INDEX

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Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Drugs
Classification of drugs
Some harmful drugs
How Drug Addiction Begins?
Social Disease
Harmful effects of drug
Tobacco
Effect of Nicotine
Components of Tobacco smoke
Alcohol
Impact of drinking Alcohol
Case study

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in the project
reported entitled.
Rectifier

Embodies the work carried out by Harmanpreet

Kaur Sidhu on her own under my guidance. The
project report is complete and fit for submission in
fulfillment of practical requirement of 10+2 practical
exam in Physics.

Principal

Mrs. Rimpy Chopra

Saint Soldier Convent
School Sri Muktsar Sahib

Introduction
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is
a disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern of
using a substance that leads to significant problems or
distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription drug
abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve
severe pain), and stimulant medications, which treat
conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy.

Drugs

Drugs
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease
is
called a drug. Drug is also known as a
medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or
addictive.
A drug, broadly speaking,
can be categorized in many
ways; hard or soft, uppers
or downers, addictive or
non-addictive, most
harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.

Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become
dependent. These are classifies into four major groups:
sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.
Type of Drug
1. Sedatives and
Tranquillizers

2. Opiate Narcotics

3. Stimulants

4. Hallucinogens

Effect

Examples

Dep
ress CNS activity give feeling Barbiturates,
of
Calmness,
relaxation, Benzodiazepines.
drowsiness.

Suppress brain activity and Opium,

relaxed pain
Morphine,
Codeine,
Heroin.
Mak
e a person more wakeful, alert Amphetamines,
and active, cause excitement. Caffeine,
Cocaine.
Mak
e a person more wakeful, LSQ,
Mescaline,
perceptions.
psilocybin,
Ganja,
chares,
Hashish.

SOME HARMFUL DRUGS

1. Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless, bitter crystalline
compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine which
is extracted from latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum.
Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a
depressant and slows down body function.
2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of
the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the
resin of the plant are used in various combinations to produce
marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by
inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects
on cardiovascular system of the body.
3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to
South America. It interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or
crack is usually snorted. It has the potent stimulating action
on central nervous system, producing sense of euphoria and
increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes
hallucinations.

How drug addiction Begin?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media
create curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friends pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience
by friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs
to get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to
keep awake the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not
desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the
drugs open up a new world tempts some young pupils to start
taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs
with physicians advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their
elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to
satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure.

Social DiseaseSmoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. Young people take to these
habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling
of freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the elders who
themselves indulge in these activities but check the
youngsters. Temporary escape from the life problems and
mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning
increase peoples interest in them. Soon they become habitual
and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the desired
effect increases with time.

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Loss of appetite
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature
Contracted blood vessels
Increased rate of breathing
Dilated pupils
Disturbed sleep patterns
Nausea
Hyperstimulation
Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability
Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion
of bugs burrowing under the skin
Intense euphoria
Anxiety and paranoia
Depression
Intense drug craving
Panic and psychosis

 Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from

high doses (even one time)

LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear
and brain, high blood pressure, leading to
heart attacks, strokes and death
Liver, kidney and lung damage
Respiratory failure
Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
Malnutrition, weight loss
Auditory and tactile hallucinations
Sexual problems, reproductive damage and
infertility (for both men and women)
Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
Irritability and mood disturbances
Increased frequency of risky behavior
Delirium or psychosis
Severe depression
Tolerance and addiction (even after just one
use)

Tobacco
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first
started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world
over. It has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal
clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots
of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2
to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars,
cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking.
Cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco
wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf.
Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe and through water
is hubble-bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to
the strained nerves but in the long run it proves a dangerous

health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar

may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When
smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no
immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers may develop a
physiological craving for nicotine and then they cannot give
up smoking.

Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk
of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cells.

Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

Other Effects:
(i) Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns
and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality:
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and
breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from
the mouth look odd.

(iii) Smoking is annoying to others:

Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may
prove even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid
smoking. When in the company of non smokers. A smoker
makes the nearby people passive smokers through inhaling
smoke released by him.

ALCOHOLISM
An alcoholic beverage is a drink
containing ethanol, commonly
known as alcohol, although in
chemistry the definition of
alcohol includes many other
compounds. Ethanol is a
centrally- acting drug with a
depressant effect. Beer is an
alcoholic beverage and thus has
the same harmful effects as other
kinds of alcohol, depending on
the quantity consumed.

Reasons for drinking:

Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self
esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get rid of
problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to
gain courage.
Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability
of alcohol in the market, party culture, family environment
(Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up
social norms and to show their masculinity.
Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family
history of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get
sleep.

Impact of drinking alcohol:

Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When
one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout
the body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed to
carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets
converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the
body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use
of alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to
health, occupation, family and social relationships.
Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.
Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines):
Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis,
and cancer
Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to
cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.
Pancreas: Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of
pancreas and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent
damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances, other
nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.
Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased
tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.

Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus

causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and body
aches.
Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can
lead to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually
high in calories.
Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your
immune system weak, thus making your body more
susceptible to infections.
Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts
you at a higher risk of developing cancer
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy
may cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical
abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay).

Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a
penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of
the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches
with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent
and the in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy,
whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.