PHILGOV

Prefinal Handout

EVENTS BEFORE AMERICAN COLONIAL RULE

TREATY OF PARIS(1898)

Dictatorial Government
Declaration of the Philippine Independence
From Dictatorial to Revolutionary Government
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Inauguration of the first Philippine Republic
Filipino-American War

DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
- Rounseville Wildman (American consul at Hong
Kong) suggested to establish a dictatorial
government in the Philippines to Emilio
Aguinaldo.
- Aguinaldo asked Mariano Ponce to draft a
constitution that would provide a legal basis for
establishing a republican form of Government.
- Aguinaldo asked Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista
to formulate effective machinery on how the
Dictatorial Government could address the
problems brought by the conflict in the military,
politics and society.
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
- Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence on
June 12, 1898.
- Julian Felipe- composer of Marcha Filipina
Magdalo
- Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and
Delfina Herbosa- sewed the Philippine Flag in
Hong Kong.
- Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista- read the Act of
Declaration of Independence in which it was
signed by 98 individuals.
- Colonel L.M. Johnson- representative of Admiral
George Dewey.
FROM
DICTATORIAL
GOVERNMENT
-

TO

REVOLUTIONARY

The Revolutionary Government was established

in June 23, 1898.
This retained Emilio Aguinaldo as the highest
political official in which he was called the
President.
Four Departments were created:
1. Department of Finance, Agriculture, and
manufacturing Industry
2. Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and
Commerce
3. Department of War and Public Works
4. Department of Police and Internal Order,
Justice, Education and Hygiene

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December 10, 1898- Spain and United States

signed the treaty.
Provision of the Treaty:
Spain was directed to withdraw its
colonial power and sovereignty from
Cuba.
Spain was ordered to surrender its two
colonial states (Guam and Puerto Rico)
to the United States.
The U.S congress was granted the sole
power to grant the political and civil
rights of the people living in the colonial
states.
The United States was ordered to pay
20 million dollars to Spain for its
structural and economic improvement in
the Philippines.
The colonial status of the Philippines
continued in the hands of America.

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION

- Proclaimed by President McKinley on December
21, 1898.
- The proclamation was to announce to the entire
international community that the U.S had direct
control and sovereignty over the Philippines.
- The proclamation also ordered the U.S military
to extend its power over the Philippine by all
means.
INAUGURATION OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
- Member of the Council of Government
Apolinario Mabini- President of the
Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico- Secretary of Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo- Secretary of War
Mariano Trias- Secretary of Finance
Gracio Gonzaga- Secretary of Welfare,
Public
Instruction,
Public
Works,
Communication, Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce
- Emilio Aguinaldo sworn in as the President of
the First Philippine Republic on January 23,
1899.
- The Malolos Constitution was read to the people
provision-by-provision.
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
- The American authorities tried to conceal the
original version of Benevolent Assimilation so as
not to incite anger from Filipinos.

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Prefinal Handout

General Antonio Luna attacked how United

States covertly colonized the Philippines and
noted that Americans would only abuse the
Filipino people.
President Emilio Aguinaldo: My government is
disposed to open hostilities if the American
troops attempt to take forcible possession of the
Visayan Islands.

AMERICAN COLONIAL POLICY

Establishment of the Military Rule
American Policy in the Philippines
The Civilian Government
Passage of the Philippine Bill of 1902
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MILITARY RULE
- President William McKinley ordered General
Wesley Merritt to establish a military government
in the Philippines.
- General Wesley Merritt was succeeded by
General Elwell Otis on March 16, 1900. General
Otis was succeeded by General Arthur McArthur
THE SCHURMAN COMMISSION
- Headed by Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman
(President of Cornell University, New York).
- President McKinley instructed the commission to
ensure that the political authority and
sovereignty of the U.S were extended in the
entire Philippine Island.
- Recommendations
Implementation of U.S sovereignty over
the entire Philippine Islands.
Train the Philippines in self-government
in preparation for independence
Look after Filipinos civil rights
Promote welfare of the Filipinos
THE TAFT COMMISSION
- Created on March 16, 1900
- Headed by William Howard Taft
- Main purpose: To fulfill Americas good
intensions to the Philippines
- Taft was instructed to establish a Filipino
government that is patterned after the customs
and traditions of Filipinos.
- Accomplishments:
Introduction of free primary education in
the Philippines
Replaced the military government to
civilian government
Establishment of the Supreme Court of
the Philippines
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Organized the Philippine Constabulary

in July 1901 that served as the national
police.

THE CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT

- Challenges on Tafts administration
Worsening peace and order situation in
the Philippines brought by the
increasing number of the guerillas.
Food shortage and famine because
agriculture was neglected during the
Filipino-American War
Uncontrollable spread of diseases due
to poor sanitation conditions of
reconcentration
camps
(zooning
camps that separated thieves and
outlaws from the rest of the society)
because of overcrowding
Lack of sufficient funds to reconstruct
and rehabilitate the Philippines.
- Repressive laws under the Civilian Government
Reconcentration Act- the government
has the right to starve and armed and
unarmed guerillas in order for them to
recognized American military authority in
the country
Sedition Law- this law provided
penalties for those who were found
guilty of supporting any activities that
sought to challenge the American
colonial authority in the Philippines
Brigandage Law- this law provided
severe penalty for those found in the
company or were members of armed
groups who were stealing carabaos
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
- Known as Cooper Law or An Act Temporarily to
provide for the Administration of the Affairs of
Civil Governments in the Philippines Islands and
for the other Purposes.
- The Law provided Bill of Rights for the Filipinos
Freedom of expression
Right to live
Right to acquire property
Right to practice religion
Right to be subjected to due process
Right to exercise their obligations
Right to enjoy compensations due to
them
CREATION OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
- It was formed after a nationwide election on July
30, 1907.
- Partys flagship goals

PHILGOV
Prefinal Handout

Nacionalista
independence
Progresista
independence

Party-

immediate

Party-

eventual

October 16, 1907- Inauguration of the Philippine

Assembly in the old Opera House at Rizal
Avenue
Upper House- Philippine Commission (purely
composed of Americans)
Lower House- Philippine Assembly (composed
of Filipinos)
Achievements of the Philippine Assembly
Establishment of an Agricultural Bank
Construction of new railway lines
Installation of telegraph and telephone
lines
Construction of School Houses, roads,
bridges, and irrigation canals
Creation of Bureau of Labor for the
protection of the laboring class
Establishment of the school of Fine Arts
of the University of the Philippines
Establishment of the National Library

THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

Achievements
of
the
Commonwealth
Government

National Language
Social justice
Empowerment of Workers
Education
National Defense

Social Justice by Manuel L. Quezon

Justice not for a few alone, but for all, especially
for the poor workingmen who are, as it usually happens,
injured in their right: it is justice for everyone, now
especially, when all are aware that the field laborers and
factory hands are of the belief that they must be given
that to which they are entitled
Formation of Court of Industrial Relations- Approved on
October 29, 1936
An Act to Define and Regulate Legitimate Labor
Organizations- Approved on November 21, 1936
8-Hour Labor Law- Approved on June 3, 1939
Commonwealth Act No. 1- National Defense Act
(General Douglas McArthur, Lt. Col. Dwight Eisenhower)
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National Board of Education

Introduction of Public School System
Passage of R.A. No. 74
- This law opened public schools and removed
compulsory teaching of religion, making it an
optional subject.
Commonwealth Act No. 184
Formation of Institute of national Language
- First government agency that initiated the
development of the Philippine National
Language.
Commonwealth Act No. 570
- TAGALOG became the official language of the
country which took effect on July 4, 1946
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
The War in the Pacific
The Occupation in Manila
Government Reorganization
The Second Philippine Republic
GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE
Japanese Prime Minister- Yosuke FrankMatsuoke
(Matsuoka Yosuke)
- Published self-sufficient bloc based on mutuality,
cooperation, solidarity, co-existence and coprosperity among Asian nations.
Cultural Superiority
- Japan had superior position in the greater east
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, in which the
subordination of other nations to Japan was not
forced by war, but part of explicit policy.
Economic Interest
- Japan needed to source raw materials from
Southern East Asia such as the soil products of
Dutch East Indies and rubber of Indo-China.
International Political Interest
- Japan desire to establish itself as the strongest
and leading colonial empire in the world.
Asia for Asians
- Japan viewed that there is a need to free Asia
from Western colonizers.
THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Yesterday, December 7, 1941, the united
States was suddenly and deliberately attacked
by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan.
(F.D. Roosevelt)

PHILGOV
Prefinal Handout

England, which was one of the allies of the U.S.,

also declared war against Japan on December
8, 1941 (British time).

GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION
- Six executive departments: Interior, Finance,
Justice, Agriculture and Commerce, Education,
Health and Public Welfare, and Public Works
and Communication
- Each executive department was managed by a
Japanese adviser. These advisers served as
spies of the Japanese military in the Philippines.
- Nothing was changed on the provincial and
municipal government.
THE SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
- The establishment of the Japanese-sponsored
government in the Philippines was brought
about by a Commission which was tasked to
draft and approve a constitution. This was
headed by Jose P. Laurel.
- The national assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as
the President of the Second Philippine Republic.
Written below was a part of his speech:

I am sure our people will rise as one to

meet the challenge.. We shall encounter
difficulties greater than we have ever
faced in our national history God
helping us, we shall march with steady,
resolute steps forward, without doubt,
vacillation or fear.
Under the Japanese occupation and Second
Philippine Republic, it was difficult for Filipinos to
eat at least three times a day.
Prices of commodities went up, including rice,
bread, and other foodstuff.
The new peso bill looked like play money. They
lacked serial numbers. They were not backed by
silver or gold reserves. The threats convinced
Filipinos to use the money but they haughtily
called it Mickey Mouse Money.

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENCE
(POST-WAR
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC)
Help from America
Games of State: Structure of National
Leadership from Osmea to Macapagal
HELP FROM AMERICA
- Philippine Civil Affairs
It organized programs to assist U.S
Military commanders in giving any kind
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S.Y. 2016-2017

of support for the people who were

affected by the war.
It opened a number of facilities that
distributed food supplies all over the
Philippines.
The U.S government gave job opportunities for
Filipinos to decrease if not eliminate poverty.
The U.S Government also extended support in
order for the Philippine Government to funds its
rehabilitation projects.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964)

Mariano Trias
January 23, 1899 to April 1, 1901
1
First Republic (Malolos Republic)

Leadership by the US Civil Governors of the Philippine

Islands from July 4, 1901 to November 15, 1935.
Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944)

Sergio Osmea
November 15, 1935 to August 1, 1944
1, 2
Commonwealth

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Jose P. Laurel (1891-1959)

none
October 14, 1943 to August 17, 1945
Second Republic

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Sergio Osmea (1878-1961)

Vacant
August 1, 1944 to May 28, 1946
2
Commonwealth (restored)

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Manuel Roxas (1892-1948)

Elpidop Quirino
May 28, 1946 to April 15, 1948
3
Commonwealth (restored)

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956)

Fernando Lopez
April 17, 1948 to December 30, 1953
4
Third Republic

Name :

Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957)

PHILGOV
Prefinal Handout

VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:

Carlos P. Garcia
December 30, 1953 to March 17, 1957
5
Third Republic

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971)

Diosdado Macapagal
March 18, 1957 to December 30, 1961
6
Third Republic

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:

Diosdado Macapagal (1910-1997)

Emmanuel Pelaez
Dec. 30, 1961 to Dec. 30,1965
7
Third Republic

:
:

Name :
VP
:
From
Term
Era

:
:
:

Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989)

Fernando Lopez (term 8)
Arturo Tolentino (term 11)
December 30, 1965 to Feb. 25, 1986
8, 9, 10, 11
Second Dictatorship The New Society

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Corazon Aquino (1933-2009)

Salvador Laurel
Feb. 25, 1986 to June 30, 1992
11
Fourth Republic

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Fidel V. Ramos
Joseph Estrada
June 30, 1992 to June 30, 1998
12
Fifth Republic

Name
VP
From
Term
Era

:
:
:
:
:

Joseph Estrada
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001
13
Fifth Republic

Name :
VP
:

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Teofisto Guingona Jr. (Term 13)
Noli de Castro (Term 14)
January 20, 2001 to June 30, 2010
13, 14
Fifth Republic

From
Term
Era

:
:
:

Name :
VP
:
From :

Benigno Aquino III

Jejomar Binay
June 30, 2010 to Incumbent
(TermExpires June 30, 2016)
Term :
15
Era
:
Fifth Republic
FERDINAND MARCOS AND MARTIAL LAW
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S.Y. 2016-2017

The Election of Ferdinand Marcos

Highlights of Marcos Presidency
First Quarter Storm
Declaration of Martial Law

ELECTION OF FERDINAND MARCOS

- President Diosdado Macapagals decision to
seek for second term in 1965 presidential race
prompted. Ferdinand Marcos to run under the
Nacionalista party.
- Ferdinand Marcos was accepted to run under
the Nacionalista Party through the help of
Imelda Romualdez, whose under (Norberto
Romualdez) was an influential member of the
Nacionalista Party.
- The 1965 presidential race was concluded by
proclaiming Ferdinand Marcos as the new
President of the Third Republic. He believed that
the nations dignity should be upheld through
this political slogan. This Nation can be great
again.
HIGHLIGHTS OF MARCOS PRESIDENCY
- The Marcos Government was left with
inadequate funds in the national treasury that
were supposed to meet the basic needs such as
education, health, social welfare, defense and
infrastructure.
- President Marcos sought the help of the foreign
banking institution like The World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund to provide for these
basic needs.
- President Marcos organized a number of
unprecedented infrastructure programs that
were focused on constructing roads and bridges
to unite the Filipino people.
- President Marcos made sure that the Philippines
would be recognized in the international political
community as a developing country.
- President Marcos vowed to reduce the incidents
of crime and violence in the Philippines.
- President Marcos also cleaned the Armed Force
of the Philippines (especially the Philippine
Constabulary) by removing the misfits and
earning officials in the said institution.
- President Marcos implemented the Study Now,
pay Later Program
FIRST QUARTER STORM
-

Numerous protests were organized in the streets

of Metro Manila and other public assembly
places to express the peoples disappointment

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Prefinal Handout

with how the government managed the

economy.
Students and other cause-oriented groups also
protested against the alleged overspending of
Marcos to fund his re-election campaign.
January 30 incident- Battle of Mendiola
People from different walks of life
participated in the rally and ended
violently at the gates of Malacaang.
Because of this, the busy street of
Mendiola has been made as the center
of political protests and rallies.

DILIMAN COMMUNE
-

It was the occupation of the University of the

Philippines campus by university students,
professors and staff.
Two inspirations of the Diliman Commune (San
Juan):
Paris Commune of 1871
Cavite mutiny on 1872

MARTIAL LAW
-

It is the temporary superimposition of military

government over civil government. This militaryrun government is put into place in the event of
war or serious national emergencies.

DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW

-

Declared Martial Law in the Philippines

Under Proclamation No. 1081
September 21, 1972
Implemented by President Ferdinand Marcos
To protect the government from the attacks of
communist and lawless elements
To secure the safety of the Filipino people
Martial Law was proclaimed in the Philippines
It was also proclaimed to depend the
constitution
impedes
the
benefits
of
modernization
Colonial mentality should be replaced with a
new society based on every Filipinos effort and
self-sacrifice to ensure socio-economic progress
According to Marcos, the Filipino colonial
mentality
Human rights advocates were arrested
Many rights were violated under martial law and
imprisoned like Benigno Ninoy Aquino and
Jose Diokno.
The Philippine Congress was replaced with the
Batasang Pambansa because of the ratifications
of the 1973 Constitution.

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S.Y. 2016-2017

Relatives to every government agencies and

government owned and controlled corporations.
The presidency of Marcos was also tainted with
issues on cronyism in which he assigned his
friends and the Transparency International
Global Corruption Report in 2004 because of
alleged ill-gotten wealth amounting to five to ten
million dollars
Former President Marcos was included in the
Ten Worlds Most Corrupt Leaders.

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

-

Literally translated as you have the body, it

refers to a judicial mandate to prison official
ordering that an inmate be brought to the court
so it can be determined whether or not that
person is imprisoned lawfully and whether or not
he should be released from custody.