PIC18LAB7

The MICROPROCESSOR
PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS
Lab 7
Timer, USART
Cheng-Chien Su
Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab
Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering

National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN
Outline
HANEL

Timer0 Introduction & Operation

Timer1 Introduction & Operation
C18 C Libraries of Timer
USART Introduction & Operation
C18 C Libraries of USART
Lab
Reference
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Timer0
Introduction
The Timer0 module incorporates the

following features:

Software selectable operation as a timer

or counter in both 8-bit or 16-bit modes
Readable and writable registers
Dedicated 8-bit, software programmable
prescaler

HANEL
Selectable clock source (internal or

external)
Edge select for external clock
Interrupt-on-overflow

Timer0
Introduction
Block Diagram
HANEL
The T0CON register controls all aspects of

the modules operation, including the
prescale selection. It is both readable and
writable.
A simplified block diagram of the Timer0
module in 8-bit mode is shown in figure.

Timer0
Introduction
T0CON Register
HANEL

Timer0
Introduction
Prescaler
HANEL
An 8-bit counter is available as a

prescaler for the Timer0 module.
Its value is set by the PSA and
T0PS2:T0PS0 bits (T0CON<3:0>)
which determine the prescaler
assignment and prescale ratio.
Clearing the PSA bit assigns the
prescaler to the Timer0 module.
When it is assigned, prescale values
from 1:2 through 1:256 in power-of-2
increments are selectable.

Timer0
Operation
HANEL
Timer0 can operate as either a timer or a

counter; the mode is selected with the T0CS
bit (T0CON<5>).
In Timer mode (T0CS = 0), the module
increments on every clock by default unless a
different prescaler value is selected.
The user can work around this by writing an
adjusted value to the TMR0 register.
The Counter mode is selected by setting the
T0CS bit (= 1). In this mode, Timer0
increments either on every rising or falling
edge of pin RA4/T0CKI.
The incrementing edge is determined by the
Timer0 Source Edge Select bit, T0SE
(T0CON<4>); clearing this bit selects the
rising edge.

Timer0
Operation
Interrupt
HANEL
The TMR0 interrupt is generated when the

TMR0 register overflows from FFh to 00h in
8-bit mode, or from FFFFh to 0000h in 16-bit
mode.
This overflow sets the TMR0IF flag bit. The
interrupt can be masked by clearing the
TMR0IE bit (INTCON<5>).
Before re-enabling the interrupt, the TMR0IF
bit must be cleared in software by the
Interrupt Service Routine.
Since Timer0 is shut down in Sleep mode, the
TMR0 interrupt cannot awaken the processor
from Sleep.

Timer1
Introduction
The Timer1 timer/counter module

incorporates these features:

HANEL
Software selectable operation as a 16-bit

timer or counter
Readable and writable 8-bit registers
(TMR1H and TMR1L)
selectable clock source (internal or
external) with device clock or Timer1
oscillator internal options
Interrupt-on-overflow
Reset on CCP Special Event Trigger
Device clock status flag (T1RUN)

Timer1
Introduction
Block Diagram
HANEL

10
Timer1
Introduction
T1CON Register
HANEL

11
C18 C Libraries
of Timerx
Overall
Timer Functions: the timer peripherals

are supported with the following
functions:

HANEL
CloseTimerx
OpenTimerx
ReadTimerx
WriteTimerx

12
C18 C Libraries
of Timer

OpenTimer0: Configure and enable timer0.

Include: timers.h
Prototype: void OpenTimer0( unsigned char config );
Arguments: config
Enable Timer0 Interrupt:

OpenTimer0
Timer Width:

T0_PS_1_1 1:1 prescale

Remarks: This function configures timer0 according to the options

specified and then enables it.
Code Example:
HANEL
T0_EDGE_FALL External clock on falling edge

T0_EDGE_RISE External clock on rising edge
Prescale Value:

T0_SOURCE_EXT External clock source (I/O pin)

T0_SOURCE_INT Internal clock source (TOSC)
External Clock Trigger (for T0_SOURCE_EXT):

T0_8BIT 8-bit mode

T0_16BIT 16-bit mode
Clock Source:

TIMER_INT_ON Interrupt enabled

TIMER_INT_OFF Interrupt disabled
OpenTimer0( TIMER_INT_OFF & T0_8BIT & T0_SOURCE_INT &

T0_PS_1_32 );

13

C18 C Libraries
of Timer

OpenTimer1: Configure and enable timer1.

Include: timers.h
Prototype: void OpenTimer1( unsigned char config );
Arguments: config
Enable Timer1 Interrupt:

OpenTimer1
Timer Width:

prescale
prescale
prescale
prescale
T1_OSC1EN_ON Enable Timer1 oscillator

T1_OSC1EN_OFF Disable Timer1 oscillator
T1_SYNC_EXT_ON Sync external clock input
T1_SYNC_EXT_OFF Dont sync external clock input
Remarks: This function configures timer1 according to the options

specified and then enables it.
Code Example:
HANEL
1:1
1:2
1:4
1:8
Synchronize Clock Input:

T1_PS_1_1
T1_PS_1_2
T1_PS_1_4
T1_PS_1_8
Oscillator Use:

T1_SOURCE_EXT External clock source (I/O pin)

T1_SOURCE_INT Internal clock source (TOSC)
Prescaler:

T1_8BIT_RW 8-bit mode

T1_16BIT_RW 16-bit mode
Clock Source:

TIMER_INT_ON Interrupt enabled

TIMER_INT_OFF Interrupt disabled
OpenTimer1( TIMER_INT_ON & T1_8BIT_RW & T1_SOURCE_EXT &

T1_PS_1_1 & T1_OSC1EN_OFF & T1_SYNC_EXT_OFF );

14
C18 C Libraries
of Timer
WriteTimer0
WriteTimer0: Write a value into the

specified timer.
Include: timers.h
Prototype: void WriteTimer0( unsigned
int timer );
Arguments: timer
HANEL
The value that will be loaded into the

specified timer.
Remarks: These functions write a

value to the respective timer
register(s):TMR0L,TMR0H
Code Example: WriteTimer0( 10000 );

15
C18 C Libraries
of Timer

ReadTimer0

ReadTimer0: Read the value of the specified

timer.
Include: timers.h
Prototype: unsigned int ReadTimer0( void );
Remarks: These functions read the value of
the respective timer register(s):
TMR0L,TMR0H
Return Value: The current value of the timer.
Note: When using a timer in 8-bit mode that
may be configured in 16-bit mode (e.g.,
timer0), the upper byte is not ensured to be
zero. The user may wish to cast the result to
a char for correct results.
Code Example:
unsigned int result;
result = (unsigned char) ReadTimer0();
HANEL

16
C18 C Libraries
of Timer
CloseTimer0

HANEL
CloseTimer0: Disable the specified

timer.
Include: timers.h
Prototype: void CloseTimer0( void );
Remarks: This function disables the
interrupt and the specified timer.

17
C18 C Libraries
of Timer
Example
#include <p18C4520.h>
#include <timers.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main( void ){
int result;
char str[7];
// configure timer0
OpenTimer0( TIMER_INT_OFF &
T0_SOURCE_INT &
T0_PS_1_32 );
TRISD = 0;
while( 1 ) {
while( ! PORTBbits.RB3 );
result = ReadTimer0();
if( result > 0xc000 )
break;
WriteTimer0( 0 );
// wait for RB3 high

// read timer
// exit loop if value
// is out of range
// restart timer
PORTD = (unsinged char) result;

}
CloseTimer0();
// close modules
HANEL

18
USART
Introduction
The Enhanced Universal Synchronous

Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
module is one of the two serial I/O modules.
The USART can be configured

The Enhanced USART module implements

additional features:

HANEL
A full-duplex asynchronous system, such as

personal computers, etc.
A half-duplex, synchronous system, such as serial
EEPROMs, etc.
automatic baud rate detection and calibration

automatic wake-up on Sync Break reception
12-bit Break character transmit.

19
USART
Introduction
The USART can be configured in the

following modes:
Auto-wake-up on character reception

Auto-baud calibration
12-bit Break character transmission
(cont)

HANEL
Asynchronous (full duplex) with:
Synchronous Master (half duplex) with

selectable clock polarity
Synchronous Slave (half duplex) with
selectable clock polarity

20
USART
Introduction
(cont)
The pins of the Enhanced USART are

multiplexed with PORTC.
In order to configure RC6/TX/CK and
RC7/RX/DT as an USART:

The operation of the Enhanced USART

module is controlled through three
registers:

HANEL
bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) must be set (= 1)

bit TRISC<7> must be set (= 1)
bit TRISC<6> must be set (= 1)
Transmit Status and Control (TXSTA)

Receive Status and Control (RCSTA)
Baud Rate Control (BAUDCON)

21
Registers of
USART
TXSTA Register
HANEL

22
Registers of
USART
RCSTA Register
HANEL

23
Registers of
USART
BAUDCON Register
HANEL

24
USART
Operation
Baud Rate
Generator
(BRG)
HANEL
The BRG is a dedicated, 8-bit or 16-bit

generator that supports both the
Asynchronous and Synchronous modes of the
USART.
By default, the BRG operates in 8-bit mode;
setting the BRG16 bit (BAUDCON<3>)
selects 16-bit mode.
The SPBRGH:SPBRG register pair controls the
period of a free-running timer.
In Asynchronous mode, bits, BRGH
(TXSTA<2>) and BRG16 (BAUDCON<3>),
also control the baud rate. In Synchronous
mode, BRGH is ignored.

25
USART
Operation
Example

Lookup table
Baud Rate Formula
Baud Rate
Generator
(BRG)
HANEL

26
USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Mode
HANEL
The Asynchronous mode of operation is

selected by clearing the SYNC bit
(TXSTA<4>).
In this mode, the USART uses standard NonReturn-to-Zero (NRZ) format (one Start bit,
eight or nine data bits and one Stop bit).
The USART transmits and receives the LSB
first.
The USARTs transmitter and receiver are
functionally independent but use the same
data format and baud rate.
Parity is not supported by the hardware but
can be implemented in software and stored
as the 9th data bit.

27
USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Transmitter
USART Asynchronous Transmitter

HANEL
The heart of the transmitter is the

Transmit (Serial) Shift Register (TSR).
The Shift register obtains its data from the
Read/Write Transmit Buffer register,
TXREG.
The TXREG register is loaded with data in
software.
The TSR register is not loaded until the
Stop bit has been transmitted from the
previous load. As soon as the Stop bit is
transmitted, the TSR is loaded with new
data from the TXREG register (if available).

28
USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Transmitter
HANEL
This interrupt can be enabled or

disabled by setting or clearing the
interrupt enable bit, TXIE (PIE1<4>).
TRMT is a read-only bit which is set
when the TSR register is empty.

29
USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Transmitter
HANEL
To set up an Asynchronous Transmission:

1. Initialize the SPBRGH:SPBRG registers for the
appropriate baud rate. Set or clear the BRGH and
BRG16 bits, as required, to achieve the desired baud
rate.
2. Enable the asynchronous serial port, SYNC=0 and
SPEN=1.
3. If interrupts are desired, TXIE=1.
4. If 9-bit transmission is desired, TX9=1.
5. Enable the transmission by setting bit, TXEN, which
will also set bit, TXIF.
6. If 9-bit transmission is selected, the ninth bit should
be loaded in bit, TX9D.
7. Load data to the TXREG register (starts
transmission).
8. If using interrupts, ensure that the GIE and PEIE bits
in the INTCON register (INTCON<7:6>) are set.

30
USART Asynchronous Receiver

USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Receiver
HANEL
The data is received on the RX pin and drives the

data recovery block.
The data recovery block is actually a high-speed
shifter operating at x16 times the baud rate,
whereas the main receive serial shifter operates at
the bit rate or at FOSC.
This mode would typically be used in RS-232
systems.

31
USART
Operation
Asynchronous
Receiver
HANEL
To set up an Asynchronous Reception:

1. Initialize the SPBRGH:SPBRG registers for the appropriate
baud rate. Set or clear the BRGH and BRG16 bits, as
required, to achieve the desired baud rate.
2. Enable the asynchronous serial port, SYNC=0 and SPEN=1.
3. If interrupts are desired, RCIE=1.
4. If 9-bit reception is desired, RX9=1.
5. Enable the reception by CREN=1.
6. Flag bit, RCIF, will be set when reception is complete and an
interrupt will be generated if enable bit, RCIE, was set.
7. Read the RCSTA register to get the 9th bit (if enabled) and
determine if any error occurred during reception.
8. Read the 8-bit received data by reading the RCREG register.
9. If any error occurred, clear the error by clearing enable bit,
CREN.
10. If using interrupts, ensure that the GIE and PEIE bits in the
INTCON register (INTCON<7:6>) are set.

32
C18 Libraries of
USART
USART Functions: The following

routines are provided for devices with
a single USART peripheral:
Overall
HANEL

33
C18 Libraries of
USART

OpenUSART: Configure the specified USART module.

Include: usart.h
Prototype: void OpenUSART( unsigned char config, unsigned int
spbrg);
Arguments: config
Interrupt on Transmission:

OpenUSART
Interrupt on Receipt:

USART_SINGLE_RX Single reception

USART_CONT_RX Continuous reception
Baud rate:

HANEL
USART_SYNC_SLAVE Synchronous Slave mode

USART_SYNC_MASTER Synchronous Master mode
Reception mode:

USART_EIGHT_BIT 8-bit transmit/receive

USART_NINE_BIT 9-bit transmit/receive
Slave/Master Select*:

USART_ASYNCH_MODE Asynchronous Mode

USART_SYNCH_MODE Synchronous Mode
Transmission Width:

USART_RX_INT_ON Receive interrupt ON

USART_RX_INT_OFF Receive interrupt OFF
USART Mode:

USART_TX_INT_ON Transmit interrupt ON

USART_TX_INT_OFF Transmit interrupt OFF
USART_BRGH_HIGH High baud rate

USART_BRGH_LOW Low baud rate

34
Arguments: spbrg
C18 Libraries of
USART
Asynchronous mode, high speed:

FOSC / (16 * (spbrg + 1))
Asynchronous mode, low speed:
FOSC / (64 * (spbrg + 1))
Synchronous mode:
FOSC / (4 * (spbrg + 1))
OpenUSART
(cont)

Where FOSC is the oscillator frequency.
Remarks: This function configures the USART module

according to the specified configuration options.
Code Example:
HANEL
This is the value that is written to the baud rate generator

register which determines the baud rate at which the USART
operates. The formulas for baud rate are:
OpenUSART1( USART_TX_INT_OFF &

USART_RX_INT_OFF &
USART_ASYNCH_MODE &
USART_EIGHT_BIT &
USART_CONT_RX &
USART_BRGH_HIGH,
25);

35
C18 Libraries of
USART

baudUSART: Set the baud rate configuration bits for enhanced

USART operation.
Include: usart.h
Prototype: void baudUSART( unsigned char baudconfig );
Arguments: baudconfig
Clock Idle State:

baudUSART
Baud Rate Generation:

HANEL
BAUD_WAKEUP_ON RX pin monitored

BAUD_WAKEUP_OFF RX pin not monitored
Baud Rate Measurement:

BAUD_16_BIT_RATE 16-bit baud generation rate

BAUD_8_BIT_RATE 8-bit baud generation rate
RX Pin Monitoring:

BAUD_IDLE_CLK_HIGH Clock idle state is a high level

BAUD_IDLE_CLK_LOW Clock idle state is a low level
BAUD_AUTO_ON Auto baud rate measurement enabled

BAUD_AUTO_OFF Auto baud rate measurement disabled
Remarks: These functions are only available for processors with

enhanced USART capability.
Code Example:
baudUSART (BAUD_IDLE_CLK_HIGH &
BAUD_16_BIT_RATE &
BAUD_WAKEUP_ON &
BAUD_AUTO_ON);

36
C18 Libraries of
USART

BusyUSART
BusyUSART: Is the USART transmitting?

Include: usart.h
Prototype: char BusyUSART( void );
Remarks:

Return Value:

HANEL
Returns a value indicating if the USART transmitter

is currently busy.
This function should be used prior to commencing
a new transmission.
BusyUSART should be used on parts with a single
USART peripheral.
0 if the USART transmitter is idle
1 if the USART transmitter is in use
Code Example: while (BusyUSART());

37
C18 Libraries of
USART
WritUSART
putcUSART
WritUSART / putcUSART: Write a byte (one character)

to the USART transmit buffer, including the 9th bit if
enabled.
Include: usart.h
Prototype:

Arguments: data
The value to be written to the USART.
Remarks:

void WritUSART( char data );

void putcUSART( char data );
This function writes a byte to the USART transmit buffer.

If 9-bit mode is enabled, the 9th bit is written from the
field TX_NINE, found in a variable of type USART.
Code Example:
unsigned int outval;
USART_Status.TX_NINE = (outval & 0x0100) >> 8;
Write1USART( (char) outval );
HANEL

38
C18 Libraries of
USART

putsUSART
putrsUSART
putsUSART and putrsUSART: Writes a string of

characters to the USART including the null character.
Include: usart.h
Prototype:

Arguments: data

HANEL
Pointer to a null-terminated string of data.
Remarks:
void putsUSART( char *data );

void putrsUSART( const rom char *data );
This function only works in 8-bit transmit/receive mode.

This function writes a string of data to the USART
including the null character.
Strings located in data memory should be used with the
puts versions of these functions.
Strings located in program memory, including string
literals, should be used with the putrs versions of
these functions.
Code Example: putrsUSART( Hello World! );

39
C18 Libraries of
USART
DataRdyUSART

DataRdyUSART: Is data available in

the read buffer?
Include: usart.h
Prototype: char DataRdyUSART( void );
Remarks: This function returns the
status of the RCIF flag bit in the PIR
register.
Return Value:

Code Example:
HANEL
1 if data is available
0 if data is not available
while (!DataRdyUSART());

40
C18 Libraries of
USART

ReadUSART / getcUSART : Read a byte (one character) out of the

USART receive buffer, including the 9th bit if enabled.
Include: usart.h
Prototype:

Remarks:
ReadUSART
getcUSART
This function reads a byte out of the USART receive buffer.

The Status bits and the 9th data bits are saved in a union with the
following declaration:
union USART {
unsigned char val;
struct {
unsigned RX_NINE:1;
unsigned TX_NINE:1;
unsigned FRAME_ERROR:1;
unsigned OVERRUN_ERROR:1;
unsigned fill:4;
};
};

HANEL
char ReadUSART( void );

char getcUSART(void );
The 9th bit is read-only if 9-bit mode is enabled. The Status bits are
always read.
Return Value: This function returns the next character in the USART
receive buffer.
Code Example:
int result;
result = ReadUSART();
result |= (unsigned int) USART_Status.RX_NINE << 8;

41
C18 Libraries of
USART
getsUSART

getsUSART: Read a fixed-length string of characters

from the specified USART.
Include: usart.h
Prototype: void getsUSART ( char * buffer, unsigned
char len );
Arguments: buffer
Arguments: len
The number of characters to read from the USART.
Remarks:

A pointer to the location where incoming characters are

to be stored.
This function only works in 8-bit transmit/receive mode.

This function waits for and reads len number of
characters out of the specified USART.
There is no time out when waiting for characters to
arrive.
Code Example:
char inputstr[10];
getsUSART( inputstr, 5 );
HANEL

42
C18 Libraries of
USART
ClosUSART

HANEL
ClosUSART: Disable the specified

USART.
Include: usart.h
Prototype: void ClosUSART( void );
Remarks: This function disables the
interrupts, transmitter and receiver for
the specified USART.

43
C18 Libraries of
USART
Example
HANEL
#include <p18C4520.h>
#include <usart.h>
void main(void){
// configure USART
OpenUSART( USART_TX_INT_OFF &
USART_RX_INT_OFF &
USART_ASYNCH_MODE &
USART_EIGHT_BIT &
USART_CONT_RX
&
USART_BRGH_HIGH,
25 );
while(1) {
while( ! PORTAbits.RA0 ); //wait for RA0 high
WritUSART( PORTD );
//write value of PORTD
if(PORTD == 0x80)
//check for termination
break;
//value
}
ClosUSART();
}

44
Reference
HANEL
1) PIC18F4520 Data Sheet

2) MPLAB C18 (v3.00) C Compiler Getting
Started
3) MPLAB C18 (v3.00) C Compiler User's Guide
4) MPLAB C18 C Compiler Libraries
5) Applying PIC18 Microcontrollers:
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing
using C and Assembly (Hardcover) by Barry
B. Brey (Author)
6) PIC Microcontroller: An Introduction to
Software & Hardware Interfacing
(Hardcover) by Han-Way Huang (Author)
7) http://www.microchip.com/

45
Ex
HANEL
Ex 7-1
0.5
PORTD LED

46
Ex
HANEL
Ex 7-2
0.5
PORTD LED

47
Ex 7-3
,
RATE : 38400
Ex
Baud Rate
Asynchronous mode, high speed:
FOSC / (16 * (spbrg + 1))
16M/16*(25+1) 38400
HANEL

48
HANEL

49
HANEL

50
HANEL

51
HANEL

52

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The MICROPROCESSOR

Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab

Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Timer0 Introduction & Operation

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The Timer0 module incorporates the

Software selectable operation as a timer

Selectable clock source (internal or

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The T0CON register controls all aspects of

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

An 8-bit counter is available as a

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Timer0 can operate as either a timer or a

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The TMR0 interrupt is generated when the

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The Timer1 timer/counter module

Software selectable operation as a 16-bit

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

Timer Functions: the timer peripherals

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

OpenTimer0: Configure and enable timer0.

Enable Timer0 Interrupt:

T0_PS_1_1 1:1 prescale

T0_PS_1_256 1:256 prescale

Remarks: This function configures timer0 according to the options

T0_EDGE_FALL External clock on falling edge

T0_SOURCE_EXT External clock source (I/O pin)

External Clock Trigger (for T0_SOURCE_EXT):

T0_8BIT 8-bit mode

TIMER_INT_ON Interrupt enabled

OpenTimer0( TIMER_INT_OFF & T0_8BIT & T0_SOURCE_INT &

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

OpenTimer1: Configure and enable timer1.

Enable Timer1 Interrupt:

T1_OSC1EN_ON Enable Timer1 oscillator

Remarks: This function configures timer1 according to the options

Synchronize Clock Input:

T1_SOURCE_EXT External clock source (I/O pin)

T1_8BIT_RW 8-bit mode

TIMER_INT_ON Interrupt enabled

OpenTimer1( TIMER_INT_ON & T1_8BIT_RW & T1_SOURCE_EXT &

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

WriteTimer0: Write a value into the

The value that will be loaded into the

Remarks: These functions write a

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

ReadTimer0: Read the value of the specified

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

CloseTimer0: Disable the specified

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// wait for RB3 high

PORTD = (unsinged char) result;

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The Enhanced Universal Synchronous

The Enhanced USART module implements

A full-duplex asynchronous system, such as

automatic baud rate detection and calibration

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering

The USART can be configured in the