A

Cell and Cell Structures

Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mesophyll cell from a leaf.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the structures labeled A to F. [6]
(b) Suggest why there are differently stained areas in the nucleus. [2]
(c) Explain the advantages of studying cell structure with an electron microscope rather than with a
light microscope. [2]
(d) Suggest one disadvantage of the electron microscope compared to the light microscope for the
study of cells. [1]

A plasma membrane surrounds an animal cell. Cell membranes are also found in the cytoplasm. The
table shows the distribution of membranes around and in the cytoplasm of two different types of
animal cell.
Type of membrane

Percentage of total cell membrane

Cell A

Cell B

Plasma membrane surrounding cell

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

35

60

Golgi apparatus

10

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Inner mitochondrial membrane

32

17

(a) Some cells whose main function is absorption of small molecules have structural features on the
plasma membrane which increase its surface area. Name these features. [1]
(b) The figures for the inner mitochondrial membrane are greater than the figures for the outer
mitochondrial membrane. Use your knowledge of the structure of mitochondria to explain why.
[1]
(c) (i) Cell A takes up large amounts of substances by active transport. Explain the evidence from
the table which supports this statement. [2]
(ii) Cell B synthesises large amounts of enzymes. Explain the evidence from the table which
supports this statement. [2]
(d) Name three structures that are present in these cells that are not present in bacterial cells. [3]

Fig. 3.1 shows electron micrographs of some eukaryotic cell organelles.

D
Fig. 3.1

For each of the organelles A, B, C and D, shown in Fig. 1.1, state the name and function of
each. [8]

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a drawing of an organelle from a ciliated cell as seen with an electron microscope.

Fig. 4.1
(i) Name the organelle shown in Fig. 4.1. [1]
(ii) State the function of this organelle. [2]
(iii)State why ciliated cells contain relatively large numbers of these organelles. [1]
(iv) Calculate the actual length of the organelle as shown by the line AB in Fig. 4.1.
Show your working. Express your answer to the nearest micrometre (m). [2]

The thyroid gland is an organ in the neck. Fig. 5.1 shows the process in which epithelial cells from
the thyroid gland make and secrete a protein called thyroglobulin.

Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.2

(a) Name the structures labelled A to C. [3]

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows an organelle usually found beside the nucleus.
Name the organelle and describe the roles of this organelle in animal cells. [1][2]
(c) The epithelial cells form a tissue. The thyroid gland is an organ.
Define the terms tissue and organ. [2]

6 (a) Make a labeled diagram to show the structure of a typical bacterium as revealed by the electron
microscope. Label clearly any six important features. [6]
(b) Give two reasons why the organisms you have shown in (a) is described as prokaryotic. [2]