A Novel Approach for Optimum Allocation of Flexible

Transmission Systems using Harmony Search Technique

AC

Recently Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) is a

well-known term for higher controllability in power systems by means of
power electronic devices. FACTS devices can effectively control the load
flow, improve the usage of existing system installations by increasing
transmission capability, compensate the reactive power, improve the power
quality, improve the voltage profile and stability of the power network.
However, the location of these devices on a wide area Power System plays a
significant role to achieve such benefits. This paper presents the application
of Harmony Search optimization technique for finding out the optimal
number, the optimal locations and size of Static Compensator (STATCOM)
device to achieve all load buses within voltage ranges and minimum power
losses in the system. The reactive power needed of the system and the
voltage limits for the buses are taken as constraints during the optimization.
Simulations are performed on a large scale power System (i.e. Egyptian
electrical network- 220/500 kV Cairo zone).
Conclusiones
An optimization algorithm based on Harmony Search is used to obtain
optimal number and location for STATCOM devices on a part of electrical
Egyptian network (220/500 kV Cairo zone).The results showed that the HS
technique is able to find the best number, location and size of STATCOM
devices.The voltage valueson the buses to which the STATCOMs are
connected and marginally sufficient to keep all other voltages within the
ranges. The selected number of the STATCOMs is minimum which satisfied
low costs.
Un nuevo enfoque para la asignacin ptima de sistemas de
transmisin de CA flexible utilizando la tcnica de bsqueda de
armona
Recientemente los sistemas de transmisin de corriente alterna flexible
(FACTS) son un trmino bien conocido para mayor controlabilidad en
sistemas de potencia por medio de dispositivos electrnicos de potencia.
Los dispositivos FACTS pueden controlar eficazmente el flujo de carga,
mejorar el uso de las instalaciones del sistema existente aumentando la
capacidad de transmisin, compensar la potencia reactiva, mejorar la
calidad de la alimentacin, mejorar el perfil de voltaje y la estabilidad de la
red elctrica. Sin embargo, la ubicacin de estos dispositivos en un sistema
de energa de rea amplia juega un papel importante para lograr tales
beneficios. Este documento presenta la aplicacin de la tcnica de
optimizacin de bsqueda de armona para determinar el nmero ptimo,
las ubicaciones ptimas y el tamao del dispositivo de compensacin
esttica (STATCOM) para lograr todos los buses de carga dentro de los
rangos de voltaje y prdidas mnimas de potencia en el sistema. La potencia
reactiva necesaria del sistema y los lmites de tensin para los buses se
toman como limitaciones durante la optimizacin. Las simulaciones se
realizan en un sistema de energa a gran escala (es decir, la red elctrica
egipcia-220/500 kV zona de El Cairo).

Conclusiones
Un algoritmo de optimizacin basado en la bsqueda de armona se utiliza
para obtener el nmero ptimo y la ubicacin de los dispositivos STATCOM
en una parte de la red egipcia elctrica (220/500 kV zona de El Cairo) .Los
resultados mostraron que la tcnica HS es capaz de encontrar el mejor
nmero, la ubicacin Y el tamao de los dispositivos STATCOM. Los valores
de voltaje en los buses a los cuales estn conectados los STATCOM y son
marginalmente suficientes para mantener todos los dems voltajes dentro
de los rangos. El nmero seleccionado de los STATCOM es mnimo que
satisface los bajos costos.
Analysing the effects of different types of FACTS devices on the
steady-state performance of the Hydro-Qubec network.
Hydro-Qubecs electrical transmission system is an extensive, international
grid located in Qubec, Canada with extensions into the northeastern United
States of America. For large power systems such as this, one of the major
issues is to maintain the steady-state performance of the network. From this
point of view, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices could be
effective tools to improve power system security by reducing the power flow
on overloaded lines, which in turn would result in an increased loadability of
the power system, reduced transmission line losses, improved stability and
security and, ultimately, a more energy-efficient transmission system.
Therefore in this study, the authors will present the effects of different types
of FACTS devices on the performance of Hydro-Qubecs power system. The
optimal locations and rating of these FACTS controllers will be determined
with a view to improving network security using an optimisation algorithm
based on a genetic algorithm. The effects of six different FACTS devices
including static VAR compensator (SVC), thyristor-controlled series capacitor
(TCSC), thyristor-controlled voltage regulator (TCVR), thyristor-controlled
phase- shifting transformer (TCPST), unified power flow controller (UPFC)
and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with energy storage are
compared. Using the presented results, the effects of different types of
FACTS devices on the Hydro- Qubec network will be analysed and
compared with those of a STATCOM equipped with energy storage from the
viewpoints of static loadability and losses.
Conclusion
This paper presented analyses and a discussion of the effects of different
types of FACTS devices on the steady-state performance of the HydroQubec network. Using a GA-based optimisation method, the optimal
locations and values of different types of FACTS devices were determined
and the performance of the network was analysed before and after inserting
the FACTS devices. The effects of five different FACTS devices including SVC,
TCSC, TCVR, TCPST, UPFC and STATCOM with SMES were presented. Based
on the results, the UPFC was the most effective FACTS device if we want to
increase the loadability while reducing the losses at the same time, even
when the main objective function is maximising power system loadability.
Another contribution of this paper is the study of the potential effects of
FACTS with storage on steady-state network performance. Although no

benefits were found on the Hydro-Qubec network, which is mostly radial,

STATCOM with SMES was able to improve the loadability and losses of
several highly meshed IEEE test systems.
Analizar los efectos de diferentes tipos de dispositivos FACTS en el
desempeo en estado estacionario de la red de Hydro-Qubec
El sistema de transmisin elctrica de Hydro-Qubec es una extensa red
internacional ubicada en Quebec, Canad, con extensiones hacia el noreste
de los Estados Unidos de Amrica. Para grandes sistemas de energa como
este, uno de los principales problemas es mantener el rendimiento en
estado estacionario de la red. Desde este punto de vista, los dispositivos
flexibles de transmisin de CA (FACTS) podran ser herramientas eficaces
para mejorar la seguridad del sistema de potencia al reducir el flujo de
potencia en las lneas sobrecargadas, lo que a su vez resultara en una
mayor capacidad de carga del sistema de potencia, , Estabilidad y seguridad
mejoradas y, en ltima instancia, un sistema de transmisin ms eficiente
en energa. Por lo tanto, en este estudio, los autores presentarn los efectos
de diferentes tipos de dispositivos FACTS en el rendimiento del sistema de
energa de Hydro-Qubec. Las ubicaciones ptimas y la clasificacin de
estos controladores FACTS se determinarn con miras a mejorar la
seguridad de la red utilizando un algoritmo de optimizacin basado en un
algoritmo gentico. Los efectos de seis diferentes dispositivos FACTS
incluyendo compensador esttico VAR (SVC), condensador en serie
controlado por tiristor (TCSC), regulador de tensin controlado por tiristor
(TCVR), transformador de desplazamiento de fase controlado por tiristor
(TCPST), controlador de flujo de potencia unificado ) Y el compensador
sncrono esttico (STATCOM) con almacenamiento de energa se comparan.
Utilizando los resultados presentados, se analizarn los efectos de
diferentes tipos de dispositivos FACTS en la red de Hydro-Qubec y se
compararn con los de un STATCOM equipado con almacenamiento de
energa desde los puntos de vista de carga y prdidas estticas.
Conclusiones
En este trabajo se presentaron anlisis y una discusin de los efectos de
diferentes tipos de dispositivos FACTS en el desempeo en estado
estacionario de la red de Hydro-Qubec. Utilizando un mtodo de
optimizacin basado en GA, se determinaron las ubicaciones y valores
ptimos de diferentes tipos de dispositivos FACTS y se analiz el
rendimiento de la red antes y despus de insertar los dispositivos FACTS. Se
presentaron los efectos de cinco dispositivos FACTS diferentes incluyendo
SVC, TCSC, TCVR, TCPST, UPFC y STATCOM con SMES. Basado en los
resultados, el UPFC fue el dispositivo FACTS ms eficaz si queremos
aumentar la capacidad de carga al mismo tiempo que se reducen las
prdidas al mismo tiempo, incluso cuando la funcin del objetivo principal
es maximizar la capacidad de carga del sistema de potencia. Otra
contribucin de este trabajo es el estudio de los efectos potenciales de
FACTS con el almacenamiento en el rendimiento de la red en estado
estacionario. Aunque no se encontraron beneficios en la red de HydroQubec, que es en su mayora radial, STATCOM con SMES fue capaz de

mejorar la capacidad de carga y las prdidas de varios sistemas de prueba

IEEE de alta malla.
Optimal Placement of Multiple-Type FACTS Devices to Maximize
Power System Loadability Using a Generic Graphical User Interface.
Flexible AC transmission systems, so-called FACTS devices, can help reduce
power flow on overloaded lines,which would result in an increased
loadability of the power system, fewer transmission line losses, improved
stability and security and, ultimately, a more energy-efficient transmission
system. In order to find suitable FACTS locationsmore easily andwithmore
flexibility, this paper presents a graphical user interface (GUI) based on a
genetic algorithm (GA) which is shown able to find the optimal locations and
sizing parameters of multi-type FACTS devices in large power systems. This
user-friendly tool, called the FACTS Placement Toolbox, allows the user to
pick a power system network, determine the GA settings and select the
number and types of FACTS devices to be allocated in the network. The GAbased optimization process is then applied to obtain optimal locations and
ratings of the selected FACTS to maximize the system static loadability. Five
different FACTS devices are implemented: SVC, TCSC, TCVR, TCPST and
UPFC. The simulation results on IEEE test networks with up to 300 buses
show that the FACTS placement toolbox is effective and flexible enough for
analyzing a large number of scenarios with mixed types of FACTS to be
optimally sited at multiple locations simultaneously.

Conclusin
This paper presented a GUI based on GA to seek the optimal locations and
values of a given set of FACTS devices for more efficient use of power
system assets. In this user-friendly frame- work, called the FACTS Placement
Toolbox, the user has the opportunity to choose the power System network,
determine the GA settings and select the number and types of FACTS device
to be allocated in the network. Five different FACTS devices are used in this
GUI: SVC, TCSC, TCVR, TCPST, and UPFC. The simulation results show that
the FACTS placement toolbox is effectively applicable to find the optimal
locations and values of the given multi-type FACTS devices mix in a given
power system so as to maximize the system loadability under secu- rity
constraints. Quite expectedly, the UPFC turned out to be the most effective
FACTS if we want to increase the loadability while reducing the losses at the
same time, even though the latter criterion was not part of the optimization
process. Fi- nally, to show the capability of the implemented GUI in prac tical
real-world case studies, the results of SVC allocation in the Hydro-Qubec
network were presented.
Colocacin ptima de dispositivos FACTS de varios tipos para
maximizar la capacidad de carga del sistema de alimentacin
mediante una interfaz grfica de usuario genrica.
Los sistemas de transmisin de CA flexible, los llamados dispositivos FACTS,
pueden ayudar a reducir el flujo de energa en las lneas sobrecargadas, lo

que dara lugar a una mayor capacidad de carga del sistema de energa,
menos prdidas en la lnea de transmisin, mayor estabilidad y seguridad y,
en ltima instancia, sistema de transmisin. En este trabajo se presenta una
interfaz grfica de usuario (GUI) basada en un algoritmo gentico (GA) que
se muestra capaz de encontrar ubicaciones ptimas y parmetros de
dimensionamiento de dispositivos FACTS multi-tipo en grandes potencias
Sistemas. Esta herramienta fcil de usar, denominada FACTS Placement
Toolbox, permite al usuario seleccionar una red del sistema de potencia,
determinar la configuracin de GA y seleccionar el nmero y tipos de
dispositivos FACTS que se asignarn en la red. A continuacin, se aplica el
proceso de optimizacin basado en GA para obtener ubicaciones y
calificaciones ptimas de los FACTOS seleccionados para maximizar la
capacidad de carga esttica del sistema. Se implementan cinco dispositivos
FACTS diferentes: SVC, TCSC, TCVR, TCPST y UPFC. Los resultados de la
simulacin en redes de prueba IEEE con hasta 300 buses muestran que la
caja de herramientas de colocacin FACTS es efectiva y flexible para
analizar un gran nmero de escenarios con tipos mixtos de FACTS para ser
ubicados ptimamente en mltiples ubicaciones simultneamente.
Conclusion
Este documento present una GUI basada en GA para buscar las
ubicaciones y valores ptimos de un conjunto dado de dispositivos FACTS
para un uso ms eficiente de los activos del sistema de energa. En este
marco fcil de usar, llamado FACTS Placement Toolbox, el usuario tiene la
oportunidad de elegir la red del sistema de potencia, determinar los ajustes
de GA y seleccionar el nmero y tipos de dispositivos FACTS que se
asignarn en la red. En esta GUI se utilizan cinco dispositivos FACTS
diferentes: SVC, TCSC, TCVR, TCPST y UPFC. Los resultados de la simulacin
muestran que la caja de herramientas de colocacin FACTS es
efectivamente aplicable para encontrar las ubicaciones ptimas y los
valores de los dispositivos FACTS de varios tipos dados en un sistema de
potencia dado para maximizar la capacidad de carga del sistema bajo
restricciones de seguridad. Como era de esperarse, la UPFC result ser el
FACTS ms eficaz si queremos aumentar la capacidad de carga al mismo
tiempo que se reducen las prdidas al mismo tiempo, aunque este ltimo
criterio no formaba parte del proceso de optimizacin. Por ltimo, para
mostrar la capacidad de la GUI implementada en estudios prcticos
prcticos del mundo real, se presentaron los resultados de la asignacin de
SVC en la red de Hydro-Qubec.
Optimal location of FACTS devices using Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization
In this paper a new, an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) is
proposed for optimizing the power system performance. Recently, the
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique has been applied to solve
power engineering optimization problems giving better results than classical
methods. Due to slow convergence and local minima, particle swarm
optimization fails to give global results. To overcome these drawbacks, in
this paper presents the application of improved particle swarm optimization
for optimal sizing and allocation of a Static Compensator (STATCOM) and

minimize the voltage deviations at all the buses in a power system. This
algorithm finds an optimal settings for present infrastructure as well as
optimal locations, sizes and control settings for Static Compensator
(STATCOM) units. A 30 bus system is used as an example to illustrate the
technique. Results show that the Improved Particle Swarm Optimi zation
(IPSO) is able to find the best solution with statistical significance and a high
degree of convergence. The simulation results are presented to show a
significant improvement of the power System reliability and feasibility and
potential of this new approach.
Conclusion
This paper has shown the step by step the application of the IPSO method to
solve the problem of optimal allocation of STATCOM units in a 30-bus
system. Results shows that the system constraints kept all bus voltage
deviations between 5% of the corresponding nominal voltage,limit the size
of each STATCOM device to a maximum of 250 MVA, exclude the generator
buses from the search and avoidmultiple units connected to the same bus.
The evolutionary computation technique, the IPSO, has a superior
performance as compared to the classical optimization techniques, such as
Benders decomposition and B&B, both in terms of the ability to find the
optimal solution and the computational effort.
Ubicacin ptima de los dispositivos FACTS mediante optimizacin
de optimizacin de enjambres de partculas
En este trabajo se propone una nueva optimizacin del enjambre de
partculas (IPSO) para optimizar el rendimiento del sistema de potencia.
Recientemente, se ha aplicado la tcnica de Optimizacin de Enjambre de
Partculas (PSO) para resolver problemas de optimizacin de la ingeniera de
potencia dando mejores resultados que los mtodos clsicos. Debido a la
convergencia lenta y los mnimos locales, la optimizacin del enjambre de
partculas no da resultados globales. Para superar estos inconvenientes, en
este documento se presenta la aplicacin de optimizacin de enjambre de
partcula mejorada para un dimensionamiento y asignacin ptimos de un
Compensador Esttico (STATCOM) y minimizar las desviaciones de tensin
en todos los buses de un sistema de potencia. Este algoritmo encuentra una
configuracin ptima para la infraestructura actual, as como ubicaciones
ptimas, tamaos y ajustes de control para las unidades STATCOM
(Compensador esttico). Un sistema de bus 30 se utiliza como ejemplo para
ilustrar la tcnica. Los resultados muestran que la Optimizacin Mejorada de
Enjambre de Partculas (IPSO) es capaz de encontrar la mejor solucin con
significacin estadstica y un alto grado de convergencia. Los resultados de
la simulacin se presentan para mostrar una mejora signi fi cativa de la
fiabilidad y viabilidad y potencialidad del sistema de potencia de este nuevo
enfoque.

Conclusion
Este trabajo ha mostrado paso a paso la aplicacin del mtodo IPSO para
resolver el problema de la asignacin ptima de las unidades STATCOM en

un sistema de 30 bus. Los resultados muestran que las restricciones del

sistema mantienen todas las desviaciones de voltaje del bus entre 5% de
la tensin nominal correspondiente, limitan el tamao de cada dispositivo
STATCOM a un mximo de 250 MVA, excluyen los buses del generador de la
bsqueda y evitan mltiples unidades conectadas al mismo bus . La tcnica
de computacin evolutiva, IPSO, tiene un rendimiento superior en
comparacin con las tcnicas clsicas de optimizacin, como la
descomposicin de Benders y B & B, tanto en trminos de capacidad para
encontrar la solucin ptima como el esfuerzo computacional.
Particle swarm optimization with an aging leader and challengers
algorithm for optimal power flow problem with FACTS devices
Optimal power flow (OPF) problem is an optimization tool through which
secure and economic operating conditions of power system is obtained. In
this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) with an aging leader and
challengers (ALC-PSO) is applied for the solution of the OPF problem of
power System equipped with flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS). The
two FACTS devices, namely, thyristor controlled series capacitor and
thyristor controlled phase shifter are considered for this study. This Study is
implemented on modified IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 57-bus test power systems
with four different objectives. The results presented in this paper
demonstrate the potential of ALC-PSO algorithm and show its effectiveness
for solving the OPF problem with FACTS devices over the other evolutionary
optimization techniques surfaced in the recent state-of-the-art literature.
Conclusin
In this paper, ALC-PSO has been, successfully, implemented to solve OPF
problem of power system equipped with FACTS devices. This algorithm has
been tested for the solution of OPF problema with FACTS devices having
different types of objective functions (such as fuel cost minimization with
different cost curves, transmission loss minimization, emission minimization
and combined fuel cost and emission minimization) on modified IEEE 30-bus
and IEEE 57-bus test power system. These networks are equipped with TCSC
and TCPS devices at fixed locations. The results obtained from the proposed
ALC-PSO approach are compared with those reported in the recent state-ofthe-art literature. It has been observed that the ALC-PSO has the ability to
converge to a better quality solution and possesses good convergence
characteristics compared with other techniques recently reported in the
literature.
Optimizacin de enjambre de partculas con un lder de
envejecimiento y algoritmo de desafos para un problema ptimo
de flujo de potencia con dispositivos FACTS.
El problema ptimo de flujo de potencia (OPF) es una herramienta de
optimizacin a travs de la cual se obtienen condiciones de operacin
seguras y econmicas del sistema de potencia. En este trabajo se aplica la
optimizacin de enjambres de partculas (PSO) con un lder y challengers de
envejecimiento (ALC-PSO) para la solucin del problema OPF del sistema de
potencia equipado con sistemas de transmisin de corriente alterna flexibles
(FACTS). Para este estudio se consideran los dos dispositivos FACTOS, a

saber, condensador en serie controlado por tiristor y tiristor controlado por

tiristor. Este estudio se implementa en los sistemas modificados de potencia
IEEE 30 bus y IEEE 57 con cuatro objetivos diferentes. Los resultados
presentados en este artculo demuestran el potencial del algoritmo ALC-PSO
y muestran su efectividad para resolver el problema OPF con dispositivos
FACTS sobre las otras tcnicas de optimizacin evolutiva aparecidas en la
literatura reciente del estado de la tcnica.
Conclusion
En este documento, ALC-PSO ha sido, con xito, implementado para resolver
OPF problema del sistema de energa equipada con dispositivos FACTS. Este
algoritmo ha sido probado para la solucin de OPF problema con dispositivos
FACTS que tienen diferentes tipos de funciones objetivas (como
minimizacin de costos de combustible con diferentes curvas de costos,
reduccin de prdidas de transmisin, minimizacin de emisiones y costo
combinado de combustible y minimizacin de emisiones) en IEEE 30- Bus y
IEEE 57-bus prueba el sistema de energa. Estas redes estn equipadas con
dispositivos TCSC y TCPS en lugares fijos. Los resultados obtenidos a partir
del enfoque ALC-PSO propuesto se comparan con los reportados en la
literatura reciente del estado de la tcnica. Se ha observado que el ALC-PSO
tiene la capacidad de converger a una solucin de mejor calidad y posee
buenas caractersticas de convergencia en comparacin con otras tcnicas
recientemente publicadas en la literatura.
Application of min cut algorithm for optimal location of FACTS
devices considering system loadability and cost of installation
Due to the growth of electricity demands and transactions in power markets,
existing power networks need to be improved in order to increase their
loadability. Series FACTS devices such as Thyristor controlled series
compensators (TCSC) can be installed on transmission lines to enhance the
system loadability through changing line reactance. The proper location and
the best setting of TCSC is a key for achieving maximum system loadability
and optimal installation cost of TCSC devices. This paper has applied the
minimum cut methodology on the power system to determine the most
suitable locations for the installed TCSC as well as using Kirchhoffs law of
current to establish clearly formulation for determining the best setting of
TCSC devices. Simulations are performed on IEEE 6-bus, IEEE 30-bus and
IEEE 118-bus systems. The results obtained show that the proposed method
is capable of finding the location, quantity and size of TCSC in such effective
way for enhancing system loadability and minimum installation cost of TCSC
devices. Using this method, search space and the number of TCSC devices
required will be significantly decreased.
Conclusin
Maximum system loadability and optimal installation cost of TCSC devices is
one of the most important issues in the electricity market operation. The
proper location and optimal setting of TCSC is a key for solving this problem.
Searching space will be very large if there is not an effective method. This
paper has applied the minimum cut methodology on the power system to
reduce Search space as well as using Kirchhoffs law of current to establish

clearly formulation for determining the best possible setting of TCSC

devices.
The study results on IEEE6- and IEEE 30- and IEEE 118-bus system have
proved the effectiveness of the method. The proposed method is capable of
finding the location, quantity and size of TCSC in such effective way for
enhancing system loadability and minimum installation cost of TCSC
devices. Using this method, the search scope is limited hence the number of
branches which need to be investigated to determine the location of FACTS
has been significantly decreased.
Aplicacin del algoritmo de corte mnimo para la ubicacin ptima
de dispositivos FACTS considerando la capacidad de carga del
sistema y el costo de instalacin
Debido al crecimiento de las demandas de electricidad y las transacciones
en los mercados de energa, las redes elctricas existentes necesitan ser
mejoradas para aumentar su capacidad de carga. Los dispositivos Serie
FACTS, como los compensadores de serie controlados por tiristores (TCSC),
se pueden instalar en las lneas de transmisin para mejorar la capacidad de
carga del sistema a travs del cambio de la reactancia de la lnea. La
ubicacin adecuada y el mejor ajuste de TCSC es una clave para lograr la
mxima capacidad de carga del sistema y el costo de instalacin ptimo de
los dispositivos TCSC. Este documento ha aplicado la metodologa de corte
mnimo en el sistema de potencia para determinar los lugares ms
adecuados para el TCSC instalado, as como usar la ley de Kirchhoff de
corriente para establecer claramente la formulacin para determinar el
mejor ajuste de los dispositivos TCSC. Las simulaciones se realizan en los
sistemas IEEE 6 bus, IEEE 30 bus y IEEE 118 bus. Los resultados obtenidos
muestran que el mtodo propuesto es capaz de encontrar la ubicacin,
cantidad y tamao de TCSC de tal manera efectiva para mejorar la
capacidad de carga del sistema y el costo mnimo de instalacin de los
dispositivos TCSC. Usando este mtodo, el espacio de bsqueda y el nmero
de dispositivos TCSC requeridos disminuirn significativamente.
Conclusion
La mxima capacidad de carga del sistema y el costo de instalacin ptimo
de los dispositivos TCSC es uno de los temas ms importantes en la
operacin del mercado elctrico. La ubicacin correcta y el ajuste ptimo de
TCSC es una clave para resolver este problema. El espacio de bsqueda ser
muy grande si no hay un mtodo eficaz. Este documento ha aplicado la
metodologa de corte mnimo en el sistema de energa para reducir el
espacio de bsqueda, as como utilizar la ley de Kirchhoff de corriente para
establecer claramente la formulacin para determinar el mejor ajuste
posible de los dispositivos TCSC.
Los resultados del estudio en IEEE6 y IEEE 30 y IEEE 118-bus sistema han
demostrado la eficacia del mtodo. El mtodo propuesto es capaz de
encontrar la ubicacin, cantidad y tamao de TCSC de tal manera efectiva
para mejorar la capacidad de carga del sistema y el costo mnimo de
instalacin de los dispositivos TCSC. Utilizando este mtodo, el alcance de la
bsqueda es limitado, por lo tanto, el nmero de ramas que necesitan ser

investigadas para determinar la localizacin de FACTS ha disminuido de

manera significativa.
A generalized approach for determination of optimal location and
performance analysis of FACTs devices
This paper presents a generalized approach for determination of optimal
locations for placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTs) devices
in the power system with an objective of reducing real power loss and to
reduce overloading of the lines. An objective function involving above
objectives is formulated and a detailed mathematical model for each
objective is presented in terms of system parameters. Three FACT devices,
namely, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC), and Optimal Unified Power Flow Controller (OUPFC) which
are capable of controlling both active and reactive power are considered in
simulation and analysis of the networks. The parameters to be optimized
have been identified and incorporated in the objective function for each
device. Sensitivity analysis is used to locate optimal buses to place the
FACTs devices in the network. Effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated
on a 5 Bus and an IEEE 14 Bus systems for each FACT device. Simulation
results obtained for each device using proposed approach are compared
with those obtained in the literature.
Conclusin
A generalized method has been developed to determine suitable location for
placement of any FACT device. According to the proposed method, objective
function is partially differentiated with respect to control parameters of the
FACT devices. This is implemented for two objective functions and validated
for three devices, UPFC, IPFC and OUPFC. The objective functions considered
here are reduction of total system real power loss and reduction of real
power flow performance index.
Partial derivatives of total system real power loss with respect to system
parameters are obtained in Method-1, which is sufficient to determine the
location as long as there is no congestion. In congested system, the suitable
location of FACTs device can be decided based on the partial derivative of
real power flow performance index with respect to device parameters to be
optimized. The placement of a FACTs device is decided based on the
sensitivity obtained with respect to phase angle of the voltage than that of
magnitude of the voltage.
Un enfoque generalizado para la determinacin de la ubicacin
ptima y el anlisis del rendimiento de los dispositivos FACT
Este artculo presenta un enfoque generalizado para la determinacin de
ubicaciones ptimas para la colocacin de dispositivos de transmisin de CA
flexible (FACTs) en el sistema de potencia con el objetivo de reducir la
prdida de potencia real y reducir la sobrecarga de las lneas. Se formula
una funcin objetiva que involucra objetivos anteriores y se presenta un
modelo matemtico detallado para cada objetivo en trminos de
parmetros del sistema. En la simulacin y el anlisis de las redes se
consideran tres dispositivos FACT, a saber, el controlador de flujo de

potencia unificado (UPFC), el controlador de flujo de potencia Interline (IPFC)

y el controlador de flujo de potencia unificado ptimo (OUPFC) que son
capaces de controlar tanto la potencia activa como reactiva . Los
parmetros a optimizar han sido identificados e incorporados en la funcin
objetivo para cada dispositivo. El anlisis de sensibilidad se utiliza para
localizar autobuses ptimos para colocar los dispositivos FACT en la red. La
eficacia del enfoque se demuestra en un autobs 5 y un IEEE 14 sistemas
de bus para cada dispositivo FACT. Los resultados de simulacin obtenidos
para cada dispositivo usando el enfoque propuesto se comparan con los
obtenidos en la literatura.
Conclusion
Se ha desarrollado un mtodo generalizado para determinar la ubicacin
adecuada para la colocacin de cualquier dispositivo FACT. De acuerdo con
el mtodo propuesto, la funcin objetivo es parcialmente diferenciada con
respecto a los parmetros de control de los dispositivos FACT. Esto se
implementa para dos funciones objetivo y se valida para tres dispositivos,
UPFC, IPFC y OUPFC. Las funciones objetivo consideradas aqu son la
reduccin de la prdida real de potencia total del sistema y la reduccin del
ndice de rendimiento del flujo de potencia real.
Las derivadas parciales de la prdida de potencia real total del sistema con
respecto a los parmetros del sistema se obtienen en el Mtodo-1, que es
suficiente para determinar la ubicacin siempre y cuando no haya
congestin. En el sistema congestionado, la ubicacin adecuada del
dispositivo FACTs se puede decidir basndose en la derivada parcial del
ndice real de rendimiento del flujo de potencia con respecto a los
parmetros del dispositivo que se deben optimizar. La colocacin de un
dispositivo FACTs se decide en base a la sensibilidad obtenida con respecto
al ngulo de fase de la tensin que la de la magnitud de la tensin.
Looking for optimal number and placement of FACTS devices to
manage the transmission congestion
Some applications of FACTS devices show that they are proper and effective
tools to control the technical parameters of power systems. However
determination ofoptimal number, location, size and type of these devices is
a difficult problem. Moreover, applying a suitable objective function for
optimal placement of FACTS devices plays a very important role in economic
improvement of a power market. In this paper optimal placement of parallel
and series FACTS devices is studied. The STATCOM is selected as a parallel
FACTS device and SSSC as a series one. The optimization problem is
formulated in regard to restructured environment and a new objective
function is defined so that itsminimization can alleviate the congestion and
provide fairer conditions for power market participants. Moreover, an index
based on objective function value is presented to determine the optimal
number of each FACTS device in a specific designed algorithm. The power
injection models for STATCOM and SSSC are adopted by applying neural
models based on the averaging technique. This model takes the converter
power losses into account and produces the required PQ-phasor that is
suitable for power system steady state analysis. The proposed method is

applied on modified IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 118-bus test systems and the
results are analyzed.
Conclusion
Optimal and efficient operation of a power system is achieved when the
appropriate tools are employed by a suitable objective function. The use of
FACTS devices as an effective option provides an opportunity to improve and
optimize the operation condition of power system by alleviating the
transmission congestion. Thus, in this paper optimal placement problem of
parallel and series FACTS devices in the restructured environments is
examined which the objective function of the problem is formulated to
decrease the mean of nodal prices and their differences. TheSTATCOM is
considered as a parallel device and the SSSC as a series one. The power
injection model for these devices is adopted by applying a neural model
based on the averaging technique which can take into account the power
losses of the devices. Moreover, an algorithm is proposed in which an index
is designed based on the value of objective function to find out the optimal
number of each FACTS device. This index is defined to be applicable for
other types of objective functions. The case studies on modified IEEE 14bus, 30-bus and 118-bus test systems show that the proposed method is
helpful to find the optimal number of FACTS devices and is effective to
manage the congestion of transmission lines as well as to create fairer
condition for power market participants.
Congestion Management by Determining Optimal Location of
Series FACTS Devices using Hybrid Bacterial Foraging and Nelder
Mead Algorithm
In this paper, the Thyristor-Controlled Series-Compensated (TCSC) devices
are located for congestion management in the power system by considering
the non-smooth fuel cost function and penalti cost of emission. For this
purpose, it is considered that the objective function of the proposed optimal
power flow (OPF) problem is minimizing fuel and emission penalty cost of
generators. A hybrid method that is the combination of the bacterial
foraging (BF) algorithm with Nelder-Mead (NM) method (BF-NM) is employed
to solve the OPF problems. The optimal location of the TCSC devices are
then determined for congestion management. The size of the TCSC is
obtained by using of the BF-NM algorithm to minimize the cost of
generation, cost of emission, and cost of TCSC. The simulation results on
IEEE 30-bus, modified IEEE 30- bus and IEEE 118-bus test system confirm
the efficiency of the proposed method for finding the optimal location of the
TCSC with non-smooth non-convex cost function and emission for
congestion management in the power system. In addition, the results clearly
show that a better solution can be achieved by using the proposed OPF
problem in comparison with other intelligence methods.
Conclusion
In this paper, the optimal placement of TCSC devices used for congestion
management in deregulated power systems was studied. For this purpose,
LMP value determination and the congestion rent contribution method were
employed. With regard to the non-smoothness of the power plant cost

function due to the valve point-loading effect, the BF-NM algorithm was used
to solve the OPF. After determining the system operating point (results from
the OPF solution), the LMP values were determined by a linear method. By
comparing the values of LMP, the validity of the under study method was
confirmed on the IEEE 30-bus test system by the method based on
linearization and the conventional method. Then, by determining the LMP
values, the location of the TCSC was performed by the congestion rent
contribution method and the application of the BF-NM algorithm. IEEE 30bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems are used to evaluate proposed
congestion management method. The simulation results showed that the
optimal placement of these devices not only reduced the congestion rent
contribution in the system, but was also significantly profitable.
Furthermore, these results represents that the results determined by the
multi-objective optimization EA cannot reach results of the weighting
method.
Comparison of BBO, WIPSO & PSO techniques for the optimal
placement of FACTS devices to enhance system security.
Nowadays power systems are heavily loaded and are being operated in
ways not originally envisioned. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
devices play a vital role in improving the static as well as dynamic
performance of the power systems. FACTS devices are based on solid-state
control and so the control actions at far higher speed is possible. However
the location and rating of the FACTS devices play a major role in deciding
the extent to which the objective of improving the system performance is
achieved in a cost effective manner. In this work an objective function
comprising of cost, line loadings and load voltage deviations is proposed to
tap maximum benefits out of their installation and the weights assigned to
them decide their relative importance. FACTS devices such as Thyristor
Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
are considered. The optimization is carried out considering four parameters
namely the number of FACTS device, location, type and rating of the device.
In this work three cases (only TCSC, only SVC, TCSC & SVC) are considered
forthe optimal placement of the devices, using PSO, WIPSO and BBO
techniques
Conclusion
The FACTS devices can be placed at any feasible location in the power
system, but their locations and ratings are to be fixed optimally as they turn
out to be costlier than the conventional compensating devices. Here the
problem of device placement is analysed using PSO, WIPSO and BBO
algorithms; which gives the solution for the comprehensive objective
function consisting of cost of the device, load voltage deviations and line
loadings. The proposed method yields an efficient solution in BBO technique
and considerably reduces load voltage deviations and relieve the lines off
their over loads under various loading conditions. The tabulated result
shows that, there is a significant reduction in the line loadings when only
TCSCs are connected at optimal locations. In the case when TCSCs are
used along with SVCs, line loadings are further reduced thereby improving
the level of system security. Similarly it is observed that the load voltage

deviations are reduced when only SVCs are connected at appropriate

locations, and when TCSCs were used along with SVCs the load bus
voltages improve significantly thereby resulting in a better voltage profiles
throughout the system under normal and overload conditions. The analysis
of the proposed technique shows that, TCSCs has more control on line
loadings and SVCs plays an effective role in improving the voltage profile of
the system.
Loadability enhancement with FACTS devices using gravitational
search algorithm
In the present work, GSA (gravitational search algorithm) based optimization
algorithm is applied for the optimal allocation of FACTS devices in
transmission system. IEEE 30 & IEEE 57 test bus systems are taken as
standards. Both active and reactive loading of the power system is
considered and the effect of FACTS devices on the power transfer capacity
of the individual generator is investigated. The proposed approach of
planning of reactive power sources with the FACTS devices is compared with
other globally accepted techniques like GA (Genetic Algorithm), Differential
Evolution (DE), and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). From the results
obtained, it is observed that incorporating FACTS devices, loadability of the
power system increases considerably and each generator present in the
system is being able to dispatch significant amount of active power under
different increasing loading conditions where the steam flow rate is
maintained corresponding to the base active loading condition. The active
power loss & operating cost also reduces by significant margin with FACTS
devices at each loading condition and GSA based planning approach of
reactive power sources with FACTS devices found to be the best among all
the methods discussed in terms of reducing active power loss and total
operating cost of the system under all active and reactive loading situations.
Conclusion
In this paper the usefulness of GA, DE, PSO and GSA based optimal
placement of FACTS devices in a transmission network is tested for the
increased loadability of the power system as well as to minimize the total
operating cost and total active power loss. Results showed that the
proposed GSA algorithm is efficient for reduction of power losses,
improvement of the voltage profile as well as reduction of total operating
cost maintaining all the constraints. From the convergence characteristics of
operating cost with iteration for different optimization techniques, it is found
that GSA is the bestamong all the methods. It gives minimum operating cost
and active power loss among all the methods. Furthermore, the effect of
FACTS devices on transfer capability of each generator present in the
transmission system is investigated and it is found that even at increased
loading condition, generators are being able to dispatch significant amount
of active power without increasing steam flow rate corresponding to the
base loading situation. This is the significant contribution of FACTS (Flexible
AC Transmission System) devices when both active & reactive loading is
considered though it is obvious that FACTS devices is able to inject large
amount of reactive power into the system under only reactive loading cases.
Hence, key issue is the optimum co-ordination of FACTS (Flexible AC

Transmission System) devices with the existing reactive power sources for
achieving all the mentioned benefits. Here, in the proposed work, the result
shows that GSA can be a proper optimization algorithm for optimal planning
of FACTS devices for the enhancement of loadability of the power system.
Optimal Setting of FACTS Devices using Particle Swarm
Optimization for ATC Enhancement in Deregulated Power System
In electricity supply industries, the word deregulation is disassembly of
original structure and reassembly into another form for better efficiency,
performance and to draw private sector investment. The major concerns in
deregulated power market are transmission pricing, congestion
management and Available Transfer Capability (ATC) that need to be
dogged. Among these intriguing challenges, one that improving ATC is either
adding transmission facilities or using various FACTS devices. In this paper,
our concern is incorporation of FACTS, a semiconductor based control
devices to enhance the ATC of transmission system. Various FACTS devices
like STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC are modeled by power flow equations and
optimally set the FACTS parameters by particle swarm optimization (PSO)
technique in such a way so as to enhance ATC in the deregulated electricity
environment. This replaces the audacious job of erecting new transmission
system or expanding the existing one. The non iterative, simple and fast
Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) based sensitivity method is
adopted to determine and enhance ATC on sample six bus system to prove
the feasibility of ATC enhancement for bilateral and multilateral
transactions.
Conclusion
The ATC value serves as an important cursor of system performance. In this
paper, the results demonstrated that the modelling of FACTS devices and
optimising its control parameter particularly the UPFC can heighten the ATC
significantly compared to STATCOM and SSSC. The considerable difference
between ATC values with and without FACTS devices justifies that the control
using FACTS technology can offer an effectual and shows potential way out
to boost the usable power transfer capability, thereby improving
transmission services of the competitive electricity market. PSO algorithm is
employed to obtain optimal settings of FACTS devices and the results
obtained are fairly encouraging
Optimal
Flexible
allocation

AC

Transmission

Systems

(FACTS)devices

This paper presents the development of mathematical model

representations of variable series capacitors and static phase shifters which
are also known as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in power
system economic dispatch. The objective of this research is to find the
optimal locations of FACTS devices for improved economic dispatch. The
proposed approach is based on the decomposition-coordination method and
the network compensation technique. Taking advantage of accumulated
experience in power system optimization and the existence of the Optimal
Power Flow (OPF) software, the software development cost.for implementing
the proposed algorithm is reduced. In this paper, digital simulation studies

on small power systems under different network parameters, with and

without FACTS devices, were conducted. The purpose of the simulation
studies was to assess the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm (n
minimizing the operating cost and enhancing the system performance. The
results of the simulation studies and the proposed algorithm will be
presented and discussed in detail in this paper.
Conclusion
This paper describes a methodology of representing variable series
capacitors and static phase shifters in optimal power flow (OPF). A DC load
flow model was used in the digital simulation studies. The incorporation of
FACTS devices models in the OPF makes the algorithm to find a feasible
solution a hard task to implement. A two-level algorithm, viz., the
decomposition- coordination method is used. In the first level, a trial value
of the FACTS devices compensation is decided. In the second level, a
conventional linear OPF problem is solved. The feedback from the second
level to the first level is used to form a sensitivity factor, which indicates the
variation of generation cost with respect to the variations in the FACTS
devices compensation. From the digital simulation studies, the
representation of the variable series capacitors as being able to modulate
the line reactance and static phase shifters as compensa- tion injections in
the circuit terminal buses are effective to be utilized in the OPF tools. With
the change of network configurations (e.g. line transfer capability changes,
change of load), the toted cost of operating the original network may
increase or load curtailment may be needed.
With the compensation of series capacitors or static phase shifters, the total
cost of operating may be reduced and the problem of load curtailment may
be avoided. The proposed approach is shown to be very effective in
allocating optimal locations and the optimal compensation degrees of the
series capacitors and phase shifters as well. In the process, it also minimized
the operating cost. Moreover, the proposed approach used the existing software to solve the OPF problem, thus reducing the software development and
maintenance effort.
Optimal location of FACTS devices in a power system solved by a
hybrid approach
In this paper, a non-traditional optimization technique, a Micro-Genetic
Algorithm (MGA) is conjunction with Fuzzy Logic (FL), is used to optimize the
various process parameters involved in the introduction of FACTS devices in
a power system. The various parameters taken into consideration were the
location of the devices, their type, and their rated value. The simulation was
performed on a 30-bus power system with various types of FACTS
controllers, modeled for steady state studies. The optimization results are
compared to the solution given by another search method. This comparison
confirms the efficiency of the proposed method, which makes it promising
for solving combinatorial problems of FACTS device location in a power
system network.
Conclusion

In this paper, a proposed hybrid method is found to be more efficient for

solving for the locations of a given number of FACTS devices in a power
system; their type and rated values are simultaneously optimized. Four
different types of device are simulated: TCSC, TCPAR, UPFC and SVC. The
reduction of overall system real power loss significantly improves the
system performance. This method reduces the search space and decreases
the execution time; also it changes to reach the global optimal location. The
hybrid approach results may have merit when compared to solutions
obtained from other search methods (non-traditional methods). Future
research may focus on the impact of the hybrid approach. Hybrid
approaches deserve future investigation as well. The simulation results
clearly indicate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm; also it
simultaneously optimizes the location, type and rated values of the devices.
This algorithm is suitable for searching for several possible solutions
simultaneously. Further, this algorithm is practical and easy to implement
into the power system.