9th Grade

Subject: Global History and Geography I

Unit 9: Transformation of Western Europe and Russia
Western Europe and Russia transformed politically, economically, and culturally ca. 1400-1750. This
transformation included state building, conflicts, shifts in power and authority, and new ways of understanding
their world.
Content Framework:
9.9a: The Renaissance was influenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas. The Islamic caliphates
played an important role in this diffusion.
9.9b: The Reformation challenged traditional religious authority, which promoted a counter reformation
that led to a religiously fragmented Western Europe and political conflicts. This religious upheaval
continued the marginalization of Jews in European society.
9.9c: Absolutist governments emerged as Western European and Russian monarchs consolidated power
and wealth.
9.9d: The development of the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional authorities and beliefs.
9.9e: The Enlightenment challenged views of political authority and how power and authority were
conceptualized.
Compelling Question:
How did the spirit of inquiry make an impact on Europe and the rest of the world?
Content Outline:
The Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance in Italy
A. The Italian City-States Why was Italy a favorable setting for a cultural rebirth?
1. Why Italy?
2. Florence and the Medici family
B. What was the Renaissance? What was the Renaissance?
1. A new world view
2. Spirit of adventure and curiosity
3. Humanism
C. Golden Age in the Arts What different themes and techniques did Renaissance artists and writers
explore?
1. New Techniques different perspectives
2. Women Artists
3. Architecture Brunelleschis Dome (Florence)
D. Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
1. Leonardo Da Vinci
2. Michelangelo
3. Raphael
The Teenage Ninja Turtles!
E. Italian Renaissance Writers
1. Castigliones Ideal Courtier
2. Machiavellis The Prince
The Renaissance Moves North
A. Artists of the Northern Renaissance Which artists brought the Renaissance to northern Europe?
How?
1. Albrecht Durer
2. Flemish Painters

B. Northern Humanists What themes did humanist thinkers and other writers explore?
1. Erasmus
2. Thomas More
C. Writers for a New Audience
1. Rabelais
2. Shakespeare
D. The Printing Revolution What impact did the printing press have on Europe and the rest of the
world?
1. Gutenberg
The Protestant Reformation
A. Abuses in the Church How did abuses in the Church spark widespread criticism?
B. Luthers Protest How did Martin Luther challenge Catholic Teachings and ideas? Why? What was
Luther against?
1. The 95 Thesis
2. Luther versus the Church
3. Luthers Teachings
C. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
1. Widespread support
2. The Peasants Revolt
3. The Peace of Augsburg
D. John Calvin Who is John Calving? What role did John Calvin play in the Reformation?
1. Teachings
2. Calvins Geneva
3. Spread of Calvinism
Reformation Ideas Spread
A. Radical Reformers Anabaptists What are their ideas? Why are they significant?
B. The English Reformation Why did England form a new church?
1. Henry VIII seeks an annulment
2. Break with Rome
3. Church of England
4. Heirs create religious turmoil
5. The Elizabethan Settlement
C. The Catholic Reformation Why did the Catholic Church reform itself?
1. Council of Trent
2. The Inquisition
3. Ignatius of Loyola
4. Teresa of Avila
5. Effects
D. Widespread Persecution Why did certain groups face persecution?
1. Witch Hunts
2. Jews and the Reformation
3. Galileo
The Scientific Revolution
A. Changing Views of the Universe How did the astronomers change the way people viewed the
universe?
1. Heliocentric theory
B. A New Scientific Method What was the new scientific method?
1. Scientific method
2. Bacon and Descartes
C. Newton Ties it all together
D. Other Scientific Advances What advancements did they make?
1. Chemistry

2. Medicine
Vocabulary
Patron, humanism, perspective, Florence, Medicis, Petrarch, Filippo Brunelleschi, Leonardo Da Vinci,
Michelangelo, Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, Niccolo Machiavelli, vernacular, utopian, Albrecht Durer, Jan
van Eyck, Francois Rabelais, William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, Johann Gutenberg, indulgence,
recant, predestination, theocracy, Martin Luther, Peace of Augsburg, John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, Huguenot,
John Knox, excommunication, heresy, simony, annul, canonize, scapegoat, ghetto, Henry VIII, Catherine of
Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I, Edward VI, Council of Trent, Jesuits, Inquisition, st Theresa of
Avila, heliocentric, hypothesis, scientific method, gravity, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Francis Bacon, Rene
Descartes, Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, Petrarch, Erasmus
Topic 12: The Age of Absolutism
Spanish Power Grows
Who are Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand and how did they impact Spain?
Charles V Inherits Two Crowns
o Ferdinand and Isabellas grandson, Charles V, becomes king of Spain
o Rules over Spanish colonies and America
o Hapsburg Empire- Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands
o Took the name Charles V
o Constant warfare
o Faced the Muslim Ottoman Empire
Charles V Abdicates- Describe the Hapsburg Empire at this time
o Charles V gives up title
o Brother takes over- Ferdinand
o Ferdinand gives land and power to son Philip II
Philip II Solidifies Power
o Strengthened Catholic Church
o Made power absolute
Centralizing power
o Reigned as an absolute monarch
o Divine Right
Battles in the Mediterranean and the Netherlands
o Philip fought many wars to advance Spain
o Battle of Lepanto
o Gained vast amount of land in Europe
The Armada Sails Against England- Who was Philips enemy?
o England against Spain
o Armada
An Empire Declines- What event brings the Spanish Empire into decline?
Spains Golden Age- When was Spains Golden Age? What occurred during it?
o El Greco
o Miguel de Cervantes
France Under Louis XIV
Henry IV Restores Power
o France was a strong, unified nation state- ruled by the most powerful monarch in Europe.
Religious Strife
o Religious wars between Catholic majority and the French Protestants

o Catholic royals led the massacre of 3,000 Huguenots- St. Bartholomews Day
Brining Peace to a Shattered Land
o Henry IV- new ruler
o Fought against fierce Catholic opposition
o Edict of Nantes
Cardinal Richelieu Strengthens Royal Authority
o Louis XIII inherits the throne
o Louis appointed Cardinal Richelieu as the chief minister- strengthened the central government
o Richelieu wanted to destroy the power of the Huguenots and nobles
An Absolute Monarch Rises
o Louis XIV became king- I am the state
o Believed in the divine right to rule
o Symbol of absolute power
o Did not call a meeting with the Estates General
o Estates General played no role in checking royal power
Louis XIV Strengthens Royal Power- What did Louis XIV to strengthen power?
Colbert Builds Frances Finances- Who is Jean-Baptiste Colbert and how does he make an impact on
France?
Versailles: Symbol of Royal Power- Why is Versailles important?
A Strong State Declines- How does France decline?
o Waging costly wars
o Persecuting Huguenots

Parliament Triumphs in England

The Tudors Work With Parliament- What did the Tudors believe in?
A Century of Revolution Begins- What occurred during this time?
o Stuarts issue a challenge- James I
o Parliament responds
o The Long Parliament Begins
Fighting a Civil War- What was the Civil War about? What was its outcome?
o Cavaliers and Roundheads
o A King is Executed
Cromwell and the Commonwealth- What was going on during this time period?
From Restoration to Glorious Revolution
o Charles II
o James II is forced to flee
o The English Bill of Rights
o Limited Monarchy
Constitutional Government Evolves- Explain how the government has changed over time.
o Political parties emerge
o Cabinet system- what was the cabinet system like?
o Prime Minister leads the Cabinet
A Society Still Ruled by the Few
o Oligarchy
o How does this cause an issue?
Rise of Austria and Prussia
The Thirty Years War Ravages Europe- What caused the Thirty Years War? What was the outcome?

Habsburg Austria Changes its Focus- Where did the shift happen? What territory did Austria add to its
empire?
The War of the Austrian Succession- what took place during this war?
Hohenzollern Prussia- What is known about Prussia? What type of government does Prussia have?
The Rivalry of Great Powers- What were the two main rivalries after 1750?

Absolute Monarchy in Russia

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia- In what ways does Peter the Great modernize Russia?
Peter Expands Russias Borders- Why would Peter the Great want to expand Russia?
Catherine the Great- How does Catherine the Great rule Russia?
Terms/People/Places:
Hapsburg Empire, Charles V, Philip II, Absolute Monarch, Divine Right, Armada, El Greco, Miguel de
Cervantes, Huguenots, Henry IV, Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIV, Intendant, Jean-Baptiste
Colbert, Versailles, Levee, Balance of Power, James I, Dissenter, Puritans, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, English
Bill of Rights, Limited Monarchy, Constitutional Government, Cabinet, Oligarchy, Elector, Ferdinand,
Mercenary, Depopulation, Peace of Westphalia, Maria Theresa, War of Austrian Succession, Prussia, Frederick
William I, Frederick II, Peter the Great, Westernization, Autocratic, Boyar, Warm-water port, St. Petersburg,
Catherine the Great, Partition
The Enlightenment
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
1. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
a. Scientific success impacted the education of Europeans
b. Using the methods of the new science reformers thus set out to study human behavior and solve
the problems of society
2. Hobbes and Locke
a. Who are they?
b. What did they each believe in?
3. The Philosophers
a. Montesquieu- what did he believe in?
b. Voltaire- what did he believe in?
c. Diderot- what did he believe in?
d. Rousseau- what did he believe in?
4. Women Challenge the Philosophes
a. How did women feel about the Enlightenment? Why is this?
b. Mary Wollstonecraft
5. New Economic Thinking
a. Laissez-faire- what is it? How could this be beneficial? How could this be detrimental?
b. Adam Smith- what did he propose?
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
1. Writers Face Censorship
a. What is censorship?
b. Why would people use censorship?
2. Ideas spread in Salons
a. What type of information and ideas spread in Salons?
3. Enlightenment Art
a. What new types of art begin?

4. Enlightenment Despots
a. Frederick the Great
b. Catherine the Great
c. Joseph II
Birth of the American Republic
1. Location
2. Colonies are upset with Britain
3. The American Revolution
4. A New Constitution- where does America get their ideas?
Essential Questions:
What previous events led to the spark of the Renaissance?
What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on Europe?
How did absolute monarchs gain, consolidate, and maintain power?
How did the Scientific Revolution begin and what impact did it have on the overall society?
What impact did the Enlightenment ideas have on government?
Student Objectives:
Students will be able to describe the causes and effects of the Renaissance.
Students will be able to examine how the Protestant Reformation impacted the Christian religion and
define the overall impact this event had on Europe.
Students will be able to analyze how absolute rulers gained, consolidated, and maintained power.
Students will be able to discuss the new teachings discovered during the Scientific Revolution.
Students will be able to discover how the teachings of the Enlightenment continue to impact our society
today.
Process:
Students will develop historical thinking skills through the use of: students generate timelines, graphic
organizers, and the reading of primary and secondary sources.
Metacognitive Question:
How have the changes brought by the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Absolutism, Scientific
Revolution, and Enlightenment play a role in todays society?
Assessment:
Students will have formative and summative assessments based on the New York State Standards and
Common Core Standards.
Common Core Standards:
RH.9-10.4: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary
describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social science.
RH.9-10.7: Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g. charts, research data) with qualitative
analysis in print or digital text.
RH.9-10.8: Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the authors claims.
WHST.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events,
scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
WHST.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are
appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.