Purdue University

Purdue e-Pubs
Computer Science Technical Reports

Department of Computer Science

1978

Numerical Methods for Flood Routing Problems

B. A. Dendrou
Elias N. Houstis
Purdue University, enh@cs.purdue.edu

T. S. Papathedorou
S. A. Dendrou
Report Number:
78-279

Dendrou, B. A.; Houstis, Elias N.; Papathedorou, T. S.; and Dendrou, S. A., "Numerical Methods for Flood Routing Problems" (1978).
Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 210.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cstech/210

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for
additional information.

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR FLOOD-ROUTING PROBLEMS

~. A. Dend~ou*, E. N. Houstis**,
T. S. Papatheodorou**, S. A. Dendrou*

CSD-TR 279
July 1978

ABSTRACT
A number of papers have appeared in the past years that use characteristic methods and finite difference schemes to solve the flood routing
problem, [1,4].

The finite element methods on the other hand have only

recently been applied to the two-dimensional shallow-water flow

equations [5].

The purpose of this report ;s to present a survey of numerical

methods used in solving the flood-routing problem.

These methods are

compared to a finite element scheme developed according to the

Ga11 erk i n method .

"'Scheol of Civil EYI.gineeri.ng,

PU.l'(b.A.~ lmiiJer8ity~ 111.

J,-"<Vcpa:rment of Computer Sciencp..J Furdwe Univzos-i.t:y,

La.fayette, IN

w.

47907

Lafayette, IN

47907

Table of Contents

page
1.

Introduction

2.

Definition of a Flood Routing Problem.

3.

Boundary conditions.

4.

Collocation Method

5.

Gallerkin Method.

6.

Example of Application

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX . .

,,
NUMERICAL METHOOS FOR FLOOO-ROUTING PROBLEMS

1.

Introducti on

Unsteady flow in rivers and channels is commonplace.

duri ng the fl oodi ng and reces 5 i on phase of a r; ver.

It occurs

It also occurs ; n the

head and tail races of hydropower schemes in direct response to the changes
of the load on the power station.

Finally it is present in the "dam-

break" problem, where the effects of a partial or total collapse of a dam

are of importance, for the assessment of the associated hazard and appro-

priate organization of the defense of inhabitants and structures in the

downstream valley.
The equations of unsteady flow in open channels are derived from the
principle of hydraulic continuity and momentum equation.

They form a sys-

tem of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations known as the

St. Venant equations.

Depth changes and other geometric and physical

changes (friction coefficient) encountered in natural channels make any

attempt to find closed form solutions unpractical.

In the present report

two numerical schemes are proposed for the resolution of the St. Venant

equations based on the finite element method (FEM).

The one-dimensional

geometric space (along the axis of the channel) is approximated by finiteelements.

Their number depends on the variabil ity of the cross-section of

the channel.

The time is discretized in constant time-steps (finite-

difference scheme),

The FEM techniques used are the Gallerkin method and

the collocation method.

Both these schemes are compared with the method

of characteristics as applied by Streeter (g), for flood routing problems,

and a finite difference expl icit scheme suggested by Viessman (IO).

First,

the physical phenomenon is defined. and the governing St. Venant equations
developed.

Also an extensive list of boundary conditions is presented.

2.

DEFINITION OF A FLOOD ROUTING PROBLEM

The physical phenomenon is described by the following two governing

equations:

THE MOMENTUM EQUATION

2

_g ~ + g(SF- S ) + 2v .1.Y. + v aA + v 2.,," + .1.Y. = 0

ax
a
ax T ax li at at
TEfE

(2.1J

CONTINUITY EQUATION

v aA + 1 aA + av - 0
li ax li at axwhere:

v
y

= mean velocity of cross section (unknown)

= free surface elevation
(unknown)

= friction slope
= Bed slope
= Area of the cross

= the

SF
So

(2.2)

section

width of the channel.

Multiplying Eq. 2.2 by v

2

VaA+VaA+ v .1.Y.=O
Tax
liat
ax
Subtracting from Eq.

~.1

we get
(2.3)

Equation 2.2 may be written as

or
The final expressions are

(2.4)

(2.5)

3.

Boundary Conditions
The importance of the boundary conditions in unsteady

open~channel

CO"

flowhbe visualized in the fact that unsteadiness of flow is precisely

generated from a bounda ry condi t i on.

Examp 1es of bounda ry condi t ions

are the following:

(1)

A downstream estuary whose level fluctuates with the tides.

(2)

An upstream catchment providing flows that vary with rainfall

producing flood or storm surges.

(3)

Upstream or downstream weirs.

(4)

Upstream or downstream sluice gates.

(5)

Downstream reservoirs with characteristic slow backwater

fluctuations.

(6)

Upstream or downstream spillways.

(7)

Junctions.

The level history in a tidal estuary can be measured and is often

available from records, so that data values of depth at the end of the
channel can be read in at

~t

time-step invervals, or interpolated from a

reading array.
Flood or storm surge upstream conditions are given by the inflow

hydrograph Qt' (time history of inflowing rates).

Then, for a broad or

rectangular in cross-section channel, the mean velocity at the upstream

cross-section will be given by:
(3-1)

Upstream or downstream weir conditions are specified by the weir

empirical formula:

Qw = 1.72 B(Ew-h w)1.5 in [m 3/s]

where:

(3-2)

v2
Ew = yw + ~
is the specific energy just upstream of the weir,
2g

and

Hw is the height of the weir crest above channel bed level.

Similar empirical relations exist for sluice-gate boundary conditions and
spillway conditions.
Two conditions are necessary for the case of a junction.
depth is the same for all channels joining there.

First, the

Second, the inflow to

the junction must equal the outflow from it (continuity).

For flows at

other than small Froude numbers however, it will be necessary to include

local losses and kinetic energy terms.

The continuity equation is as

follows:
(3-3)
where subscript i denotes i-th channel at junction p, and sign(i) is
conventionally positive if channel -i conveys water to the junction and
is negative otherwise.

s
4.

Collocation

I~ethod

The finite element collocation procedure that is proposed is based

on the Hermite cubic elements:
spatial interval [O,L].

let

0 =

(xi)~+1 be a partition of the

Oenoting by H the (2N+2)-dimensional vector

space of all continuously differentiable functions which reduce to poly-

nomials of degree at most 3 over each subinterval of

~,

any function in H
A
is expressed as a linear combination of 2N+2 basis functions B , ... , 8 + ,
1
2N 2
For example, if A ;s uniform and h = xi + - xi' then such a basis is
1

given by
B _ (X) = .(X-hX i ),
2i 1

B ;(x) =
2

h~

(x-hx i ) ,

(4-1)

l:::;~N+l,

where:
(I-x)
.(x) =

(1+2x)

(1+x)2 (1-2x)
0

x(1-x)2
.(x) =

x(1+x)2
0

x < 1

-1 < x < 0

othenJise,
0 < x

-1 < x < 0

othenii se.

Use is made of the Gauss-Legendre points in each subinterval

[Xi' x i +1 ] given by
a

2i+j

=.5~i+l+Xi+

j=I,2

(4-2)

The basis functions, evaluated at these

2N

(2N+2) matrix G = (Bk(a t

)).

poin~s,

In the case of

,',

give rise to a

~~uniform

partition

At

one easily finds

G=

where:

s -s
s -s
s -s
S -s
s -s
s -s
s = 1/12
a = 2/23

= .5 + 2/3/9

= .5

- 2/3/9

(4-3)

+ /3/36,
- /3/36 .

In the collocation method an approximate solution in the space H is

6
sought. That is, we seek to determine approximations v6 'YA to v,y in the
form

v.(x,t) = ~ Viet) Bi(x) , y.(x,t) = ~ Vi(t) Bi(x)

1

(4-4)

where here and in the sequel all summations extend from 1 to 2N+2.
The unknown coefficients (functions of t) Vi' Vi are determined by a
system of ordinary differential equations, as follows:

expressions (4-4)

are substituted into the partial differential equations (2-1).

The

resulting equations are forced to be satisfied at all the collocation

points (in our method, the Gauss-legendre points) X=oi' =1, ... ,2N.
one eas i 1y fi nds

"
~ J
a

Z (t)
G -

= F(~(t))
-

where G is given by (4-3), the dot denotes time derivative and

Then,

(4-5)

v2N +2 (t).

Zit) = [V (t), ... ,

1
F

Y (t), ... , Y + (t)] T

1
2N 2

... F1 ,2N' F21 ... F2 2N ]

.I

, ,k

t=1.o .. 2N.
Note that, in the expression for F , the area A depends on y(t).
21
System (4-5) relates 2(2N+2) unknown functions by 4N equations.

Con-

sequently. the number of unknown functions must be reduced and this is

done by use of the boundary conditions.

As an illustration, consider the

boundary conditions at the left end

= va(t)

v(a, t)

(4-6)
y(a, t) = Ya(t)

where vo' YO are given functions. which in general do not belong to H ,

6
Nevertheless, VOl YO are readily approximated by elements vO' YO of H :
6
2M+2
"a(t) =

.I

2M+2
vi Bi(t)

'=1

Ya(t) =
.

.I

,=1

Yi Bi(t)

(4-7)

where the basis functions Bi , now correspond to a partition {ti}~l of the

time interval.

The coefficients vi

v2 ;_1 = "a(t i ) v2i =

d~

Yi are given by

"a(t i )

It is well-known that (With w=v

Ilw-wll oo

Y2i-l = Ya(t i ) ,

a or

Y2i = ddt Ya(t i )

w=Y )
a

c(max iti+1 - t i 1)4

from which it ;s seen that (4-7) constitute satisfactory approximations.

Now the boundary conditions (4-6) are approximated by

Vo(O,t)

VO(t)

(4-8)

Yo(O,t) = YO(t)

Substituting (4-4) and (4-7) into (4-8) and taking into account that
B. (0)
1

= a if i 1'0 we fi nd
Vj(t)=vo(t)
(4-9)

Yj (t) = YO(t)
thus eliminating V1" Y1 from the unknown functions.

A similar procedure may be followed for a boundary condition at the

right end.

System (4-5), supplied with appropriate initial conditions, is

now sol vable.

5.

Gallerkin

THE FINITE

ELE~NT

f1ethod.

PROCEDURE is applied directly on the P.D.E.'s making

use of Gallerkin's I~eighted Residual flethod in the following computational

steps:

"_.

-------_._-------

---

- -..

--_

..

STEP 1

The UNI DIMENS IONAL FLDII FI ELD is di screti zed into n e1e""nts

For each element the following linear SHAPE FUNCTIONS are chosen:
(e) _

Ni

x - xi
J

where:

(s .6)

- "x-.-_-:7x':".
1

(e) denotes the element number

i,j are the nodes of the element respectively the left and right
nodes.

Equations (5.6) can also be viewed as INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS.

I

-<D-

I -Q)-- J
I--@- J
I-@- J

GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATION
OF THE ELEMENTS

ILLUSTRATION OF THE
LINEAR SHAPE FUNCTIONS
1

STEP 2
Therefore the unknown variables v and y can be approximated as
follows:
n

= I

e
N

(s.7)

e=1

y=

Ne.:i. e

e-l

(s .8)

where: :i.e and ve are the unknown nodal values of the depth and the
vel oci ty.
According to Gal1erkin's procedure the Residual must be orthogonal to the
Shape Functions.

Thus for each element equations 5.4 and 5.5 become

,
I
,~

eave)

at dxN i
IS. 9)

and

~ I~e

{ejdX.N i +

t (~)JNe
e

+1L--l:
(NeVe)~e
We obta1n similar expressions for the function

:e dx.N i +

l}X.N. =0
x
1
~j'

(S.10)

At this stage we

expand term by term the above two equations for the case of the shape
function

and Eq. 5.9.

~i

3V

x.-x

-x.
J
Xj-X; , xj-x;

Ij

d ataV

xi

at
j

Xj-X;
I~

dx

X.
J

{2

IX - Xi) av.
--l +
Xj-Xi
at

5-X)(X-X')}dx.

(x.-x )2
J i

. (5.11)

Then

- xj-

Ij t

x.-x

~}

a {' -Xi v. +
J
v.
vi + xj-x
x.-x~
ax
Xj-Xi
1
Xj-Xi
J
Vj}
J ,
i

-x.

-X 1) dx

xj-x i

( S. 12)

Also

a
ax

(5.13)

Also
' Xi~X
X

~ ~f

x.

J'

xi

501
5

fj - oj

J f( 1~
x.J

x -x. 2
(x.-x)(x-x.)
(5 f -5.) + J
2' (Sf
xj-x i]
, 0'
(xj-x )
J
i
o

5.j
OJ

dx (".14)

The expressions (5.11) through (5.14) are developed in the following

pages using a forward DIFFERENCE SCHEME for the integration in the time
domain.

Therefore:

av

n-l
- v

at = --~""t:--- and

n
n-l
Y.. - Y..
~t

and expression (5.11) becomes, having in mind that vn and yn are the
n-l
velocity and depth at time ~, whil e vn-l and yare
the velocity and
depth at time n-l:

dx

V~-1

2
(x - x," -2xx i )dx - -2';-L 6t

J
Xj

xi

The integration is easily performed and the following result is obtained

Expression (5012) becomes

~ {~V~-1 +

+ vT

1
}

odx

The following simplification was made for the nonlinear term

v !y..

ax

(xrx)(x-x; )

L3

'='

yn-l

1L
ax

Expression ( .13) becomes, after considering a LEAP FROG scheme

r2.- x-xi n-1 + 2.- X{X ~-ll x-xi

Lax ---r- Y,
ax
YJ J ---r- dx =
x-x. ay.
x{-x ay.
again assuming - L- ' '
=
...:....J.
ax
ax = 0
- y.n-~
J

Finally expression (5.14) becomes

f{

(X-Xi)2
(Xj-x)(x-xi)
}
L2 (Sfi-Soi) + - L2
(SfrSoi)

g L

L (Sfi -Soi)
= g ::z
3L

L
::z
6L

(Sfj-Soj)~

dx

= g L tfi-SOi
3

SfrSOJ~
6

Collecting the terms obtained from expressions (5.11-5.14) we obtain the

momentum equation multiplied by Ni .
L n
L n-1
L n
3.t vi - 3.t vi + 6.t vj
+

n-1
n-1
L n-1 vi
vj
n
6.t vj
+ --y- + 0 - vi

1- ~~-1 - Y1- 1J+ g L tfi;SOi

+ Sfj;SOj]

n-1 n
n-1 n
_V-,-i~3;-V,,-j _ _v ""6~V>Lj +
J,,-'

=0

(5.15)

Now multiplying the momentum equation by Nj a similar equation to (5.15) .

can be obtained
n-1

L n-1
L n
6.t vi -6.t V i +3.t Vj
L

L3

v.n-1 n
, v +
vi - 0
- j
n

n-1

L n !l
+ --y- v +;[
j

n-1 -

{Y i

n-1 }

Yj

(5.16)

The LEAPFROG technique was used to obtain the decoupling of the

St. Venant's equations thus obtaining two independent systems of equations.
Indeed as it can be observed Eqs. 5.15 and 5.16 represent the first system of equations with v~ and vj the unknown velocities at time n.

',4

The Matrix form of these equations will be:

n-l

n-l

vi

3~t

+ -3-+

n-l

LV.
Ot;f+

n-l

n-l

+- +

v.

v.

v.

6tt -

Vi

n-l

vj

V
j

+-r-

unknown
L

n-l
(Vi

n-l

6t -r-+

V.) - Z (n-l
+
.9.

Yi

n-l

- Yj

) - g L
(5.17)

Still there is a need to define a system of equations with respect to

y~ and

Y5

the depths.

This is obtained

multiplying the CONTINUITY

EQUATION (5.5) by the shape functions N and N respectively.

i
j
(5.5) by Ni according to Gallerkin's principle we obtain:
Xj

Fx-x/
[ [2

y~ - y~-1

+ (X-Xi) (xj-x)

L2

6t

n n-1J dx

y. - y.
J
J
6t

xi

(x.

J-X

Hx-x.) All [v n- 1
1

L2

~ L-t- -

+-

n-IJ
dx +

Multiplying

After performing the integrations, equation

.18 becomes

L n
L n-l
L n-l
(1 Ai
1~) ( n-l - vn-l) +
311t Yi - 311t Yi
+ iii\f Yj
- 3" ilj + b B
vi
j
j
n-l
n-l
n
n
v
n vi
n vi n -tV' n
+
Y+-,,-Y+
Y+
y.=O
1
J
J. ......
J
1
J

+-

Multiplying now (5.5) by Nj and according to Gallerkin's procedure we

obtain after integration the following expression:
L n
L n-l
L n
L n-l
(1 Ai
1 ~)
- ilBj+3"B
6l1t Yi-6l1t Yi
+3I1t Yj-JiitYj
j

n-l
vj

----:r

n-l
n-l
n-l
n vi
n vi
n
n_
Yi + ---0- Yj + ---0- Yi + 3 Yj - 0

(5.20)

Rearranging equations 5.19 and 5.20 we obtain the following linear

system of equations:

n-l
n-l
L
V
v.
Jiit-+-+
L

n-l
Vi

n-l

"6iif - ---0- -

y~-1

----:r

y~-I)
---0-

n-l

n-l

L
611t +

n-l
v;

----:r +

n-l
v;

n-l
v.

n-l

L
311t + ---0- +

..b....l+~+
II t

L IY'
M
++

Yj )
----:r

Y~1
=

+n-l
( v

l1
- Vn-l)

(5.21)

lAo
(v;n 1
~+ ~)
3B
j

The unknowns are Y~ and Yj, the depths at time n.

- vjn-l)

6.

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
The following flood routing problem is considered:

a twenty feet

wide rectangular channel, 10560 feet long, having uniform flow of 6 ft.
oepth is subjected to an upstream increase in flow to 2000 cfs in a
period of 20 min.

Thus flow then decreases uniformly to the initial flow

depth in an additional period of 40 min.

geometric characteristics are given:

The following physical and

the Manningls coefficient is esti-

mated to be 0.02 and the bottom slope is 0.0015 ft/ft.

The total channel's length is divided into twenty elements (each
element being 528 feet long).

The physical parameters characterizing the

flow are provided at each of the twenty-one nodes of the finite element
partition.

The downstream boundary is free and the wave perturbation is

given at the upstream boundary.

The sequence of the performed computa-

tions are described in the flowchart of Figure

~.1

Table 6.1 provides the partial results obtained at time 2.01,3.01,

4.01 and 5.0 minutes respectively at each node.

The results of program REWAVE are conformal with our common engineering sense, however the present version needs how to use an economic
subroutine to solve the nonsymmetric system of equations.

The results obtained from program FEWAVE, for the particular example
treated in Section S, are compared with two widely used numerical schemes.
More specifically the Gallerkin Finite Element method is compared with
the method of characteristics as developed by Streeter, V. (g) and a
finite difference explicit scheme suggested by Viessman, W. (10).

Table ;<.: shows the maximum val ues of the computed velocities and

depths.

The order of magnitude of these physical quantities is the same

for the three schemes.

The results of the Gallerkin scheme is closer to

the method of characteristics (Figures -./. to

"',1).

A more systematic study is however, required in order to assess the

reliability of each method and identify the parameters affecting the

accuracy of the computations.

In conclusion the St. Venant equations can be effectively solved by

the proposed Gallerkin. finite element scheme.

VALUES OF VELOCITIES AND DEPTHS AT 21 LOCATIONS

OF THE CHANNEL AX = 528 FT.
TIl"E
\/fLUrlTlS
, .1111
".9~"

___ f:!.9_.,,_

---------------- -----------

nE"pTtIS

____ 6:?'u_
6.01lu

6.~96

II.OOG

6.0UO

". o~~

6,ouG

'bll

O.oou

~iooil

--------

vEi..urITI5

__.__ '.:Ul"o
6.9' ..

__ _
b.'H6
O[PTtt5
6. b'~

6.4 7 6.
".uuo

".0110
6.0tlll-.

TlME-~

__. __

6!.J!!i~~

4.01666666L

.,.582

".9_6

5 .......,

6.00~ - -

----------_._-_.-._-----

V[LOcl nrs

1.4"'''
,..946

_ ~~i!~B
~,:UllO

6:000

. _ - _.. _----

.__ J~.'H'_.
6:9'6

.
6.91lt"
DEPTHS

..

6 .1~. _-.-6.00ij
6.000

nlll!:. ~ ..

VELUclTiES
__ .7.,b9

6.6Zfl
".000

._:~16_~

6~OOO

!!:JIl6 ...
o:uoo

0.265

..6.181.

6.0~0

6.00!

._.

O:O(J~

~:OOO

!.0166 6 6661

6.9",~

.. _ .. . 6.9106.,_
nEp'HS
6.'iI.~

e..20b

........ 9

0;:000

6.000

Table 6.1 Partial Results of Program FEWAVE

O.lIOIl

o:oov.
~-.

MAIN PROGRAM OF THE FLOOO ROUTING PROBLEM

REAO INPUT
GEOMETRIC AND
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

'">-z

'""'
....
"'
"'

w..

'">-z

'"'""'"'
u

-"''"

>z

....
"'

u
>u

....
"'
u
>-

INITIAL+B. CONDITIONS
T-D
CALL FORMEQ
FORM SYSTEM OF
EQ. FOR VELOCITIES (V)
CALL SOLVE
FIND VELOCITIES AT
NEW TIME INCREMENT

SUBROUTINE FORMEQ
FORM SYSTEM OF EQ.
CALL LINEAR

SUBROUTINE LINEAR
USE OF LINEAR
SHAPE FUNCTIONS

T=T+I>T

'"
"'
'"
....
"'
"'

CALL FORMEQ
FORM SYSTE" OF
EQ. FOR OEPTHS (Y)

SUBROUTINE SOLVE

CALL SOLVE
FINO OEPTHS AT
NEW TIME INCR.

>z

w..

....
"'
u
>-

CHECK NU~IBER
OF THlE INCREMENTS

+
STOP

Figure 6.1 Flowchart of Program FEWAVE

CALL GAUSS

SUBROUTINE GAUSS
RESOLUTION OF THE
LINEAR SYSTEM
OF EQ UATI ONS

2,0

LOCATION

VARIABLE'S
SPECIFICATION

HETHDD OF
CHARACTERISTICS

FINITE
ELEHENT
SCHEfiE

(ft/sec)

FINITE
DIFFERENCE
SCHEfiE
(ft)

9.42

9.43

9.2

Max. Depth

10.88

10.68

10.87

Time Min.

24.

22.

29.

Max. Velocity

'lax. Veloeity

9.20

9.14

9.18

flax. Depth

10.40

10.21

10.44

Time

30.

31.

39.

f1ax. Veloeity

8.5

8.46

8.74

flax. Depth

10.33

10.16

10.30

Time

36.

35.

48.

Table 6.1

Comparison of Obtained Peak Values

11

UPSTREAM

10-

, I"
f'o

0
0

DDWNSTRE
0

I'" \""",

I'
/

'0"

""

',""

b'J"
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1,1

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t;:

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t
7

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i
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'

'

"0

'\

\,

" ii

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61"--"~/~~"=-'_~__~__-.L_'--~

__

10

~_----J

TIME, MIN.

Figure Go<

Results Obtained by the Method of Characteristics

,,,
-,

II

UPSTREAM
MIDDLE
DDWNSTRE M
,~

10

,~ I

1=
c..

I I.'

I
II I

'"w
'"

I/

10

20

30

40

50

60

TIME, MIN.

Figure 6.:1

Results Obtained by the Finite Difference Scheme

'"

II

r--

fl'-----

T = 2 MIN

--- .. .... --- ..

---

T = 2 MIN

10 r-

~
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2.1

3.1

4.2

5.3

6.3

7.4

8.4

9.5

OISTANCE FROM UPSTREAM x I03 FT.

F19ure E,.s

Comparlson of Results

"

-F

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In.313

'7.~I~

Q."'.. 4

'.n.;>~ v~

y';'

--

,.~

0I0:?"1!-.._ ;_''i~.. ~i...!!':'''

1.

,,"n

9."'"

~ __ 1.9i.S

__'_,~!;,I__!. 7';~

oIo<:l.'l;>A

ili:?.7~ v~ -

_v;.

..

'53.'105

110220
9.97S

_I! .1'57

9.1~2

9.~56

7.<;"'0
Q ... 62._.

'i'-~i.0;';

7.7;4

7.613
1.~1l'
9.211.2 __ <:I.,,,,;>

1.9SI1
9.490

A.n27

... 0<:11

9.616

9.128

'l.!J.!!.....--...Z.llit<:I.nJ2
9.1Q,

9.:'139

i.6~9
6. 8 55

9.179

"':"1l7
..7.294

!.~.; ..

_"'.11"11 _... 9.11;1

_ 1..to~5
A.p .. i

.3~9

1I.27.Q

8.1'39

1.159
8.Q98

.7'''95
8."5B

7'''':16
A.1'I25

i.~o~_

!."tn7__ __7. :'..It!.

7.A~1

lI.n14

II.2~1

A...71

7.1;'4
1.6\'5_

1.:>i4

7.319
A.{I19

..... ;>8"

1.11;',\

.... 9i~

T.n:>..

1.IQIl

7 .... ~i

__ ".~I'

~.Q;?

.... <1,,;

1.';~

.... 11"

.... ";<1

.... 74 ..

1.1'198
9.322

&.""11

".<:1.19

(-.AR7

7.1120

~.9';4

__1. ?~9
1.871

T.O;~,\_ .. _
7.010'"

7. j:t:?_

".ii",

7."\15
8.412

1' .... 91
10."91

9.S!>1

10.l2:>
_A.~~~
In.31~

_.__ . A.508
10.1311

ii~0I04~

10.2 r :.

6.l43 __ .1I1 40 l! _
10.1<;3
1020:"

8 .... 94
10.296
6 .... 76

10.22'"

!. 2~~ __._'!. ~~~ .

9.943

10.00:'
R.2":"
. 9.61:111

9."48

8.063
9.55'1

7.913 .

.8. 00f!

7.'iI11

10.190

a.J6B
9.910

6.2~!..

1I.35~

9.16c

9.784

8.315
9.(5)

.8.1'!:!.

9.297

'i.409

9.UI:!'

7.848
9.139

'.945
9.2<;8

... 06:>

6.~29

9.J~~

9.36B

7.6R2
9.091,]

A!OO!:!

8.18S
9.215

9.1~~

1.10A

'.817

1.9010."

8.803

a.93'1

.9.02(

8.131,
9.056

7.432

7.6]4

7.741'1_ .. __ 1~86~,

A.;>~O

9.6"S

6.1,,3

6.8b~

7 51
8.:>7l

7.'!'i!lfl
B.4,,;I

1.677
11.511"

8.MI:!,

1.;06]

7.370

7.'S~

7.961

A.I01'i1

7.41'1
1'.255

'.6n~

7.~1\)

8.4115

A.SI~

8.547

1.""4
1.117<:1

7.i5j1,
7.,,7:>

Ii. "II
10 .213

_7.963. _ 8.031 __ !'!.1l11

9.473
9.592
9.6Q~

1.'\9'"

".7 1l 7

.... 0;9<;

7.1'191

7.611

1.,~n
7 .~;Il

"~1il

'l.U(J _:l.'5'l&_ _ l.M! __ . J.U8

A.4"'~
1I.~70
l'I.fl4A
9.n12

1'j:1IB7__. _ l' .11')7

1.i""
7.~iJ

-'{~-_.- -",~~~_.

"

9.~AI

fl, n91

;iill.~n v~

Ilo;o;.,.~ U;'

8'1~9

R.n;s

1 ... ?1

'1';'

~.~9010

9.77)

9.635

v,,;._........! .,;.!!_'

\I~

e.290
10.01ll

7.~~'

v;'

,;

fl. ?J2
10.001

9.<;n ..

1.ift7
7.844

i .,;,,~

6.3"9
10.177

7.~~~

i,n.4:> \I~.

<>4

fi.316
10.11

".366

1I.~h:>

.__ 54 .<;.44_ . 'l'l1 .iiL\I~

,.;.

Q.~76

f1,"5Q _ _ 8.4R7.
10.251
10.21'1 H

~. 4 11

9.,,4

.,.;.

___ 'I'.. .

!!..~22:_.

1 n .20'

".nCo;'

i iH.ll.3_ Y';'---L.2IlS __ . j
.,...:..

__

Q.~'"

i:>;o1.41l. v.

!O.!..~~~._ '~qll"-i.2...

10.147

e.!!>l]
10.Jlu

~."'14

"

__41'1. )'\9._

IIl.iI,.,

;.

.4<;.,11 L .. i ~"'7 .!>L..117'_--".... .i1.Z-.-i.s~r. _

,.~
1I.4~2
"'."7'"
4h.H<;0

Q.971

.",;;~
Q.2""

.Q.;;';8

'I'~

4).71]

_86l'-_
".lQ-

_ _ .7

9.';""

~./)O~

10.2 1l !

fl.SI'iI

9.4i.o,

;_~ JP. 'LY';' .~_7~!!'lB_

8.676

10.lll

IO.~81

'l'~61

1110 II~

~.641

A.272

--7~lioiil-

,..:. __

v~

".7,;>

1l'6~11

8. 7"1:1

10.219

10.3;11

10.123

. i<;IIJ.~9_~~ __1 ~1 __ 2_ 9:"~._ . 8.1!~'l __ ~. 1.7~__ .1l.2"'. _._ 6"44

.,.;.

~. 77 0
10. ] ....

7."Al
7.9AI

1.112:"

8.0B3
8.1191
8.1127
B.721

, .52'1

, .907

6 .21 11

8. ]66

Bi b1i ography
1.

Arnein, M. IlStream Flow Routing on Computer by Characteristics, II

Water Resources Research, Vol. 2, No. I, 1966, pp. 123-130.

2.

Wylie, E. Benjamin, "Unsteady Free Surface Flow Computations,U

Journal of the Hydraulics Oivision ASCE, Vol. 96, No. HY3, Proc.
Paper 7683, November 1970.

3.

Li9gett, J. A., and I,oolhiser, O. A., "Difference Solutions of the

Shallow-Water Equation, II Journal of the Engineering Mechanics
Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. EM2, Proc. Paper 5189, April 1967,
pp. 39-71.

4.

Strelkoff, T.. "Numerical Solution of the Saint Venant Equations,"

Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. HY1, Proc.
Paper 7043, January 1970, pp. 223-252.

5.

Taylor, C., Al-Mashidani, G., and Dvais, J. M., "A Finite Element
Approach to Watershed Runoff," Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 21, 1974,
pp. 231-246.

6.

Cooley, R., and Mois, S. A., "Finite Element Solution of Saint

Venant Equati ons," Journal of the Hydraul i cs Divi sian, June 1976,
pp. 759-775.

7.

Conner, J. J., and Brebbia, C. A., "Finite Element Techniques for

Fluid Flow," Newnes-Butterworths Ed., 1977.

8.

Pinder, G. F., and Gray, W. G., "Finite Element Simulation in

Surface and Subsurface Hydrology," Academic Press, 1977.

9.

Streeter, V. L., and Wylie, E. B., "Hydraulic Transients," McGrawHill, 1967, pp. 239, 259.

10.

Viessman, W., Jr., Harbanch, T. E., and Knapp, J., IlIntroduction to

HYdrology," Intext Educational Publishers, 1972, pp. 189-201.

'

,.
"0
"0

,.,

:z

c
><

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

***

c
c

c
c
c

DriFl.I478

FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM TO SOLUE FLOOD WAUE PROBLEM

ONE DIMENSIONAL LINEAR ELEMENTS USED IN CONNECTION
WITH GALLERKINS PROCEDURE.
A FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEME IS USED FOR THE TIME
DOMAIN + LEAPFROG TECHNIQUE TO COMPUTE THE
UELOCITIES AND DEPTHS OF THE FLOl.l AT PARTICULARS

NODES
--------------------------_.------- .---------UCJ)
KCI.J)
FICJ)
'r'CJ)
KLCI,J)
F2CJ)

UELOCITEIES AT INCR. OF TIME NODE J

STIFNESS MATRIX FOR UELOCITIES + DEPTHS
3
LOAD FACTOR FOR VELOCITIES
'" DEPTHS AT TIME KNODE J
~ STIFNESS MATRIX FOR LOCAL COORD.
'"' LOAD FACTOR FOR DEPTHS

::I

.------------------------------------------------

10
20
30

A
A

40
50

SO

70

A
A

80
50

A 100

A 1I0
A

120

A
A
A
A

140
150
160

A 130

170

A 180
A 190
A 200

A 210

- MAX. TIME
'" MAXIMUM NUMBER OF NODES
'" MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELEMENTS

A 220

NODE
'" NODE NUMBER
XCNODE) '" X COORDINATE
YCNODE) 'I' COORDINATE
IDCNODE) 3 INITIAL BOUDARV CONDITION

A 260
A 270
A 280

MAXTIM
NNODE
NEL

N
NI
NJ
SFCN)
ACN)
BCN)
PHCN)

ELEMENT NUHBER
:II NUMBER OF NODE
I
= NUHBER OF NODE J
2
SLOPE FRICTION
'" CROSS SECTION
.. FREE SURFACE tJIDTH
:II HYDRAULIC PERIMETER
a

----------------------------------------------------DIMENSION U(40). F1(2). Y(40), F2(2), AA(13). SH(40), YN(40), FVC4

10), FD(40). UN(40). A(40), B(40), SF(40), SO(40), )(C40), IBD(40).
2NI(30), NJ(30). CC20.20)
REAL KC21.21).KLC2.2).RC40)
PRINT 140
READ 141. II.CAACI).Ia1.13)
IF CII.EQ.O) GO TO 139
PRINT 141. II.CAACI).I"'I.13)
PRINT 142
PRINT 143
READ MESH CHARACTERISTICS
NEL"'20

nT-I.

.
UERSION

c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

PROGRAM FEUAUE CINPUT.OUTPUT)

NNODE"NEL+l
IBCD::Ill

TLCTH-I0560.
DX"'TLCTH/NEL
DY"'O.
XX-OJ
DO 101 r-l.NNODE
XCI)-XX*OX
V(I)=XXOV
XX,..XX+ 1.
101 CONTINUE
00 102 I-l.NNODE

A 230
A 240
A 250

A 250
A
A

A
A
A
A

300

310
320

330

340

350
360
A 370
A 390
A 390
A

A 400
A

410

A 420
A 430
A

440

A 450
A

460
470

A 480

A
A

450
500

A 510

520

A
A
A

540
550

530

A SSO

A 570
A

580

A 550
A

600

A S10
A S20
A 530
A 640
A SSO
A 6SO
A 670
A 680
A

690

A 700
A 710

1.80(1)110

A
A
A
A
A

FlC DelEO.
8(1):=20.

SO(Il=O.0015
102 CONTINUE

IBDe 1)=1
C

DO 103 r"'l,NEL

C
C
C

NHl)=!
NJ(I)::oI+l
103 CONTINUE

INITIALIZE MATRICES
DO 104 I"'l,NNODE

C
C
C
C

KCI.J)-O.

CONTINUE
READ

ELEMENT

INFORMATION

PRINT 142
PRINT 142

UALUE8

VOIIS.

CMal.48G/CMNS~RT(SO(1

QO-CM*S(!)*VO*CB(!).YO/(S(!)+2.*VO.EFF
valleO/CBCI)YO)
PRINT ~QOIUO"'~.QO.UO

DO 105 I~l.NNODE
U(Il"'UO
lOS 'r'(ll=YO
PRINT ~INITIALUALUES_
DO 106 I""l.NNODE
PRINT. -UELDCITIES.DEPTHS.,VCIl.'r'CI)

C
C
C
C

106 CONTINUE

READ 145. GMAX.TTP,THAX.TAP

PRINT
PRINT

-GHAX.TTP~.GMAX.TTP
~TMAX.TAP~,TMAX,TAP

KOUNT-O
C

C
C

940

A 1020
READ INITIAL.
EFF""2d3.

850

A 960
A 970
A 980
A 880
A 1000
A 1010

CMN=O.02
C
C

A 950

T"O.
IDEBUC-l
PRINT 144

C
C
C
C

770

780
790
800
810
820
830
840

860
A 870
A 880
A 880
A 800
A 810
A 920
A 830

DO 104 J=l,NNODE
104

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

FUe 1)"0.
FDCI)-O.

720
730
740
750
760

TO

DTTP"'SO.
UPRINT..SO.
TPRINT=SO.
107 CONTINUE
T"'T+DT
N'I
DO 108 I=l.NNODE
EF=4.-'3.

A
A
A
A
A

1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
A lOBO
A 1090
A 1100
A 1110
A 1120
A 1130
A 1140
A 1150
A 1160
A 1170
A 1180
A 1190
A 1200
A 1210
A 1220
A 1230
A 1240
A 1250
A 1260
A 1270
A 1280
A 1290
A 1300
A 1310
A 1320
A 1330
A 1340

A 1350
A
A
A
A

1360
1370
1380
1390

A 1400
A 1410
A 1420
A 1430

i
I
I
I

BVFP_CB(I)*VC!)/(B(I)+2.*VCI)EF
CMM_CU(I)2)*CCMN2)/(2.20S*BVFP)

c
c

A 1480
A 1490
A 1500
A 1510

DO 109 1=!.NtiODE
J~l,NNODE

FU(J)=Q.
109 K(!.J)=O.

c
c

C
C
C

MAIN

TIME

A 1520
A 1530

LOOP

110 CONTINUE

c
c
c

A 1460

A 1470

108 SF'Il=CMH

DO 109

A 1440
A 1450

--------.----

A 1540
A 1550
A 15BO
A 1570
A 15BO
A 1590
A ISOO
A ISIO
A IS20

A 1630

c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c

-------------.----------FORMATION OF

GLOBAL

MATRIX

K(II,II)-KCII.II)+KLCl.l)
KCII,JJ)aKCII.JJ)+KL(1.2)
I(CJJ.JJ)aK(JJ,JJ)+KL(2,2)

I(JJ. II)::IlKeJJ, II )+KU2.U

FUCII)aFUCII)+Fl(l)
FUeJJ)rUeJJ)+Fl(2)

IF (IBD(II).EQ.O) GO TO 112
FUCln-U(II)
DO 111 J"'l.NNODE

K(II.J)=O.
111 CONTINUE

c
c

K(IItIn a 1.
112 IF CIBD(JJ).EQ.O) GO TO 113
K(JJ.JJ)=1.

c
c
c

c
c

c
c
c
c

A 1670
A ISBO
A 1690

A 1700

A 1710
A 1720
A 1730
A 1740

A 1750
A 1760
A 1770

A
A
A
A
A

1780
1750
1800
1810
1820

A 1850
A IBSO
A 1870
A 1880

A 1850
A 1900

113 CONTINUE

A 1910

A 1920

IF (N.EQ.NEL) GO TO 114
NaN+1
GO TO 110

A 1660

A 1830
A 1840

FU(JJ)~FU(JJ)-K(II,JJ)U(JJ)

A 1640
A IS50

114 CONTINUE

A 1930

A 1940
A 1950
A 1960

A 1570

IF (T.GT.1.) GO TO 118
PRINT , _STIFNESSMATRIX~
DO 115 I"1,NNODE
115 PRINT 147, (K(I,J),J-1,NNODE)
11S CONTINUE

A 1980
A 1990

A 2000
A 2010
A 2020
A 2030
A 2040
A 2.050
A 2060

NB-NNODE

A 2070

------------CALL SOLUE (FU.K,NNODE.NB.UN,R)

-----------0----DO 117 I=l.NNODE

117 U(l)"'UN(1)

A 2080

A 2090
A 2100
A 2110

A 2120

A 2130

A 2140
A 2150

U-X(2)-X( 1)

A 2160

VCllaY(ll+(DT/Ll'.'UCl).'VC!l-VC2+VCl).'U(!l-UC2)
TDEll-TTP
IF (TO) 118.118,119
118 Q=QO+(QMAX-OO)/TTP*r
GO TO 122

A 2170

A 2180
A 2190

A 2200
A 2210
A 2220
A 2230
A 2240

lIS IF (TO-TAP) 120.120.121

120 Q=QMAX-CQMAX-QO)/TAP*TD
GO TO 122

121 Q=QO

Fl 2250

122 CONTINUE

c
c

A 2260

U(l)~Q/(B(l).V(l

Fl 2270

A 2280

IF CT-UPRINT+O.002) 124,123,123

A 2290

n-T/SO.

A 2310

A 2300

123 UPRINTI:IUPRINT+DTTP

c
c
c
c
C

A 2320

Fl 2330
A 2340
A 2350

PRINT 146

PRINT. -T1ME=_.rT
PRINT -UELOCITIES_
I

A 2360

A 2370
A 2380
A 2390

PRINT 147, WC!),r"'l,NNODE)

------------------------

---

A 2400

Fl 2410

124 CONTINUE

A 2420

Nol

C
C
C
C

r-T+OT

Fl 2430
A 2440

A 2450

DO 125 I==l,NNODE

A 2460

DO 125 J=l.NNODE

Fl 2470

A 2480

FDCJ)1I0.

A 2490
A 2500
A 2510

125 KCI,J)=O.

A 2520

126 CONTINUE

------

C
C

cc
c

------

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

A 2540
A 2550

A 2550
A 2570

A 2580

A 2590

C
C

A 2530

FORMATION OF GLOBAL MATRIX

KCII.II)-KCII.II'+KLCl.l)
KCII.JJ)aKCII.JJ'+KL(1.2)
KeJJ.JJ)aKeJJ.JJ'+KL(2,2)
KCJJ.IIl.KCJJ.IIl+KLC2.1l
FDCII}-FDCII)+Fl(l)
FD(JJ)aFDeJJ'+Fl(2)

A 2500

A 2510
A 2520
A 2630

A 2640
A 2850
A 2660
A 2670
A 2680
A 2680
A 2700

A 2710

IF CIBDCII).EO.O) CO TO 12S
FDC II) ..YC II)
DO 127 J-l,NNODE
127 KCII,J) ..O.

A 2720
A 2730

K(IIdI)"1.
128 IF CIBDCJJ).EO.O) GO TO 129
FDCJJ)cFDCJJ)-KCII,JJ).YCJJ)
KeJJ,JJ)=l.

A 2770
A 2780

129 CONTINUE

IF (N.EO.NEL) GO TO 130
N:::.N+ 1
GO TO 125

A 2740

A 2750

A 2760

A 2790

A 2800
A 2810

2820
A 2830
A

A 2840
A 2850

A 2860
A 2870

c
c
c

130 CONTINUE:

----------------- - - - - - - - - -

CALL SOLVE eFD.K.NNODE,NB.VN,R)

c
c
c
c

-------------------.-----------DO 131 I z l.NNODE

131

veIl~VNeIl

c
132

c
c

c
c
c
c

TD:::::oT-TTP
IF eTD) 132.132.133

Q~Qo+eQHAX-OO)/TTP.T

c
c
c
c
c

c
c

A 3040
A 3050
A 3060

A 3070
A 3080

A 3050
A 3100
A 3110
A 3120
A 3130
A 3140
A 3150

136 CONTINUE
U-X(2)-Xe 1)
yel)-Q/eBel)VCl
IF eT-TPRINT+0.002) 138.137.137
137 TPRINT:::::oTPRINT+DTTP
PRINT , _DEPTHS_

A 3160

A 3170
A 3180

PRINT 147. eveIl,I"I.NNODE)

A 3180

138 IF (T.LT.TNAX) CO TO 107

A 3200
A 3210

139 STOP
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147

FORMAT
FaRHAT
FORNAT
fORMAT
FORMAT
FORMAT
FORMAT
FORMAT

elHl)
eI2.13A6)
C2X. 47H~_~R~ .. a. . . . ~~. . .~. . . . . . . . . . . . .___=__=.~=a. . .a.')
C///)
C2X. 25HELEMENTS CHARACTERISTICS",)
C4F10.0)
C////2X)
C2X.IO(FI0.3.2X)

END
SUBROUTINE FORMEa CNI.NJ.N.X.V.NNODE.U,DT.kL,Fl,Nl,F2,II,JJ.SD,Sf.
lA,B)

A 3030

GO TO 136
133 IF eTD-TAP) 134.134.135
134 Q~QHAX-eaMAX-aO)/TAP.TD
GO TO 136
135 a-ao

C
C

A 2880

A 2890
A 2900
A 2910
A 2920
A 2930
A 2940
A 2950
A 2960
A 2970
A 2980
A 2990
A 3000
A 3010
A 3020

REAL KLC2.2),XCNNODE),VCNNODE),UCNNODE),Fle2).F2C2),SOeNNODE).SFCN
INODE).AeNNoDE),BeNNODE)
INTEGER NIeNNoDE).NJ(NNODE)
II~NJ(N)

JJ-NJ(N)
XI-XC II)
VI-VCII)
XJ..xeJJ)
VJ..yeJJ)
L-XJ-XI
IF CNl.EO.O) GO TO 101

-------------------------.----

-------------------------------

3220

A 3230

A 3240
A 3250

A 3260

A 3270
A 3280
A 3280
A 3300
A 3310
A 3320
A 3330
B
10
8
20
B
30
B 40
B
50
B
60
B
70
B
80
B
80
8 100
B

110

B
8

120
130

150

8
B

170

B 140

B 160

B
B
8
B

180

190
200

210
220
B 230
8
B

240

250

B 260

.
RETURN

c
c
c
c

101 CONTINUE

c
c
c
c

c
c
c

c
c

c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c

c
c
c

c
c

2BO
290

B 300
B

CALL LINEAR eKL.II.JJ.L,U.V,SF,SO,A.B,NNODE,DT,Nl,Fl)

B
B
B
B
B
8
B
B
B
C

DO 102 1=1,2

102 F2e!)I:FICI)
RETURN

END
SUBROUTINE LINEAR eKL,II,JJ,L,U.V,SF,SD.A,B,NNODE,DT,Nl.Fl)

...............................................................
G*32.2
KLel,l).eL/e3*OT))-eUeII)/3.)-eUeJJ)/s.)
KL(1.2).eL/eS.*OT)+eueII)/3.)+eUeJJ)/s.)
KLe2,1)=(L/S DT)-eUeII)/s.)-UeJJ)/3.
KLe2,2)=eL/e3 0T))+eueII)/s.)+eUeJJ)/3.)

PRINT,~Fel, F(2~,Flel),F1e2)

RETURN

20
30
40
50
SO

70
80
90

100
110

C
C

150
180

170

C 180
C 190
C
C
C

200

210
220

C
C
C
C
C
C

240
250
2S0

280
290

310

270

C 300

C 320

END
SUBROUTINE SOLUE (BB,KK.NNODE,NB,RN.R)

.....................................................
REAL BBeNNODE).KK(NNODE.NNODE).RNeNNODE),RCNB)
DO 101 I=l.NNODE
101 RN(I)",O.

CALL GAUSS CNB.NB.KK.BB,R)

----------

330

340

C
D
D
D
D
D
D

350

..--------------------------

END

410
10

C 230

Fl(1)=(L/DT)eeV(II)/3.+yeJJ)/s.)+eAeII)/e3. e seII)+AeJJ)/es.*S(JJ)
!)).eueII)-UeJJ))+eU(II)/3.+U(JJ)/6.).eveII)_VeJJ))
F1(2)=eL/DT).(VeII)/6.+Y(JJ)/3.)+eAeI1)/es.*BCII)+AeJJ)/(3BCJJ)
1).eU(II)-UeJJ))+eU(II)/6.+ueJJ)/3.).CVCII)_VeJJ))

RETURN

390
400

C 140

Fl(1)~eL/DT).(UeII)/J.+UeJJ)/s.)+eG/2.).eveII)_veJU)_G.L.eSFeII)/
134+SFeJJ)/6.-S0eII)/3.-S0eJJ)/S.)
Fl(2)=eL/DT).eueII)/s.+ueJJ)/3.)+(C/2.).eveII)_veJU)_c.L.eSFe1I)/
16.+SF(JJ)/3.-S0eII)/S.-SOeJJ)/3.)

102 CONTINUE

370
380

C
C
C
C

DO 102 I=l.NNODE
RN(I)::oR(!l

360

C 120
C 130

IF eN1.EQ.0) GO TO 101

-------

340

350

C
C
C
C
C

REAL KLe2.2),UeNNODE).V(NNODE),SFeNNODE).AeNNODE).BeNNODE).soeNNCD
lE).F'!e2)

RETURN
101 CONTINUE

310
320
330

---------_._------------

c
c

c
c

B 270

B
B

D
D

10
20
30
40
50
SO

70
80
90
100
110
120

D
D
D
D 130
D 140
D 150
D 160
D 170
D 180
D 190
D 200
D 210
D 220