacement dcd
dcd=(0.625/2)agSTeffTC=
(0.625/2)x(0.4x9.81)x1.2x0.512x1.84x0.5=0.14m Convergence.
Spectral acceleration Se
Se=2.5(TC/Teff)agS=2.5x(0.5/1.84)x 0.512x0.4x1.2= 0.166g
Seismic shear force
Vd=Keff dcd=43708x0.14=6119kN,
Per abutment: Vd= 569kN; per pier: Vd= 2479kN

PROTA

Non-linear time-history analysis

PROTA

0
-2000.000

0.100

-0.300

0.200

-0.200

-0.200

-0.100

-400
Displ. (m)

-600

-0.150

300
200
100
-0.100

0
-0.050 -1000.000

0.050

0.100

-200

-0.200

-0.100

300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300

0.200

-0.100

400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300

EQ4

0.100

0.200

0.100

0.200

EQ6

0
0.000
-200

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

0.050

0.100

0.150

600
400
200
0
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
-200

-0.150

200
0.050

-0.100

0.100

-0.100

-0.050

-0.050

Displ. (m)

EQ7
0.100

0.200

Displ. (m)

-600

0.200

400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300
-400
300
200
100

0.300
-0.150

-0.100

-0.050

400
300
200
100
0
-0.050 -1000.000
-200
-300
-400

Displ. (m)

400

0
-1000.000
-200

0.050

Displ. (m)

-400

0.150

600

Displ. (m)

-400
Force (KN)

Force (KN)

-0.050

0
-0.250 -0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-2000.000

-0.100
0.100

200

-400

-0.100

Displ. (m)

0
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-200

Displ. (m)

-600
400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300

Displ. (m)

400

-0.200

0.100

0.100

-0.150

Displ. (m)

-0.100

400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300

400
300
200
100
0
-0.050-1000.000
-200
-300
-400

0.050

0.100

0.100

Displ. (m)

0.050

0.100
Displ. (m)

0.050

0.100

PROTA

0.050

0.150

200

Displ. (m)

0.050

0.100

400

-400

-400

-0.300

0.300

-400

Displ. (m)

EQ5

0.200

200

Displ. (m)

400
300
200
100
0
-0.100 -1000.000
-200
-300
-400

0
-0.100
0.000
-200

0.100

400

0.300

200

Displ. (m)

0.100

0.200

400

-0.200

-300

0.100

600

0.150

-0.100

0.050

600

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

200
-0.100

-0.200

0
-0.100 0.000
-200

Displ. (m)

0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000
-200

-400

Force (KN)

400

-0.200

200

Displ. (m)

600

EQ3

400

0.200

-0.200

Displ. (m)

600

-0.300

-400

0.300

0.150

Force (KN)

0.100

0.200

0.100

Force (KN)

0
0.000
-200

0.100

-400

300
200
100
0
-1000.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050
-200
-300
Displ. (m)
-400

-0.300

-0.200

Direction Y

400
300
200
100
0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-1000.000
-200
-300
-400

Force (KN)

-0.300

0
-0.100
0.000
-200

0.050

-400
500
400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300

Force (KN)

200

-0.100

200

Displ. (m)
400

EQ2

400

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

0.300

Displ. (m)

600

Force (KN)

0.200

0.300

0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000
-200

Force (KN)

0.100

0.200

200

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

0
-0.100
0.000
-200

0.100

-400
Force (KN)

Force (KN)
Force (KN)

200

-0.200

-0.200

0
-0.100
0.000
-200

Displ. (m)

400

EQ1

400

400

Force (KN)

EQ7

-0.300

-400

-0.300

0.300

UBDP

Direction X

600

Force (KN)

EQ6

0.200

600

-0.200

Direction Y

200

Force (KN)

EQ5

-0.300

0.100

Force (KN)

EQ4

-0.100

Force (KN)

EQ3

-0.200

Force (KN)

EQ2

LBDP

Direction X

400
300
200
100
0
-1000.000
-200
-300
-400

Force (KN)

EQ1

Hysteresis loops for abutment bearing, time-history analysis

0.150

Displ. (m)

600
400
200

0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000
-200

0.050

0.100

0.150

Force (KN)

Displ. (m)

0.100

0.200

-0.100

0
-5000.000

500

1500
500
-0.300

0
-0.100 -5000.000

-0.200

Displ. (m)

0.100

-0.150
Displ. (m)

500
0
0.000
-500

-0.100

0.050

1500
500
-0.100

Displ. (m)

1000
500
0.100

0.200

0
-5000.000

0.100

-1000

EQ7

500
0
-5000.000
-1500

Force (KN)
Force (KN)

0
-5000.000

Displ. (m)

1000

0
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050-5000.000

0.050

0.050

0.100

0.200

0.150

0.200

Displ. (m)

2000
1500
1000
500

Displ. (m)

-1000

0.100

0.150

1500
1000
500
-0.150

-0.100

-0.050

0
-5000.000

0.050

-1000
Displ. (m)

0
-5000.000

0.050

0.100

1500
1000
500
-0.100

-0.050

0
-5000.000

0.050

0.100

-1000
Displ. (m)

0.050

Displ. (m)

-1500

0.100

1500
1000
500
-0.150

Displ. (m)
1000
500

-0.050

Displ. (m)

-1500

-0.100

0
-0.050 -5000.000

0.050

0.100

-1000

0
0.000
-500
-1000

Displ. (m)

0.100

-1000

Displ. (m)

500

-0.100

0.150

1500

0.150

1000

-0.050

0.100

0
-0.150 -0.100 -0.050
-5000.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200

-1500

-0.150

-1000
Displ. (m)

0.100

1500

Displ. (m)

1000

-0.100

0.050

-1500

0.200 -0.100

1500

-0.200

0.050

2000

Displ. (m)

500
-0.050

0
0.000
-500

-1000

-1000

-1500

-0.300

0.300

1000

-1000

1500

-1500

EQ6

1000

-0.200

-1500

0
-5000.000

0.050

-1000

0.100

0.200

1500
1000
500
0
-0.250 -0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-5000.000
-1000
0.100
0.150
-1500
Displ. (m)
-2000

EQ5

500
0
-0.050 0.000
-500

Displ. (m)

1500

Displ. (m)

1000

0.200

1000

-0.100

0.200 -0.100

-0.050

-1000

1500

-1000

-0.200

0.100

-1500
Force (KN)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-0.100
0.000
-1000
-1500
-2000

-0.050

EQ4

1000

-1000

-1500

-0.100

0.100

-1500

-1000

-0.150

Force (KN)

500

-0.100

500
0.100

1500
1000
500
0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-5000.000
0.200
-1000
-1500
Displ. (m)
-2000

EQ3

1000

-0.200

0.300 -0.200

Displ. (m)

1500

Displ. (m)

1000

-0.200

0.200

-1000

0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
-500

-0.300

0.100

-0.150

Force (KN)

-0.200

500

0.150

Force (KN)

-0.300

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-0.100 -5000.000
-1000
-1500

1000

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

0.300

0.100

1500

Force (KN)

-0.200

1500
1000
500
0
-0.100 -5000.000
-1000
-1500
-2000

0.200

EQ2

0.050

Force (KN)

-0.300

0.100

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-0.100 -5000.000
-1000
-1500

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

-0.200

Force (KN)

-0.300

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-0.100 -5000.000
-1000
-1500

UBDP

-1500

Displ. (m)

-1500

PROTA
Force (KN)

Displ. (m)

-1500

0.100

Force (KN)

-1000

Direction Y

Force (KN)

-0.200

Force (KN)

-0.300

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

Force (KN)

0.300

1500
EQ1
1000
500
0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-5000.000
-1000
0.200
0.300
-1500
Displ. (m)
-2000

Force (KN)

EQ7

0.200

Force (KN)

EQ6

0.100

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-0.100 -5000.000
-1000
-1500

Force (KN)

EQ5

0
-5000.000

Force (KN)

EQ4

-0.100

Direction X

LBDP

500

Force (KN)

EQ3

-0.200

Direction Y

1000

Force (KN)

EQ2

Direction X

1500

Force (KN)

EQ1

Hysteresis loops for abutment bearing, time-history analysis

0.050

0.100

1500
1000
500

0
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050-5000.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

-1000
Displ. (m)

-1500

Displ. (m)

Global seismic action effects - check of 80% lower limit

Mean peak action effects from t-history LBDP analyses (design
displacement dcd, seismic shear force Vd):

Peak displacement in X: dcdx = 193 mm (concurrent dcdy =63 mm)

Peak displacement in Y: dcdy = 207 mm (concurrent dcdy =57 mm)
Peak seismic shear in X: Vdx = 6929 kN.
Peak seismic shear in Y: Vdy = 6652 kN.

Action effects from t-history analysis 80% of Fundamental Mode

results ?
Displacement in X: dcdx/dfx =193/220=0.88 >0.8 OK.
Displacement in Y: dcdy/dfy =207/220=0.94 >0.8 OK.
Total shear in X: Vdx/Vfx =6929/6292=1.10 >0.8 OK.
Total shear in Y: Vdy/Vfy =6652/6292=1.06 >0.8 OK.

PROTA

Displacement demand
on isolators: dEd=dE,a+dG+0.5dT
o
o

Design uniform : 45 C/+55 C.

Fixed point of thermal expansion/contraction at one pier:
Expansion/contraction LT: 140 m for abutments, 80 m for pier bearings.
Thermal movement 0.5dT at pier (+ towards abutment, - towards bridge center):
0.5LT=0.5800001.0105(-45) or (+55)= -18 mm or 22 mm
0.5dT at the abutments:
0.5LT=0.51400001.0105(-45) or (+55)= -31.5 mm or 38.5 mm
Displacements dG due to (quasi-)permanent actions (shrinkage, creep):
At the piers: -3 mm
At the abutments: -8 mm
Offset displacements dG+0.5dT at the piers:
Towards bridge center: -3-18=-21 mm
Towards abutments: +22 mm
dG+0.5dT at abutments:
Towards bridge center: -8-31.5=-39.5 mm
Towards abutment: +38.5 mm
Total resultant displacement for combined components - LBDP analysis:
Longitudinal, pier bearings: dm =[(1.5x193+22)2+(1.5x63)2] = 325 mm
Longitudinal, abutment units: dm =[(1.5x193+39.5)2+(1.5x63)2] =342mm
Transverse, pier bearings: dm =[(1.5x57+22)2+(1.5x207)2] = 329 mm
Transverse, abutment units: dm =[(1.5x57+39.5)2+(1.5x207)2] = 335 mm

PROTA

Restoring capability of isolation system

Ratio dcd/dr 0.5 ?

Maximum static residual displacement dr=F0/Kp

Post-elastic stiffness Kp =W/R

dr=F0/Kp=Wx(F0/W)/(W/R)=(F0/W)xR

Longitudinal direction - LBDP: dcd/dr=0.193/(0.051x1.83)=2.07>0.5.

Transverse direction - LBDP: dcd/dr=0.207/(0.051x1.83)=2.22>0.5.

Longitudinal direction - UBDP: dcd/dr=0.149/(0.09x1.83)=0.90>0.5.

Transverse direction - UBDP: dcd/dr=0.138/(0.09x1.83)=0.84>0.5.

UBDP more unfavorable, as dr larger and dcd smaller.

Sufficient restoring capability without increasing the
displacement capability of devices

PROTA

Thank you !

PROTA