1.

APPLICABILITYANDDEFINITIONS
ThisLicenseappliestoanymanualorotherwork,inanymedium,thatcontains
anoticeplacedbythecopyrightholdersayingitcanbedistributedunderthe
termsofthisLicense.Suchanoticegrantsaworldwide,royaltyfreelicense,
unlimitedinduration,tousethatworkundertheconditionsstatedherein.The
"Document",below,referstoanysuchmanualorwork.Anymemberofthepublic
isalicensee,andisaddressedas"you".Youacceptthelicenseifyoucopy,
modifyordistributetheworkinawayrequiringpermissionundercopyright
law.
A"ModifiedVersion"oftheDocumentmeansanyworkcontainingtheDocumentor
aportionofit,eithercopiedverbatim,orwithmodificationsand/or
translatedintoanotherlanguage.
A"SecondarySection"isanamedappendixorafrontmattersectionofthe
Documentthatdealsexclusivelywiththerelationshipofthepublishersor
authorsoftheDocumenttotheDocument'soverallsubject(ortorelated
matters)andcontainsnothingthatcouldfalldirectlywithinthatoverall
subject.(Thus,iftheDocumentisinpartatextbookofmathematics,a
SecondarySectionmaynotexplainanymathematics.)Therelationshipcouldbea
matterofhistoricalconnectionwiththesubjectorwithrelatedmatters,orof
legal,commercial,philosophical,ethicalorpoliticalpositionregardingthem.
The"InvariantSections"arecertainSecondarySectionswhosetitlesare
designated,asbeingthoseofInvariantSections,inthenoticethatsaysthat
theDocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.Ifasectiondoesnotfitthe
abovedefinitionofSecondarythenitisnotallowedtobedesignatedas
Invariant.TheDocumentmaycontainzeroInvariantSections.IftheDocument
doesnotidentifyanyInvariantSectionsthentherearenone.
The"CoverTexts"arecertainshortpassagesoftextthatarelisted,as
FrontCoverTextsorBackCoverTexts,inthenoticethatsaysthatthe
DocumentisreleasedunderthisLicense.AFrontCoverTextmaybeatmost5
words,andaBackCoverTextmaybeatmost25words.
A"Transparent"copyoftheDocumentmeansamachinereadablecopy,represented
inaformatwhosespecificationisavailabletothegeneralpublic,thatis
suitableforrevisingthedocumentstraightforwardlywithgenerictexteditors
or(forimagescomposedofpixels)genericpaintprogramsor(fordrawings)
somewidelyavailabledrawingeditor,andthatissuitableforinputtotext
formattersorforautomatictranslationtoavarietyofformatssuitablefor
inputtotextformatters.AcopymadeinanotherwiseTransparentfileformat
whosemarkup,orabsenceofmarkup,hasbeenarrangedtothwartordiscourage
subsequentmodificationbyreadersisnotTransparent.Animageformatisnot
Transparentifusedforanysubstantialamountoftext.Acopythatisnot
"Transparent"iscalled"Opaque".
ExamplesofsuitableformatsforTransparentcopiesincludeplainASCIIwithout
markup,Texinfoinputformat,LaTeXinputformat,SGMLorXMLusingapublicly
availableDTD,andstandardconformingsimpleHTML,PostScriptorPDFdesigned
forhumanmodification.ExamplesoftransparentimageformatsincludePNG,XCF

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andJPG.Opaqueformatsincludeproprietaryformatsthatcanbereadandedited
onlybyproprietarywordprocessors,SGMLorXMLforwhichtheDTDand/or
processingtoolsarenotgenerallyavailable,andthemachinegeneratedHTML,
PostScriptorPDFproducedbysomewordprocessorsforoutputpurposesonly.
The"TitlePage"means,foraprintedbook,thetitlepageitself,plussuch
followingpagesasareneededtohold,legibly,thematerialthisLicense
requirestoappearinthetitlepage.Forworksinformatswhichdonothave
anytitlepageassuch,"TitlePage"meansthetextnearthemostprominent
appearanceofthework'stitle,precedingthebeginningofthebodyofthe
text.
The"publisher"meansanypersonorentitythatdistributescopiesofthe
Documenttothepublic.
Asection"EntitledXYZ"meansanamedsubunitoftheDocumentwhosetitle
eitherispreciselyXYZorcontainsXYZinparenthesesfollowingtextthat
translatesXYZinanotherlanguage.(HereXYZstandsforaspecificsection
namementionedbelow,suchas"Acknowledgements","Dedications",
"Endorsements",or"History".)To"PreservetheTitle"ofsuchasectionwhen
youmodifytheDocumentmeansthatitremainsasection"EntitledXYZ"
accordingtothisdefinition.
TheDocumentmayincludeWarrantyDisclaimersnexttothenoticewhichstates
thatthisLicenseappliestotheDocument.TheseWarrantyDisclaimersare
consideredtobeincludedbyreferenceinthisLicense,butonlyasregards
disclaimingwarranties:anyotherimplicationthattheseWarrantyDisclaimers
mayhaveisvoidandhasnoeffectonthemeaningofthisLicense.
2.VERBATIMCOPYING
YoumaycopyanddistributetheDocumentinanymedium,eithercommerciallyor
noncommercially,providedthatthisLicense,thecopyrightnotices,andthe
licensenoticesayingthisLicenseappliestotheDocumentarereproducedin
allcopies,andthatyouaddnootherconditionswhatsoevertothoseofthis
License.Youmaynotusetechnicalmeasurestoobstructorcontrolthereading
orfurthercopyingofthecopiesyoumakeordistribute.However,youmay
acceptcompensationinexchangeforcopies.Ifyoudistributealargeenough
numberofcopiesyoumustalsofollowtheconditionsinsection3.
Youmayalsolendcopies,underthesameconditionsstatedabove,andyoumay
publiclydisplaycopies.
3.COPYINGINQUANTITY
Ifyoupublishprintedcopies(orcopiesinmediathatcommonlyhaveprinted
covers)oftheDocument,numberingmorethan100,andtheDocument'slicense
noticerequiresCoverTexts,youmustenclosethecopiesincoversthatcarry,
clearlyandlegibly,alltheseCoverTexts:FrontCoverTextsonthefront
cover,andBackCoverTextsonthebackcover.Bothcoversmustalsoclearly
andlegiblyidentifyyouasthepublisherofthesecopies.Thefrontcovermust
presentthefulltitlewithallwordsofthetitleequallyprominentand

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visible.Youmayaddothermaterialonthecoversinaddition.Copyingwith
changeslimitedtothecovers,aslongastheypreservethetitleofthe
Documentandsatisfytheseconditions,canbetreatedasverbatimcopyingin
otherrespects.
Iftherequiredtextsforeithercoveraretoovoluminoustofitlegibly,you
shouldputthefirstoneslisted(asmanyasfitreasonably)ontheactual
cover,andcontinuetherestontoadjacentpages.
IfyoupublishordistributeOpaquecopiesoftheDocumentnumberingmorethan
100,youmusteitherincludeamachinereadableTransparentcopyalongwith
eachOpaquecopy,orstateinorwitheachOpaquecopyacomputernetwork
locationfromwhichthegeneralnetworkusingpublichasaccesstodownload
usingpublicstandardnetworkprotocolsacompleteTransparentcopyofthe
Document,freeofaddedmaterial.Ifyouusethelatteroption,youmusttake
reasonablyprudentsteps,whenyoubegindistributionofOpaquecopiesin
quantity,toensurethatthisTransparentcopywillremainthusaccessibleat
thestatedlocationuntilatleastoneyearafterthelasttimeyoudistribute
anOpaquecopy(directlyorthroughyouragentsorretailers)ofthatedition
tothepublic.
Itisrequested,butnotrequired,thatyoucontacttheauthorsoftheDocument
wellbeforeredistributinganylargenumberofcopies,togivethemachanceto
provideyouwithanupdatedversionoftheDocument.
4.MODIFICATIONS
YoumaycopyanddistributeaModifiedVersionoftheDocumentunderthe
conditionsofsections2and3above,providedthatyoureleasetheModified
VersionunderpreciselythisLicense,withtheModifiedVersionfillingthe
roleoftheDocument,thuslicensingdistributionandmodificationofthe
ModifiedVersiontowhoeverpossessesacopyofit.Inaddition,youmustdo
thesethingsintheModifiedVersion:
A.UseintheTitlePage(andonthecovers,ifany)atitledistinctfromthat
oftheDocument,andfromthoseofpreviousversions(whichshould,ifthere
wereany,belistedintheHistorysectionoftheDocument).Youmayusethe
sametitleasapreviousversioniftheoriginalpublisherofthatversion
givespermission.
B.ListontheTitlePage,asauthors,oneormorepersonsorentities
responsibleforauthorshipofthemodificationsintheModifiedVersion,
togetherwithatleastfiveoftheprincipalauthorsoftheDocument(allof
itsprincipalauthors,ifithasfewerthanfive),unlesstheyreleaseyoufrom
thisrequirement.
C.StateontheTitlepagethenameofthepublisheroftheModifiedVersion,
asthepublisher.
D.PreserveallthecopyrightnoticesoftheDocument.
E.Addanappropriatecopyrightnoticeforyourmodificationsadjacenttothe
othercopyrightnotices.
F.Include,immediatelyafterthecopyrightnotices,alicensenoticegiving
thepublicpermissiontousetheModifiedVersionunderthetermsofthis
License,intheformshownintheAddendumbelow.

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G.PreserveinthatlicensenoticethefulllistsofInvariantSectionsand
requiredCoverTextsgivenintheDocument'slicensenotice.
H.IncludeanunalteredcopyofthisLicense.
I.PreservethesectionEntitled"History",PreserveitsTitle,andaddtoit
anitemstatingatleastthetitle,year,newauthors,andpublisherofthe
ModifiedVersionasgivenontheTitlePage.IfthereisnosectionEntitled
"History"intheDocument,createonestatingthetitle,year,authors,and
publisheroftheDocumentasgivenonitsTitlePage,thenaddanitem
describingtheModifiedVersionasstatedintheprevioussentence.
J.Preservethenetworklocation,ifany,givenintheDocumentforpublic
accesstoaTransparentcopyoftheDocument,andlikewisethenetwork
locationsgivenintheDocumentforpreviousversionsitwasbasedon.These
maybeplacedinthe"History"section.Youmayomitanetworklocationfora
workthatwaspublishedatleastfouryearsbeforetheDocumentitself,orif
theoriginalpublisheroftheversionitreferstogivespermission.
K.ForanysectionEntitled"Acknowledgements"or"Dedications",Preservethe
Titleofthesection,andpreserveinthesectionallthesubstanceandtoneof
eachofthecontributoracknowledgementsand/ordedicationsgiventherein.
L.PreservealltheInvariantSectionsoftheDocument,unalteredintheirtext
andintheirtitles.Sectionnumbersortheequivalentarenotconsideredpart
ofthesectiontitles.
M.DeleteanysectionEntitled"Endorsements".Suchasectionmaynotbe
includedintheModifiedVersion.
N.DonotretitleanyexistingsectiontobeEntitled"Endorsements"orto
conflictintitlewithanyInvariantSection.
O.PreserveanyWarrantyDisclaimers.
IftheModifiedVersionincludesnewfrontmattersectionsorappendicesthat
qualifyasSecondarySectionsandcontainnomaterialcopiedfromtheDocument,
youmayatyouroptiondesignatesomeorallofthesesectionsasinvariant.To
dothis,addtheirtitlestothelistofInvariantSectionsintheModified
Version'slicensenotice.Thesetitlesmustbedistinctfromanyothersection
titles.
YoumayaddasectionEntitled"Endorsements",provideditcontainsnothingbut
endorsementsofyourModifiedVersionbyvariouspartiesforexample,
statementsofpeerrevieworthatthetexthasbeenapprovedbyanorganization
astheauthoritativedefinitionofastandard.
YoumayaddapassageofuptofivewordsasaFrontCoverText,andapassage
ofupto25wordsasaBackCoverText,totheendofthelistofCoverTexts
intheModifiedVersion.OnlyonepassageofFrontCoverTextandoneof
BackCoverTextmaybeaddedby(orthrougharrangementsmadeby)anyone
entity.IftheDocumentalreadyincludesacovertextforthesamecover,
previouslyaddedbyyouorbyarrangementmadebythesameentityyouare
actingonbehalfof,youmaynotaddanother;butyoumayreplacetheoldone,
onexplicitpermissionfromthepreviouspublisherthataddedtheoldone.
Theauthor(s)andpublisher(s)oftheDocumentdonotbythisLicensegive
permissiontousetheirnamesforpublicityforortoassertorimply
endorsementofanyModifiedVersion.
5.COMBININGDOCUMENTS

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YoumaycombinetheDocumentwithotherdocumentsreleasedunderthisLicense,
underthetermsdefinedinsection4aboveformodifiedversions,providedthat
youincludeinthecombinationalloftheInvariantSectionsofallofthe
originaldocuments,unmodified,andlistthemallasInvariantSectionsofyour
combinedworkinitslicensenotice,andthatyoupreservealltheirWarranty
Disclaimers.
ThecombinedworkneedonlycontainonecopyofthisLicense,andmultiple
identicalInvariantSectionsmaybereplacedwithasinglecopy.Ifthereare
multipleInvariantSectionswiththesamenamebutdifferentcontents,makethe
titleofeachsuchsectionuniquebyaddingattheendofit,inparentheses,
thenameoftheoriginalauthororpublisherofthatsectionifknown,orelse
auniquenumber.Makethesameadjustmenttothesectiontitlesinthelistof
InvariantSectionsinthelicensenoticeofthecombinedwork.
Inthecombination,youmustcombineanysectionsEntitled"History"inthe
variousoriginaldocuments,formingonesectionEntitled"History";likewise
combineanysectionsEntitled"Acknowledgements",andanysectionsEntitled
"Dedications".YoumustdeleteallsectionsEntitled"Endorsements".
6.COLLECTIONSOFDOCUMENTS
YoumaymakeacollectionconsistingoftheDocumentandotherdocuments
releasedunderthisLicense,andreplacetheindividualcopiesofthisLicense
inthevariousdocumentswithasinglecopythatisincludedinthecollection,
providedthatyoufollowtherulesofthisLicenseforverbatimcopyingofeach
ofthedocumentsinallotherrespects.
Youmayextractasingledocumentfromsuchacollection,anddistributeit
individuallyunderthisLicense,providedyouinsertacopyofthisLicense
intotheextracteddocument,andfollowthisLicenseinallotherrespects
regardingverbatimcopyingofthatdocument.
7.AGGREGATIONWITHINDEPENDENTWORKS
AcompilationoftheDocumentoritsderivativeswithotherseparateand
independentdocumentsorworks,inoronavolumeofastorageordistribution
medium,iscalledan"aggregate"ifthecopyrightresultingfromthe
compilationisnotusedtolimitthelegalrightsofthecompilation'susers
beyondwhattheindividualworkspermit.WhentheDocumentisincludedinan
aggregate,thisLicensedoesnotapplytotheotherworksintheaggregate
whicharenotthemselvesderivativeworksoftheDocument.
IftheCoverTextrequirementofsection3isapplicabletothesecopiesofthe
Document,theniftheDocumentislessthanonehalfoftheentireaggregate,
theDocument'sCoverTextsmaybeplacedoncoversthatbrackettheDocument
withintheaggregate,ortheelectronicequivalentofcoversiftheDocumentis
inelectronicform.Otherwisetheymustappearonprintedcoversthatbracket
thewholeaggregate.
8.TRANSLATION

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Translationisconsideredakindofmodification,soyoumaydistribute
translationsoftheDocumentunderthetermsofsection4.ReplacingInvariant
Sectionswithtranslationsrequiresspecialpermissionfromtheircopyright
holders,butyoumayincludetranslationsofsomeorallInvariantSectionsin
additiontotheoriginalversionsoftheseInvariantSections.Youmayinclude
atranslationofthisLicense,andallthelicensenoticesintheDocument,and
anyWarrantyDisclaimers,providedthatyoualsoincludetheoriginalEnglish
versionofthisLicenseandtheoriginalversionsofthosenoticesand
disclaimers.Incaseofadisagreementbetweenthetranslationandtheoriginal
versionofthisLicenseoranoticeordisclaimer,theoriginalversionwill
prevail.
IfasectionintheDocumentisEntitled"Acknowledgements","Dedications",or
"History",therequirement(section4)toPreserveitsTitle(section1)will
typicallyrequirechangingtheactualtitle.
9.TERMINATION
Youmaynotcopy,modify,sublicense,ordistributetheDocumentexceptas
expresslyprovidedunderthisLicense.Anyattemptotherwisetocopy,modify,
sublicense,ordistributeitisvoid,andwillautomaticallyterminateyour
rightsunderthisLicense.
However,ifyouceaseallviolationofthisLicense,thenyourlicensefroma
particularcopyrightholderisreinstated(a)provisionally,unlessanduntil
thecopyrightholderexplicitlyandfinallyterminatesyourlicense,and(b)
permanently,ifthecopyrightholderfailstonotifyyouoftheviolationby
somereasonablemeanspriorto60daysafterthecessation.
Moreover,yourlicensefromaparticularcopyrightholderisreinstated
permanentlyifthecopyrightholdernotifiesyouoftheviolationbysome
reasonablemeans,thisisthefirsttimeyouhavereceivednoticeofviolation
ofthisLicense(foranywork)fromthatcopyrightholder,andyoucurethe
violationpriorto30daysafteryourreceiptofthenotice.
Terminationofyourrightsunderthissectiondoesnotterminatethelicenses
ofpartieswhohavereceivedcopiesorrightsfromyouunderthisLicense.If
yourrightshavebeenterminatedandnotpermanentlyreinstated,receiptofa
copyofsomeorallofthesamematerialdoesnotgiveyouanyrightstouse
it.
10.FUTUREREVISIONSOFTHISLICENSE
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationmaypublishnew,revisedversionsoftheGNUFree
DocumentationLicensefromtimetotime.Suchnewversionswillbesimilarin
spirittothepresentversion,butmaydifferindetailtoaddressnewproblems
orconcerns.Seehttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
EachversionoftheLicenseisgivenadistinguishingversionnumber.Ifthe
DocumentspecifiesthataparticularnumberedversionofthisLicense"orany
laterversion"appliestoit,youhavetheoptionoffollowingthetermsand

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conditionseitherofthatspecifiedversionorofanylaterversionthathas
beenpublished(notasadraft)bytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.Ifthe
DocumentdoesnotspecifyaversionnumberofthisLicense,youmaychooseany
versioneverpublished(notasadraft)bytheFreeSoftwareFoundation.Ifthe
Documentspecifiesthataproxycandecidewhichfutureversionsofthis
Licensecanbeused,thatproxy'spublicstatementofacceptanceofaversion
permanentlyauthorizesyoutochoosethatversionfortheDocument.

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