1

1)
Let =

Pn

i=1

i . . . dxn . For example, if we expand, then we get

x2i dx1 dx

= x21 dx2 . . . dxn + x22 dx1 dx3 . . . dxn + + x2n dx1 . . . dxn1 .
Now recall d =

dfI dxI and df =

f
dxI
xI

d = 2x1 dx1 dx2 . . . dxn + 2x2 dx2 dx1 dx3 . . . dxn + + 2xn dxn dx1 . . . dxn1
i are pushed to the front
Notice how all the missing dx
= (2x1 2x2 + 2x3 2x4 + + (1)n1 2xn1 )dx1 dx2 . . . dxn1
n
X
=
(1)i1 2xi dx1 dx2 . . . dxn
I

2. For d(sin(f (x)2 ) where f : Rn R. Look at n = 2, then we are asked to compute



f
f
2
2
d(sin(f (x, y) )) = cos(f (x, y) ) 2 x dx + 2 y dy .
So for n, we get
2

d(sin(f (x1 . . . xn ) )) = cos(f (x1 . . . xn ) )

f
2 x
dx1
1

+ +

f
dxn
2 x
n

Proof: This is to prove theorem 3.11, in short it proves that the identity d = d
for any forms k (U ) on some open set U Rn where : U V
P
Let = I fI dxI


2
0

Let R be a commutative ring. Show b II

and we need to show

I0
I

for all b R/I, so b = c + I for c R

(c + I) II = (c + I){d + I : d I 0 } I 0 /I.
0

So an element of (c + I) II is (c + i1 )(d + i2 ) = cd + ci2 + di1 + i1 i2 where c R and

d I 0 . This means
cd cI 0 I 0 since I 0 is an ideal of R
ci2 cI I since I is an ideal of R
di1 dI I since I is an ideal of I 0 and hence ideal in R
i1 i2 iI I since I is of course an ideal of itself.
So now we see that cd + (di1 + ci2 + i1 i2 ) {a + I : a I 0 } = I 0 /I, hence we have
0
0
shown that b II II . Because R is commutative, the absorption from the right is the
same.
Now we show C = {a R : a + I I } is an ideal in R, that is we show bC C
for every b R. Here I is an ideal in R/I, so it takes the form I = hr + Ii where
(x + I)I I for all x + I R/I where x R
Let bc bC, where c + I I , then bc + bI bI I , so this means bc + bI I ,
and there are i1 , i2 such that bi1 = i2 and so bc + I I and we prove that bC C.
Now we have to show that the correspondence quotient map is bijection. It is already
surjective, so we have to show that it is injective.
Now for a 6= b, if q(a) = q(b) then {a + I} = {b + I}. So this means a b I. I need
something to prove that a b = 0 the additive identity and I cant think why I being
an ideal of R helps this. I just know that I = ker q, but I dont know what else helps
me deduce ker q = {0}.
I feel like I made this proof longer than it needs to be because I am slow.

3
Let bc bC, then c + I I 0 . and b(c + I) = bc + bI bI 0 I 0 since I 0 is an ideal
in R. So this means there are elements i1 I and i01 I 0 such that bc + bi1 = i01 but
bI I because I is an ideal in R and hence bi1 = i2 for some i2 I.
So bc + i2 = i01 , but the elements i2 , i01 are arbitrary chosen elements, this means
bc + I I 0

4
Let 3Z be maximal relative to Z. Then Z/3Z is contains only 2 ideals, {0} = {3Z}
and Z/3Z. This means we have to show there is no M 0 = {a + 3Z : a 6 3Z} such that
{3Z} M 0 Z/3Z.
We assume there is such M 0 , and since M 0 is an ideal of Z/3Z we know that
(r + 3Z)M 0 M 0
where r Z.
Now if x (r + 3Z)M 0 , then x = (r + 3n)(a + 3m) = ra + 3(na + mr + 3nm)
ra + 3Z r hai + 3Z (actually can I say this? Do I have to justify the existence of
such a principal ideal hai?) is an ideal of Z. But 3Z is maximal. So r hai + 3Z cannot
exist and neither can x and that means M 0 cannot exist either. Hence Z/3Z contains
only 2 trivial ideals.
Now on the other hand, if Z/3Z contains only 2 trivial ideals, itself and {0} = {3Z},
we need to show 3Z is maximal with relative to Z. This means we need to show an
ideal 6 K such that
3Z K Z

5
()Now assume M is maximal relative to R where R is a commutative ring with unity.
We need to show R/M contains only two trivial ideals, the zero ring {0} = {M } and
itself R/M . We will assume the existence of an ideal J = {a + M }a6M such that
{M } J R/M
and show J is one of these rings, by construction we ruled out J = {M }. Therefore
we show the only remaining choice, J = R/M
First since J is an ideal of R/M , this means (r + M )J J or
(r + M ){a + M }a6M {a + M }a6M
where r R.
Distributing (r+M ) inside {a+M } yields {ra+M } and by above {ra+M } {a+M }
for some a. In fact Ra R so ra + M is an ideal containing M by simply restricting
R to the zero ring. But M is maximal, meaning ra + M = R and so this means
x = ra R and {x + M }xR J but {x + M }xR = R/M . Hence J = R/M.
() Now assume the quotient ring R/M contains two ideals: {M } and R/M itself,
and if there is an ideal K of R such that
M K R,
then there is an k K where k 6 M . Now for this choice of k and using the ideal
definition on R/M itself, notice
(k + M )R/M = (k + M ){a + M }aR = {ka + M }aR {a + M }aR = R/M.
In fact this containment is equality because we are considering the ideal property on
the whole ring, so {ka + M } = {a + M }. This means ka a M K. Hence if for
k 0 K, we have a = k 0 ka K. Then K = R and in fact M is maximal.