CLASSIFICATIO

A. BASED ON SYMMETRY
RADIATA - radially symmetrical animals where
they can be divided into two identical halves
on/by any of the radial planes along anteriorposterior axis of the body

BILATERIA - bilaterally symmetrical animals

where they can only be divided into two identical

halves by a single plane passing from dorsal side

B. BASED ON NUMBER OF GERM

LAYERS
DIPLOBLASTIC has two germ layers (outer
ectoderm and inner endoderm with a non-cellular
mesoglea in between)

E. BASED ON BLOOD VASCULAR

SYSTEM
OPEN TYPE no blood capillaries

D. BASED ON BODY PLANS

CELL AGGREGATE includes sponges
BLIND SAC the alimentary canal has only one
opening

TUBE WITHIN TUBE Alimentary canal has two

C. BASED ON BODY CAVITY

(COELOM)

Animals are multicellular eukaryotic

heterotrophs divided into:

ACOELOMATA- coelom (body cavity lying

between the gut and the body wall) is absent

Parazoa- includes animals in which cells are

loosely aggregated and do not form true tissues
or organs

PSEUDOCOELOMATA- a false coelom (body

Eumetazoa- includes truly multicelllar

cavity not lined with coelomic epithelium) is

present
ANIMAL SYSTEMS
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Digestive
- Circulatory
- Respiratory

- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Immune
- Reproductive
- Excretory

ANIMAL MOVEMENT
Most animals are capable of complex and
relatively rapid movement compared to plants
and other organisms. Organisms that live rooted
to one spot are sessile and those that move
around are motile.

PORIFERA

Adult animals develop

from embryos:
small masses of unspecialized
Most animals ingest their food and then digest it
in some kind of internal cavity.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Most animals reproduce sexually, by
means of differentiated haploid cells (eggs
and sperm). Most animals are diploid,
meaning that the cells of adults contain
two copies of the genetic material.

These organisms have cellular

level of organization.

They are characterized by the

presence of canal system and
may possess minute needles
called spicules.

COELENTERAT
These are aquatic, radially
symmetrical, dipoblastic
animals in which many exhibit
polymorphism (exist in two
body forms, polyp and

Ectoderm contains stinging

cells (cnioblasts) which can
explosively penetrate prey and

PLATYHELMINTH
These are triploblastic,
bilaterally symmetrical
acoelomates (without a body

NEMATOD
CLASSES:
- Adenophorea/Aphasm
ida
- Secernentea/Phasmid
ea

ANNELID

Most of them are

hermaphrodites. Excretion and
osmoregulation occur through
flame cells. They move via
ciliated epithelial cells on
lower surface and waves of

They have tissue level of

organization, no blood vessels,
no respiratory system.
CLASSES:
- Hydrozoa
- Scyphozo
a
- Anthozoa
CLASSES:
- Turbellaria
- Trematoda
- Cestoda

They are unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, elongated pseudocoelomatas

tapering at both ends whose body is
covered by a thin cuticle. They are
triploblastic animals with perivisceral cavity

These are bisexual and

hermaphroditic metamerically
segmented (body segments,
separated by septa, are rings
externally) animals whose body is
externally protected by cuticle.

Most are microscopic

predators, parasites, and
scavengers that are abundant
in marine, freshwater, and

They have a central nervous

system, and excretion and
osmoregulation are achieved
by ciliated tubules called

CLASSES:
- Polychaeta
- Oligochaeta includes
earthworms
- Hirudinia includes leeches

ARTHROPOD
CLASSES:
- Onychophora includes Peripatus
- Crustacea dorsal body surface covered by a
shield like carapace (Ex. pranwns, crabs,
lobsters)
- Myriapoda includes centipedes and millipedes
- Insecta comprises the common insects; body is
divided into head, thorax and abdomen
- Arachnida Body is divided into cephalothorax
and abdomen; includes scorpions, spiders, ticks,

They outnumber all other animals in

population strength. They have segmented
body and jointed external skeletons made of
chitin, which sheds during growth (molting of
ecdysis). They also exhibit sexual dimorphism

MOLLUSC

PROMINENT CLASSES:
- Pelecypoda or Bivalvia includes mussels,
clams, and oysters
- Gastropoda Includes snails, slugs and
limpets
- Cephalopoda Includes octopuses, loligos,

ECHINODERMAT

CLASSES:
- Asteroidea sea stars
- Ophiuroidea brittle stars
- Echinoidea sea urchins and sand dollars
- Crinoidea sea lilies and feather stars

A diverse group of animals and second

largest group of animals with regard to
species number. These are soft-bodied
animals without segmentation. Respiration
happens through gills in the mantle cavity

These are marine organisms (radially

symmetrical for adults, bilaterally symmetrical
for larvae) whose mouth is on the lower
surface, and have water vascular system with
tube feet. They reproduce sexually (sperm and
eggs released in water).

CHORDATA

These organisms have a notochord, dorsal

tubular nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits.
They exhibit diversity in form, physiology, and
habits, and make a remarkable contribution in

Sub-phylum
Hemichordata Ex. Balanoglossus
Cephalochordata Ex. Amphioxus
Urochordata Ex. Ascidia
Vertebrata
characterized by the presence of cranium and a vertebral
column
Classes
o Pisces Ex. sharks, Catla
o Amphibia Ex. Frog, Toad, Salamander
o Reptilia Ex. Snakes, Crocodiles, Turtle,
o Aves Ex. pigeon, parrot, penguin
o Mammalia
Sub-classes:
Monotremata Ex. Ant-eater, Platypus

Vertebrata