SCHERING BRIDGE

AB13

Analog Lab
Experiment Board
Ver. 1.0

QUALITY POLICY
To be a Global Provider of Innovative and Affordable
Electronic Equipments for Technology Training by
enhancing Customer Satisfaction based on
Research, Modern manufacturing techniques and
continuous improvement in Quality of the products
and Services with active participation of employees.

An ISO 9001: 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India.

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Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643

Email: info@scientech.bz Web: www.scientech.bz

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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SCHERING BRIDGE
AB13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.Introduction

2. Theory

3.Schering Bridge

4.Experiment

To measure the value of unknown capacitance with the help of

Schearing Bridge

5.Observation table

11

6.Datasheet

12

7.Warranty

14

8.List of service centers

15

9.List of accessories with AB13

16

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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INTRODUCTION
AB13 is a compact, ready to use SCHERING BRIDGE experiment board.
This bridge is the simplest way to determine the value of
unknown capacitance; by comparing the branch
impedance of the bridge. It can be used as stand alone
unit with external DC power supply or can be used with
SCIENTECH ANALOG LAB, ST2612; which has built
in DC power supply, AC power supply, function
generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle
switch and potentiometer.
List of boards :
Model

Name

AB01
AB02
AB03
AB04
AB05
AB06
AB07
AB08
AB09
AB10
AB11
AB12
AB14
AB15
AB16
AB17
AB18
AB19
AB20
AB21
AB22
AB23
AB25

Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)

Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
FET characteristics
Rectifier Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge
Maxwells Bridge
De Sautys Bridge
Darlington Pair
Common Emitter Amplifier
Common Collector Amplifier
Common Base Amplifier
Cascode Amplifier
RC-Coupled Amplifier
Direct Coupled Amplifier
Class A Amplifier
Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
Class C Tuned Amplifier
Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency
Divider / Multiplier)
Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)
F-V and V-F Converter
V-I and I-V Converter

AB28
AB29
AB30

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AB31
AB32
AB33
AB39
AB41
AB42
AB43
AB44
AB45
AB51
AB52
AB53
AB54
AB56
AB65
AB66
AB67
AB68
AB80
AB81
AB82
AB83
AB84
AB85
AB88
AB89
AB90
AB91
AB92
AB93
AB96
AB97
AB101
AB102
AB106

Zener Voltage Regulator

Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
Instrumentation Amplifier
Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)
Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting /
Differentiator)
Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)
Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator)
Schmitt Trigger and Comparator
Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass)
Active Band Pass Filter
Notch Filter
Tschebyscheff Filter
Fiber Optic Analog Link
Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillators
Colpitt Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance
Kirchoffs Laws (Kirchoffs Current Law & Kirchoffs
Voltage Law)
Thevenins and Maximum power Transfer Theorem
Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem
Tellegens Theorem
Nortons theorem
Diode Clipper
Diode Clampers
Two port network parameter
Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)
Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)
Optical Transducer (Phototransistor)
Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335)
Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple)
DSB Modulator and Demodulator
SSB Modulator and Demodulator
FM Modulator and Demodulator
and many more

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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THEORY
An A.C. Bridge, in its basic form, consists of four arms, a source of
excitation and a balance detector. In an A.C. bridge each of four arms are
impedance, and the A.C. source and a detector sensitive to small alternating
potential differences. The usefulness of A.C. bridge circuits is not restricted
to the measurement of unknown impedances and associated parameters like
inductance, capacitance, storage factor etc.
These circuits find other application in communication system and
complex electronics circuits. A.C bridges are commonly used for phase
shifting, providing feedback paths for oscillators and amplifiers, filtering
out undesirable signals and measuring the frequency of audio signals. For
measurement at low frequencies, the power line may act as the source of
the supply to bridge circuits. For higher frequencies electronic oscillators
are universally used as bridge source supplies. These oscillators have the
advantage that the frequency is constant easily adjustable and determinable
with accuracy the waveform is very close to a sine wave and their power
output is sufficient for most bridge measurements.
Detectors most commonly used for A.C. bridges are
1.

Head phones

2.

Vibration galvanometers

3.

Tunable amplifiers detectors

Head phones are widely used as detectors at frequencies of 250 Hz and up

to 3 or 4 kHz. They are most sensitive detectors for this range When
working at a single frequency a tuned detector normally gives the greatest
sensitivity and discrimination against harmonics in the supply .Vibration
galvanometer are extremely use for power and low audio frequency
ranges .Vibration galvanometers are manufactures to work at various
frequencies ranging from 5 Hz to 1000 Hz but are most commonly used
below 200 Hz as below this frequency they are more sensitive that the head
phones.
Tunable amplifiers detectors are the most versatile of the detectors .The
transistors amplifiers can be tuned electrically and thus can be made to
respond to a narrow bandwidth at the bridge frequency .The output of the
amplifier is fed to a pointer type instrument this detector can be used, over
a frequency range of 10 Hz to 100 kHz.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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General equation for bridge balance :

Basic A.C. bridge circuit is shown below the four arm of the bridge are
impedance Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4.The condition for balance of bridge require that
there should be no current through the detector .this requires that the
potential difference between points b and d should be zero. This will be
the case when the voltage drop from a to b equals the voltage drop from a
to d both in magnitude and phase. In complex notation we can, write:
E1 = E2
I1Z1 =I2Z2
Also at balance,

I1=I3 =E/Z1+Z2
I2=I4=E/Z2+Z4

Substituting the Eq. We Get

Z1Z4=Z2Z3
Eq. states that the product of impedances of one pair opposite arms must
equal the product of impedance of the other pair of opposite arms in
complex notation .This means that both magnitude and phase angle of the
impedance must be taken into account.
Two conditions must be satisfied simultaneously when balancing the A.C.
Bridge
The first condition is that the magnitude of impedances satisfies the
relationship:
Z1 Z4=Z2Z3
The second condition is that the phase angles of impedance satisfy the
relationship:
1+4=2+3
The phase angles are positive for inductive impedance and negative for
capacitance impedance.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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SCHERING BRIDGE
This Bridge is the simplest method of comparing two capacitance and to
determine unknown capacitance. Figure 1 shows the basic Schering Bridge
circuit configuration.
Its first arm ZX consisting of an unknown capacitor Cx in series with the
resistance Rx and second arms are consisting of capacitor C 3 and third arm
consisting of variable resistance R2 and fourth arm consists a parallel
combination of resistance R1 and capacitor C1. The balance can be obtained
by varying the resistance R2 of third arm.
CX = capacitor with unknown capacitance,
RX =Effective resistance,
C3 = standard capacitor,
R1, R2 = non-inductive resistance.
At balance,Z1ZX=Z2Z3
The value of Rx can be calculated by the formula:
Rx = R2C1
C3
The value of Cx can be calculated by the formula:
Cx=R1C3
R2
The Dissipation factor for the capacitor is given by the formula:
D=CxRx
Where Cx is the value of unknown capacitor and Rx is effective resistance.
The value of D is the reciprocal of the quality factor Q i.e. D=1/Q D
indicates the quality of the capacitor. This bridge is widely used for
measurement of small valued capacitors at low voltages with high
Precision.

Schering Bridge
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Fig. 1
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EXPERIMENT
Objective :
To measure the value of unknown capacitance with the help of
Schearing Bridge.
Apparatus required :

1.

Analog Board, AB13

2.

DC power supplies +/12V from external source ST-2612 Analog

lab

3.

Function generator

4.

2 mm patch cords.

5.

Digital multimeter

Circuit diagram :
Circuit used to measure the value of unknown capacitance is shown

Fig. 2
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Procedure :

1.

Connect +/12V dc power supply at their indicated position from

external source or ST-2612 Analog lab.
Connect function generator probes between Vin terminals.

2. Connect 2mm patch chord between sockets d and a to calculate the

value of Cx1 and Rx1.
3.

Switch ON the power supply and function generator.

4. Set the 5Vpp, 1 KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator.

5. Rotate the potentiometer R2 to find a condition where null or minimum
sound is obtained. The null point should be such that beyond or
below that point sound gets starts gradually increasing.
6.

Switch off the power supply and function generator

7.

Take the reading of potentiometer resistance at test-point e and f .

8.

Calculate the value of capacitance Cx and Rx by their formulae.

9. Calculate the value of dissipation factor for capacitor CX1

10. Connect 2mm patch chord between pointd and b to determine the
capacitance of capacitor Cx2.
11. Repeat the above step from 4 to 10.

12. Connect 2mm patch chord between pointd and c to determine the
capacitance of capacitor Cx3.
13. Repeat the above step from 4 to 10.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr.
no.

R1

C1
f

C3
f

R2

Rx=R2C1/3

Cx=R1C3/R2
f

1
2
3

Note : Values of C1 , C3, and R1 are indicated on the front of the board.
Calculation :
Measured value of R2 is. . /k
Now measure the value of Cx by the formula :
Cx=R2C1/C3
Now measure the values of Rx by the formula :
Rx=R1C3/R2
Now calculate the value of dissipation factor by the formula :
D = CxRx
The dissipation factor D i.e. wCxRx should be approximately equal to
*C1*R1.
Result :
The capacitance of capacitor Cx = f
The effective resistance Rx = .

/K

The dissipation factor D = ..

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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DATASHEET

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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WARRANTY
1.

We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects

during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.

2.

The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous

components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by
the original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies
within our control.

3.

The guarantee will become INVALID.

a)If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the
instruction manual.
b)If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not
followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d)Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the
instrument.

4.

The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us

immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed
specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of
purchase etc.

5.

The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is

dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and
fro charges will be to the account of the customer.
DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please

observe the following procedure:
1)

Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full

details of the fault noticed.

2)

After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you
whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs
or the adjustment is possible in your premises.

Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed
in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and
a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS

1. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
90, Electronic Complex
Pardesipura,
INDORE 452010
2. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
First Floor, C-19,
F.I.E., Patparganj Industrial Area,
DELHI 110092
3. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street
Venkateswara nagar, Adyar
CHENNAI 600025
4. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
202/19, 4th main street
Ganganagar,
BANGALORE- 560032
5. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
8,1st floor, 123-Hariram Mansion,
Dada Saheb Phalke road,
Dadar (East),
MUMBAI 400014
6. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
988, Sadashiv Peth,
Gyan Prabodhini Lane,
PUNE 411030
7. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd
SPS Apartment, 1st Floor
2, Ahmed Mamoji Street,
Behind Jaiswal Hospital,
Liluah, HOWRAH-711204 W.B.
8. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd
Flat No. 205, 2nd Floor,
Lakshminarayana Apartments
C wing, Street No. 17,
Himaytnagar,
HYDERABAD- 500029
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Ph : (0731) 5202959
Email : info@scientech.bz

Ph : (011) 22157370, 22157371

Fax : (011) 22157369
Email : ndel@scientech.bz
Ph : (044) 42187548, 42187549
Fax : (044) 42187549
Email : chennai@scientech.bz
Ph : (080) 51285011
Fax : (080) 51285022
Email : bangalore@scientech.bz
Ph : (022) 56299457
Fax : (022) 24168767
Email : stplmum@scientech.bz

Ph : (020) 24461673
Fax : (020) 24482403
Email : pune@scientech.bz
Ph : +913355266800
Email : kolkata@scientech.bz

Ph : (040) 55465643
Email : hyd@scientech.bz

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LIST OF ACCESSORIES

1.

2 mm Patch cords (Red) .............................................................3 Nos.

2.

2 mm Patch cord (Black) ...........................................................2 Nos.

3.

2 mm Patch cord (Black) ...........................................................1 Nos.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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