FLUID POWER SYSTEM

T.MOHANRAJ
AP/MTS/KEC

Introduction

Fluid power is the technology that deals with the
generation, control and transmission of forces and
movement of mechanical element or system with the use of
pressurized fluids in a confined system

Fluid power system includes a hydraulic system (hydra
meaning water in Greek) and a pneumatic system (pneuma
meaning air in Greek)

-contd..
Fluid
system

Fluid power
system

hydraulics

Fluid transport
system

pneumatics

-contd..
Fluid transport systems

The delivery of a fluid from one location to another to
accomplish some useful purpose

Examples include pumping stations for pumping water to
homes, cross-country gas lines, etc
Fluid power systems

designed to perform work

work is obtained by pressurized fluid acting directly on a
fluid cylinder or a fluid motor.

A cylinder produces a force resulting in linear motion,
whereas a fluid motor produces a torque resulting in rotary
motion

Advantages of a Fluid Power System

Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate and can be
controlled accurately
Multiplication and variation of forces
Multifunction control
Low-speed torque
Constant force or torque
Economical
Low weight to power ratio
Fluid power systems can be used where safety is of vital
importance

Disadvantages of a Fluid Power System

Hydraulic oils are messy and leakage is impossible to
eliminate

Hydraulic lines may burst, resulting in injuries to people
due to high speed oil jets

Noise (emanating from pumps)

Fire accident due to leakage of hydraulic oil in the hot area
of the equipment

Applications of Fluid Power System

Agriculture

Automation

Automobiles

Fabrication industry

Machine tools

Materials handling etc

Basic Components of a Hydraulic System

-contd..

Tank

Pump

Valves

DCV

PCV

FCV

Actuator
Cylinder
Motor

Piping

Filter

External power supply

Basic Components of a Pneumatic System

-contd..

Compressor

storage reservoir

FRL

Valves

DCV

PCV

FCV

External power supply

piping system

Actuator

Comparison between Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Systems
Hydraulic System

Pneumatic System

It employs a pressurized liquid

as a fluid

It employs a compressed gas, usually

air, as a fluid

An oil hydraulic system operates at

pressures up to 700 bar

A pneumatic system usually operates

at 510 bar

Generally designed as closed system

Usually designed as open system

The system slows down when leakage

occurs

Leakage does not affect the system

much

Heavier in weight

Lighter in weight

Pumps are used to provide

pressurized liquids

Compressors are used to provide

compressed gases

The system is unsafe to fire hazards

The system is free from fire hazards

Automatic lubrication is provided

Special arrangements (FRL) for lubrication

are needed

Practical Applications of Pascals Law

Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack

Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Positive displacement pumps physically entrap a quantity of liquid at the suction of the
pump and push that quantity out the discharge of the pump.

A definite volume of liquid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation.

The positive displacement pump delivers liquid in separate volumes with no delivery in
between,
Positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three basic categories based on their
design and operation. The three groups are reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and
diaphragm pumps.

HYDRAULIC PUMPS
The function of a pump is to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy. It is the heart of any hydraulic system because it generates the force
necessary to move the load.
Classification based on displacement:

Non-positive displacement pumps (hydrodynamic pumps).

Positive displacement pumps (hydrostatic pumps).

Classification based on delivery:

Constant delivery pumps.

Variable delivery pumps.
Classification based on motion:

Rotary pump.

Reciprocating pump.

Pumping Theory

Pumping Theory

A positive displacement hydraulic pump is a device used for

converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy

It creates a partial vacuum at the pump inlet port. This vacuum
enables atmospheric pressure to force the fluid from the reservoir into
the pump.
The mechanical action of the pump traps this fluid within the
pumping cavities, transports it through the pump and forces it into
the hydraulic system
Suction stroke: As the piston moves to the left, a partial vacuum is
created in the pump chamber that holds the outlet valve in place
against its seat and induces flow from the reservoir that is at a higher
(atmospheric) pressure.
Delivery stroke: When the piston moves to the right, the resistance at
the valves causes an immediate increase in the pressure that forces the
inlet valve against its seat and opens the outlet valve thereby
permitting the fluid to flow into the system.

Gear Pumps

Gear pumps are invariably of fixed displacement type,
which means that the amount of fluid displaced for each
revolution of the drive shaft is theoretically constant.

External Gear Pumps

Internal Gear Pumps

Gerotor Pumps

Lobe Pumps

Screw Pumps

External Gear Pumps

It consist of a pump housing in which a pair of precisely machined
meshing gears runs with minimal radial and axial clearance

One of the gear, called a driver, is driven by a prime mover. The
driver drives another gear called a follower

As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid from the pump
inlet gets trapped between the rotating gear cavities and pump
housing

The trapped fluid is then carried around the periphery of the
pump casing and delivered to outlet port.

When the outlet flow is resisted, pressure in the pump outlet
chamber builds up rapidly & forces the gear diagonally outward
against the pump inlet.

When the system pressure increases, imbalance occurs. imbalance
increases mechanical friction & the bearing load of the two gears.

External Gear Pumps

Advantages

1.They are self-priming.

2.They give constant delivery for a given speed.

3. They are compact and light in weight.

4. Volumetric efficiency is high.
Disadvantages

1. The liquid to be pumped must be clean, otherwise it will
damage pump.

2. Variable speed drives are required to change the delivery.

3. If they run dry, parts can be damaged because the fluid to
be pumped is used as lubricant

Internal Gear Pumps

They consist of two gears: An external gear and an internal gear.

The crescent placed in between these acts as a seal between the
suction and discharge

When a pump operates, the external gear drives the internal gear
and both gears rotate in the same direction.

The fluid fills the cavities formed by the rotating teeth and the
stationary crescent.

Both the gears transport the fluid through the pump. The
crescent seals the low-pressure pump inlet from the highpressure pump outlet.

Internal Gear Pumps

Internal Gear Pumps

Delivery
Drive Gear
Driven Gear

Inlet

Cam

Gerotor Pumps
Similar to internal gear pump & inner gear rotor Gerotor
element
- Gerotor element is driven by a prime mover & during the
operation drives outer gear rotor around as they mesh together

Gerotor has one tooth less than
the outer internal idler gear

The teeth of the two elements
engage at just one place to seal
the pumping chambers from
each other

Lobe Pumps

similar to that of external gear pump

higher volumetric capacity per revolution

Lobe pumps, unlike external gear pumps, have both elements
externally driven and neither element has any contact with the
other

For this reason, they are quieter when compared to other types
of gear pumps

Advantages
1. Lobe pumps can handle solids, slurries, pastes and many liquid.
2. No metal-to-metal contact.
3. Superior CIP(Cleaning in Place) /SIP(Sterilization in Place)
capabilities.
4. Long-term dry run (with lubrication to seals).
5. Non-pulsating discharge.

Lobe Pump

Screw Pumps

Two or more gear-driven helical meshing screws in a close fitting case

to develop the desired pressure

A two-screw pump consists of two parallel rotors with inter-meshing
threads rotating in a closely machined casing.
The driving screw and driven screw are connected by means of
timing gears
As the screws rotate, the inlet side of the pump is flooded with
hydraulic fluid because of partial vacuum.
When the screws turn in normal rotation, the fluid contained in
these compartments is pushed uniformly along the axis toward the
center of the pump, where the compartments discharge the fluid.
Here the fluid does not rotate but moves linearly as a nut on threads.
Thus, there are no pulsations at a higher speed; it is a very quiet
operating pump

Advantages
1. self-priming and more reliable.
2. quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles.
3. can handle liquids containing gases and vapor.
4. long service life.

Disadvantages
1.bulky and heavy.
2. sensitive to viscosity changes of the fluid.
3. low volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.
4. Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.