FORMULAE

Reinforced Concrete:
Bending Capacity: (Tension Reinforced Beams) ( 0.9 )
a

M n As f y d ;
2

As f y
0.85 f c'b

Bending Reinforcement Ratios:

Rn

Mu

bd 2

0.85 f '
c

f
y

min

2 Rn

0.85 f c'

1 1

0.9

200
fy

Crack Control Reinforcement:

As = 0.0018bh
Shear Capacity:

Vn Vc Vs

( 0.75 )

Concrete Shear Capacity One Way or Beam Shear:

Vc 2 f c' bw d

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 1 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

FORMULAE
Reinforced Concrete contd:
Concrete Shear Capacity Two Way or Punching Shear:
Vc is smaller of the following:

4
Vc 2

f c' bo d 4 f c' bo d

Vc s 2
bo

f c' bo d

ratio of long side to short side; bo - critical perimeter

s 40 (interior column), 30 (edge column), 20 (corner column)

Steel Shear Capacity:

Vs

Av f yt d
s

8 f c' bw d

(If inequality is violated increase beam size)

Shear Reinforcement:
Av Vu Vc

s
f yt d

Stirrup Spacing limitations:

s max

d
'
2 V s 4 f c bw d

Vs 4 f c' bw d
4

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 2 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

Reinforcement Tables

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 3 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

FORMULAE
Two Way Slabs
Minimum thickness of flat slabs & flat plates:

Drop panel dimensions:

L
Extend of drop panel in each direction from centerline of support = 6 ;(L center to center span)

h
Projection of drop panel below slab = 4 ; (h slab thickness)

Total factored Static Moment:

M o wl 2

l n2
8

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 4 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

Two Way Slabs

Longitudinal distribution of Moments:

Percentage of moment in Column & Middle Strip Interior Panels (Flat Slabs)

Percentage of moment in Column & Middle Strip Exterior Panels (Flat Slabs)

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 5 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 6 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

FORMULAE
Prestressed Concrete:
Allowable Stresses:
f ci = maximum allowable compressive stress at transfer = 0.6 f ci'
'
'
f ti = maximum allowable tensile stress at transfer = 3 f ci (= 6 f ci at supports)

f c = maximum allowable compressive stress after losses at service loads= 0.45 f c'
'
f t = maximum allowable tensile stress after losses at service loads = 12 f c

Extreme Fibre Stresses:

Stress At Transfer:
ft
fb

Pi
ec M
1 2t tD f ti
Ac
r
S

Where:

Pi
ec M
1 2b D f ci
Ac
Sb
r

Stress After Losses:

P
ec M
f e 1 2t tD f t
Ac
r
S
t

fb

Pi Initial prestress
Pe effective prestress after losses
e eccentricity of tendon from center
of gravity
r2 square of radius of gyration
St/Sb top/bottom elastic section
modulus

Pe
ec M
1 2b D f c
Ac
Sb
r

Service-load Final Stresses:

ft

Pe
ec M M SD M L
ft
1 2t D
Ac
r
St

fb

Pe
ec M M SD M L
fc
1 2b D
Ac
Sb
r

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 7 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

Minimum Section Modulus:

Beams with variable tendon eccentricity

St
Sb

1 M D M SD M L
f ti f c

1 M D M SD M L
f t f ci

Beams with constant tendon eccentricity

St

M D M SD M L
f ti f c

Sb

M D M SD M L
f t f ci

Required area of prestressing steel:

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 8 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

A ps

Pi
0.7 f pu

FORMULAE

Extended End Plate Connections

Design Moment for Seismic Application:
M uc M pe V p L p

Where:

1.1 F y 50ksi
1.5 F y 36ksi

Ry

M pe 1.1R y Fy Z x

L p Lst t p

d
L p min 2
3b f

; ( Stiffened End plates)

Vp = Seismic Shear Force;

Vp

2 M pr
L'

( Unstiffened End plates)

V gravity

Required Bolt Diameter:

d b,req 'd

2M uc
Ft h0 h1

Ft 90ksi , ASTM A325 Bolts & Ft 113ksi , ASTM A490 Bolts

0.75
No Prying Bolt Strength Moment:
M np 2 Pt h0 h1

where

d b2
Pt F t Ab Ft
4

Required End Plate Thickness:

t p ,reqd

1.11M np

b F ypY p

0.75 ;

b 0.90 ;

Fyp plate yield strength,

Yp endplate yield line parameter

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 9 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

Endplate Yield Line Parameter

Yp
Yp

b p h1
2 p fi
b p h1
2 p fi

where:

1 ho
1 2

h1 p fi s h0 d e p fo
s p fo 2 s g

1 ho
1
2

h1 p fi s h0 s p fo
s s
p fo g

1
bp g
2

N.B if

p fi s

use

if de < s

if de > s

p fi s

Factored Beam Flange Force:

F fu

M uc
d t fb

tfb beam flange thickness

Plate Shear Yielding:

F fu 2 Rn 0.6 F yp b p t p

Plate Shear Rupture:

F fu 2 Rn 0.6 Fup An

0.90

An b p 2 d b 1 / 8 t p

; 0.75

Bolt Shear Rupture:

Vu R n nb Fv Ab

nb no. of bolts at compression flange; Fv = 48ksi; A325 Bolts &

Fv = 60ksi; A490 bolts; 0.75

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 10 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

Bolt Bearing:
Vu ni Rn no Rn
Rn 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4d b tFu

ni no. inner bolts / flange, no no. outer bolts / flange; 0.75

t plate or column flange thickness; Lc clear distance in direction
of force, edge of hole to edge of plate or adj. hole

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 11 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

FORMULAE
Composite beams

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 12 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

The University of Trinidad & Tobago

Page 13 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B

FORMULAE
Composite beams
Nomenclature:

Moment Capacity: ( 0.90 )

Full Composite Action
d

C max Y2
2

M n min
d

Tmax Y2
2

tc
C max Tmax

T
a
max
C max Tmax
0.85 f c' b
Where
C max 0.85 f c' bt c
Tmax As Fy
Partial Composite Action:
d

M n Qn Y2
2

Qn
a
0.85 f c'b
Shear Capacity: ( 0.90 )

Vn 0.6 Fy dt w
The University of Trinidad & Tobago
Page 14 of
14
April 2012 Final Examinations
Course Code SACE210B