Mini Project Mechanic

Static
ROOF TRUSS

GROUP MEMBER
EP097130

: NUR AIN BT ZAKARIYA

: NOR AZLINA BT ABU NAYAN

EE097151
: FATIN LIDIYA BT MOHD SALLEH
EE097105
SECTION

:6

LECTURERS NAME

: MRS. DR. EWE LAY SHENG

DATE OF SUBMISSON

: 8TH SEPTEMBER 2015

Content

No

Title

1.

Abstract

2.

Objectives

3.

Introduction

4.

Literature review

5.

Truss analysis

6.

Cost analysis

7.

Discussion

8.

Conclusion

9.

References

Page

ABSTRACT

A truss composed of slender members joined together at their end

points.The results of experimental and numerical investigations on the
behavior of composite truss beam are reported. The beams are constituted by
a wood truss, live load and dead load are distributed. With the goal to
investigate about the behavior of the roof truss that subjected to live load and
dead load(600N).This is to ensure that the design of the roof truss can
withstand with the given load. In order to identify the role of roof truss
elements in providing stiffness and strength. Experimental results are
reproduced by a roof truss model. The results prove that the length that has
been chosen is depends on the compression of the truss as if the force has
been calculated. One methods have been used in this calculation of force. The
method is method of joints which draw the FBD with at least one known and
two unknown forces, find the external reactions at the truss support,
determine the correct sense of the member, orient the x and y axes, apply
Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 and last but not least use known force to analyze the

unknown forces. So, from the objectives we have found that the roof truss can
withstand with certain load by depending on its load and howe design.

Objectives
The objectives of this project are :

describe the importance of roof in a house;

explain the various types of roof;
explain the precautions to be taken in construction of roof
describe the construction activities in different types of roof

Introduction
In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members
only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole
behaves as a single object". A "two-force member" is a structural component
where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition
allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration,
trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with
straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. In
this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are
considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which
are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments (torques)
are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are
treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members.[4]

A planar truss is one where all the members and nodes lie within a two
dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes extending
into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are
typically in compression, the bottom beams are called bottom chords and are
typically in tension, the interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside
the webs are called panels.[4]

Etymology of truss
Truss is derived from the Old French word trousse, around c.1200, which
means "collection of things bound together."The term truss has often been
used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or couple
of rafters but often means the engineering sense of "A truss is a single plane
framework of individual structural member connected at their ends of forms a
series of triangle (sic) to span a large distance.[4]

Characteristics of trusses
A truss consists of typically (but not necessarily) straight members connected
at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically (but not
necessarily composed of triangles because of the structural stability of that
shape and design. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not
change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed. In comparison, both the
angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its
shape. The joint at which a truss is designed to be supported is commonly
referred to as the Munter Point.[4]

Simple truss

The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in
a framed roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist, and in other mechanical
structures such as bicycles and aircraft. Because of the stability of this shape
and the methods of analysis used to calculate the forces within it, a truss
composed entirely of triangles is known as a simple truss.However, a simple
truss is often defined more restrictively by demanding that it can be
constructed through successive addition of pairs of members, each connected
to two existing joints and to each other to form a new joint, and this definition
does not require a simple truss to comprise only triangles.The traditional
diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an
example of a simple truss.[4]

Planar truss
A planar truss lies in a single plane.Planar trusses are typically used in parallel
to form roofs and bridges.The depth of a truss, or the height between the
upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form. A solid
girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material
cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less
material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals. An
optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency.[4]

Space frame truss

A space frame truss is a three-dimensional framework of members pinned at
their ends. A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space truss, consisting of six
members which meet at four joints. Large planar structures may be composed
from tetrahedrons with common edges and they are also employed in the
base structures of large free-standing power line pylon.[4]

Literature review

Previous researchers have studied the interaction between wood joists/trusses

and structural sheathing used for roof and floor assemblies. System effects
such as composite action, load sharing, and stiffness variability, among others
have been studied and typically recognized to improve the overall
performance of the assemblies.

Triangulation , joints and member forces of trusses

A truss is assemblage of individual linear elements which is arranged in a

triangle or combination of triangles to form a rigid framework. It cant be
deformed by the application of external forces without deformation of one or
more of its members. Since a basis triangle of member is a stable form , it
follows that any structure made of an assembly of triangulated members is
also a rigid and stable structure. This idea is the principle underlying the
viability and the usefulness of the truss in the building, since large rigid forms
of any geometry can be created by the aggregation of smaller triangular
units.

Stability and statically determinacy of trusses.

The first step in the analysis of a truss is always to determine whether the
truss is indeed a stable configuration of members. It can be known by
inspection whether a truss is stable under external loads by considering each
joint in turn to the truss. In general , any truss composed of an aggregation of
basis triangular shapes will be a stable structure.
If 2NJ>NM , the plane truss is unstable. Where NM is the number of members,
NR is the number of support restraints and NJ is the number of joints in the
truss. If 2NJ < MN + NR, the plane truss is statically determinacy , the number
available equations of equilibrium must be equal to the number of unknown
forces , where 2NJ=MN + NR.
In short, the formal conditions for statically determinacy are as follows:
a) The shape of framework must not change significantly throughout the
range of its environment.
b) Satisfy the equation of 2NJ = MN + NR
c) The bars must be properly arranged.
It is noticed that the statically determinacy of the trusses is not dependent to
the applied load system and it only depends on the geometry of the
framework.

Limit state design

According to BS5950 : Part 1 : Code of Practice For Design Rolled and

Welded Sections, structure should be designed by considering the limit state
to prevent any unfitness to users. This can be done with the aid of STAADPro
for certain available design codes of practice.
Ultimate limit state design involves the design which is the ultimate strength
of the structure is considered and cannot be exceed. If the external loads
exceed the the limit , the structure are considered failed and collapsed.
Serviceability limit state design does not considered the actual failure of
structures but concern the specified criteria. It will cause discomforts to the
users which include the changes of the physical behaviour of structures as
visible deflection , cracking etc. thus, standards were made to overcome
these problems. Partial factors must be provided to ensure the reliability of
the structures, which should cover the variability of material strength, loading
and structural performance.

Cost analysis

Size of timber per piece = 3x2x 0.3048m

Price per piece = RM 1.40

Price per meter = RM4.59
*price calculated based on commercial price

Members

Size(m)

Total (RM)

AE

6.0

27.54

CG

1.5

6.89

BH

0.75

3.44

DF

0.75

3.44

BG

1.68

7.71

GD

1.68

7.71

AC

3.35

15.38

CE

3.35

15.38

87.49

Disscussion

The roof truss model that our group built is able to withstand
two 600 N of external vertical load by having 12 joint, a pin point

and a roller. All joint are connected by wood with angle of 26.565
degree between the members at both end of the roof truss.
There is two way of analyzing the roof truss. First, analyze the
entire truss. There are 3 external forces which is A x and Ay pin point
A and the other one is at roller E which is EY. There is no force on
AX which mean Ax=0. There is 1200 N of force in AY, meanwhile the
force in EY is half of AY which is 600 N.
Secondly, analyze the internal forces by doing method of
joint. There are two types of internal forces which are tensile force
and compressive force. Tensile force is maximum force that the
roof truss can withstand before its break after being pulled or
stretched. [1] Meanwhile, compressive force is the capacity of
material or structure to withstand load tending to reduce size. [2]
Based on the model structured, the highest tensile force is F BC
=1341.65 N while the highest compressive force is also same
which is FDC =1341.65 N. Furthermore, FDF, FBH, FCG, FBG and FGD are
zero force members. Zero Force is a member (a single truss
segment) in a truss which, given a specific load, is at rest: neither
in tension, nor in compression. [3].While the other force members
have the same magnitude of force, FAH=FGF=FFE=FDC = 1200 N.
All the tensile and compressive force acted on the roof truss
is stabalize to support the weight when external vertical forces are
being placed on it. Hence, the roof truss does not break.

CONCLUSION
Roof is one of the most important element in a house. The
functions of roof is to keep out water, protect people and their
possessions from climatic elements. There were various type of roof

that has been build. Two common type of roof were made of timber
truss or metal truss. Example of truss design is king pose, queen
pose, howe, fink, fan, bobtail and cantilever. These type of design
usually used. In process to build a roof , the precautions must be
obeyed. First, do not work on the roof alone. Second, make sure the
ladder is on a solid, level surface. Next, avoid walking on a roof when
its wet since a wet roof can be very slippery. Always wear a safety
harness and make certain it is tied to something sturdy. Remove any
tools that arent being used from the immediate work site. Consider
the weather. Keep your eyes on the area youre working on to help
prevent miss stepping or tripping. The view from the roof may be
fantastic but getting distracted by it could be dangerous. If you are
uncomfortable with heights or feel unstable on a ladder dont climb
up on the roof. Know your physical limitations and call a professional.
Next, method of construction of two type of roof. A simple rafter roof
consists of rafters that the rafter foot rest on horizontal wall plates on
top of each wall. The top ends of the rafters often meet at a ridge
beam, but may butt directly to another rafter to form a pair of rafters
called a couple. Depending on the roof covering material, either
horizontal laths, battens, or purlins are fixed to the rafters; or boards,
plywood, or oriented strand board form the roof deck (also called the
sheeting or sheathing) to support the roof covering. Heavier under
purlins or purlin plates are used to support longer rafter spans. Tie
beams, which may also serve as ceiling joists, are typically
connected between the lower ends of opposite rafters to prevent
them from spreading and forcing the walls apart. Collar beams or
collar ties may be fixed higher up between opposite rafters for extra
strength. The rafters, tie beams and plates serve to transmit the
weight of the roof to the walls of the building. Next, a truss roof with
tongue and groove sheathing. The gap in the sheathing at the ridge
is the space designed to allow natural ventilation. Pre-manufactured
roof trusses come in a wide variety of styles. They are designed by
the manufacturer for each specific building. Timber trusses also are
built in a variety of styles using wood or metal joints. Heavy timber
rafters typically spaced 8 feet (2.4 m) to 12 feet (3.7 m) apart are
called principal rafters. Principal rafters may be mixed with common
rafters or carry common purlins.

References

1. Internet
- to find the image of roof truss
http://sans10400.co.za/roofs-l/

2. Mechanic static book

-

To study the method of joints

Title
Author
Publisher
Page of references :

: STATICS THIRTEENTH SI EDITION

: R.C. Hibbeler , Kai Beng Yap
: Pearson Publication
page 266 271 (method of joints)

3. Father of one of our group member

- to ask about the price of the wood use in roof truss

Name

: Zakariya bin Ahmad

Age

: 51 years old

Occupation : MADA Officer

4. Internet
- To find source about roof truss and etc.
Label [4] in article above is get from the link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss
Label [1]in article above is get from- https://www.google.com/search?
q=what+is+compressive+force&ie=utf-8&oe=utf8#q=what+is+zero+force+member
Label [2] is get from -https://www.google.com/search?
q=what+is+compressive+force&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
Label [3] is get from -https://www.google.com/search?
q=what+is+compressive+force&ie=utf-8&oe=utf8#q=what+is+zero+force+member

5. Book
Title
Publisher
Author

: Technical Writing for Engineers

: Oxford Fajar
: Vivian Yee Chiew Ling

Page of references : page 15 - 16