INPUT DEVICES

is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data

and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer
or information appliance.
EXAMPLES
keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.
OUTPUT DEVICES
device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or
user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of
audio or video. Thus, most output devices used by humans are in these
categories.
EXAMPLES
monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.
CONNECTIVITY DEVICES
Connectivity

devices are devices used

to

make

physical

network

connections. They do not make changes to the data or transmission

route. Connectivity devices operate at the physical layer of the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Internetworking devices move data
across a network.
EXAMPLES
Hub, Repeater, Switch, Bridge, Router, and Gat way.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
is a hardware device capable of transmitting an analogy or digital signal over
the telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly. The best example of
a communication device is a computer Modem, which is capable of sending
and receiving a signal to allow computers to talk to other computers over the
telephone. Other examples of communication devices include a network
interface card (NIC), Wi-Fi devices, and an access point. Below is a picture of

some of the different types of Wi-Fi devices that are all examples of a
communication device.
EXAMPLES
Telegraphs and Telephones, Televisions and Radios, Computers and the
Internet.
STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices are one of the core components of any computing device.
They store virtually all the data and applications on a computer, except
hardware firmware. They are available in different form factors depending on
the type of underlying device. For example, a standard computer has
multiple storage devices including RAM, cache, a hard disk, an optical disk
drive and externally connected USB drives.
There are two different types of storage devices:

Primary Storage Devices: Generally smaller in size, are designed to

hold data temporarily and are internal to the computer. They have the
fastest data access speed, and include RAM and cache memory.

Secondary Storage Devices: These usually have large storage capacity,

and they store data permanently. They can be both internal and
external to the computer, and they include the hard disk, compact disk
drive and USB storage device.

BUSINESS PROCESS
Sole Proprietor
Sole Proprietor is a type of business that is owned and managed by a single
individual.
Here are the government agencies where you are required to register your
Sole Proprietor business.
1.

Department of Trade and Industry

2.

Local Government Units where your business is located:

Barangay

Mayors Office

2 Bureau of Internal Revenue

3 If you have employees, you need to register to the following:

Social Security System

Philippine Health Insurance Corporation

Home Development Mutual Fund

Basic Requirements and Procedure in Registering a Sole Proprietor Business

In this part of the article, we will guide you on how to register your business
in many different government agencies.
1. Register a business name at Department of Trade and Industry
i.

Come-up with three (3) business names such as

XYZ Trading

XYZ Retail and Trading

XYZ Trading Enterprises

ii.

Search in the DTIs website if theres an existing name similar to yours

iii.

If your business name is available, fill-up Business Name (BN)

Application Form.

iv.

Submit your completed BN application form to DTIs offices/branch

v.

Wait for your DTI Certificate of Registration

After acquiring a DTI Certificate of Registration, you may now proceed and
register to Local Government Units (LGU), such as Barangay and Mayors
Office:
2. Registration with Barangay
i.

Go to the barangay where your business is located to secure and fill-up

application form

ii.

Submit your completed application form together with the following:

Certificate of Business Registration from DTI

Two (2) valid IDs

Proof of Address such as Contract of Lease (if rented) or

Certificate of Land Title (if owned)

2 Claim your Barangay Certificate of Business Registration

3. Register your business in the Mayors Office
i.

Go to the municipal office where your business is located to

secure and fill-up application form

ii.

Submit your completed application form together with the

following:

Certificate of Business Registration from DTI

Barangay Clearance Certificate

Two (2) valid IDs

Proof of Address such as Contract of Lease (if rented) or

Certificate of Land Title (if owned)

iii.

Claim you Mayors Business Permit and Licenses

When you already got all the certificate and permits from DTI and LGUs, you
may now register to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
4. Register your business in the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)
i.

Go to the Regional District Office (RDO) where your business is

located

ii.

Fill-up the BIR Form 1901 Application for Registration (for Sole
Proprietor)

iii.

Submit completed registration form together with the following:

Certificate of Registration form DTI

Barangay Clearance

Mayors Business Permit

Proof of Address such as Contract of Lease (if rented) or

Certificate of Land Title (if owned)

Valid IDs, if applicable.

iv.

Pay the Registration Form (BIR Form 0605)

v.

Register your book of accounts and receipts/invoices.

vi.

Claim your Certificate of Registration (BIR Form 2303)

After completing all the steps above, you can now focus in operating and
growing your business. If you are having a problem or too busy to do it, you
can also outsource it to us at a very affordable price. Please see our business
registration service.

Merchandising
Merchandising means selling products to retail customers. Merchandisers,
also called retailers, buy products from wholesalers and manufacturers, add
a markup or gross profit amount, and sell the products to consumers at a
higher price than what they paid. When you go to the mall, all the stores
there are retailers, and you are a retail customer.
Retailers deal with an inventory: all the goods (products) they have for
sale. They account for inventory purchases and sales in one of two ways:
Periodic and Perpetual. As the names suggest these methods refer to how
often the inventory account balances are updated.

The Concept of Merchandise

The retailers reason for existence or his vision and missions for being
largely dictates the business strategy adopted. A part of this strategy is also
the retail model that he chooses to operates in, which in turn determines the
type of product, the price etc., that is retailed in the store. Therefore while

the retailers business mission dictates merchandise planning the starting

point of merchandise planning is in analysis. Merchandise planning can
therefore, be defined as the planning and control of the merchandise
inventory of the retail firm, in a manner which balances the expectations of
the target customers and the strategy of the firm.
Merchandise planning is beneficial to the customer and to the retailer.
It benefits the retailer as it enhances the possibility of the right assortment of
goods, with the adequate amount of depth, to be available at the stores
where it is needed. The process of merchandise planning further enhances
the possibility of increased stock turns, thereby releasing important working
capital. From the point of view of the customer, it is beneficial as it increases
the choice available to him and reduces the possibility of facing a situation
when the store is out of stock of the merchandise needed.
As

indicated

Figure

below

the

business

strategy

dictates

the

merchandise strategy which in turn influences the planning of merchandise

in terms of the type of product, the price, the range and then the
assortment. Planning or the number of retail stores and the space available
for the display of merchandise are also taken into account for the purpose of
allocating the merchandise to the stores. The next stage in the planning
process looks at the sourcing of merchandise and then, its actual allocation
to the retail stores. The last stage is the monitoring of merchandise and
vendor evaluation.

The process of Merchandise Management

Store (Format) Strategy

Business Strategy

Merchandise Strategy

Merchandise Planning

1.

Product

2.

Price

3.

Range

4.

Assortment

5.

Space

Sourcing
1)

Make or Buy

2)

Vendor identification

3)

Negotiations

4)

Placing the order

Allocation of merchandise to stores

Performance monitoring & evaluation

Store Operations Planning

Manufacturing
The manufacturing industry plays a vital role for the economic growth
of a certain country and for the assurance that the demand for products and

services are always sufficient every now and then. Almost all of the prime
commodities that we purchase in the market are by-products of the
manufacturing industry. Aside from producing goods for the needs of the
public and state, the industry also provides millions of jobs for the populace
which contributes a lot in the progress of the economy. This only means that
if a certain industry in manufacturing fails, it has a big effect on the supply of
commodities and more people will lose their jobs resulting to the increase in
unemployment rate of the state.

However, to ensure that the manufacturing venture is running smoothly,

there are certain business processes being applied for this purpose.
Management Process
Just like a typical business, the industry of manufacturing also follows
the process of corporate governance as its key point for the implementation
of company policies, rules, and regulations that are vital for the effective
operation of the business. On this process, it ensures the absolute control on
the utilization of the resources, the good relationship between the owners,
the employees, investors, and the community as well. This area also handles
the strategic planning for the improved production of the business and
increased profitability rate.
Operational Process
This is the main foundation and life of the business, wherein it
involves the acquisition of equipments for the manufacturing process, the
production of goods and services, promoting the products to the consuming
public, and the generation of profit through sales output.
Supporting Process
In order for the whole operation to be successful, this are includes the
creation of different department that handles distinctive tasks such as
Human Resource, Customer Support, Finance and Accounting, and other
important departments in running a business.
Other Key Elements in Business Processes in Manufacturing
The above mentioned business processes has key elements for the
improvement of each area. For example, in the area of management process,
the company should implement Business Rules and Policies with strict
compliance for the whole member of the operation and to maintain
transparency between the workforce and the management.

In improving the quality of the products and to increase profitability, the

current trend in manufacturing industry follows the standards set by ISO
(International Organization for Standardization). It is now often to see ISO
Compliance seal on every manufactured product that we purchase in the
market.
Modernization and application of the latest technology is also a vital key
element for the business processes in manufacturing to keep up the
competency of the business in the industry. This also affects the pricing of
goods based on the technology used in the production of the products.
Due to its product-centric perspective, MES is tied not only to machine
level information and processes but also to corporate master data, business
processes and organizational factors. To fully understand this, consider how
answers to the following questions could affect manufacturing processes
over a range of 3-5 years:

What if you introduce new products or changes to existing products?

What if you gain new customers or new sales channels?

What if your products are subject to new or changing regulatory

requirements?

What if the corporate strategy changes?

What if you go through a reorganization?

What if there are changes to your work force?

Prevas proposes that for most companies the answers to these questions
imply that a great deal of flexibility is required in manufacturing operations
and

that

manufacturing

business

process

foundation for fulfilling this requirement.

management

can

be

the

Continuous improvement is one of the MES pillars that Prevas has extensive
experience with and it continues to be an important aspect of MES, as well as
an important expertise that Prevas cultivates. In conjunction with continuous
improvement programs it is becoming increasingly recognized that, as
manufacturers achieve greater equipment utilization, the manufacturing
business processes must also be subject to optimization in order to achieve
greater effectiveness.
Prevas subscribes to a model-driven MES philosophy where business process
management can play a core role in MES solutions. With this approach MES is
constructed not only to support change but to be an agent of change and
drive change by implementing SOPs and best practices in a consistent,
measurable and flexible manner.
Manufacturing Business Processes addresses areas like:

Cross functional operational processes

Communication lead times

Lack of contingency planning in processes

Lack of data for improvement of operational processes

Key Values

Digitize and standardize SOPs, GMPs and instructions across all

domains

Integrate and coordinate human activities with system activities

Support collaboration across roles and organizational boundaries

Measure and improve effectiveness of processes

Enforce compliance with customer requirements and regulatory

statutes

Manifest and enforce changes to operational procedures in order to

avoid sliding back after improvement

Examples of services with Sole proprietorship

Bookkeeping
A bookkeeping business caters to the financial needs of other businesses. A
bookkeeper posts a companys revenue, expenses and other financial data to
an accounting system. This gives businesses owners accurate financial
information concerning their business. The financial information maintained
by a bookkeeper is used to prepare a companys tax returns.
Home Healthcare
The healthcare industry usually flourishes in both good and bad economic
conditions. Many sole proprietors seek to benefit from this stability by
starting home healthcare businesses. Many of these cater to senior citizens.
Services may include cooking meals, cleaning homes and assisting with
hygiene needs.

Financial Planners
Sole proprietors work as financial planners, offering their services to
individuals and small businesses. They help families plan for retirement, save
for college expenses and invest in securities. Financial planners catering to
businesses may help a company set up its employee retirement packages
and other employee benefits.
Landscaper
A landscaper may work alone or hire a small team of employees.
Landscapers

maintain

businesses.

Most

lawns,

landscaping

plants

and

companies

customers hire employees to work on projects.

Computer Repair Services

trees

of

working

homeowners
with

and

commercial

Computer repair companies are often operated as sole proprietorships. Some

business owners operate commercial shops, while others work from home.
Small computer repair businesses typically cater to individuals.
Catering Company
Catering companies offer their services for parties, weddings, church
functions and business events. In most cases, a sole proprietor operating a
catering company needs to hire employees.
Housecleaning Service
The startup costs for a housecleaning business are generally low. Business
owners can offer a variety of additional services, such as laundry, window
washing and carpet cleaning.
Examples of Merchandising Business
Movies
Movie merchandising was almost non-existent until George Lucas pitched the
first "Star Wars" movie to Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. Lucas managed
to secure a deal where he would have complete control, and be the sole
beneficiary of, all of the merchandising for the film. When the film and the
merchandise became a financial success, movies began to focus on
merchandising as part of their revenue creation. Merchandising in movies
includes toys based on buildings or vehicles in the movie, action figures
based on movie characters, prints of the movie poster and T-shirts with
catchphrases and images from the movie.
Polictial Campaigns
Political campaigns tend to generate a great deal of merchandise that
includes T-shirts, hats, coffee mugs and buttons. Some of the merchandise is
given away for free while some is sold to help finance the campaign. By May
2008, with still five months remaining in their campaigns, the presidential

campaigns of Barack Obama and John McCain spent a combined total of $50
million on political events and merchandise, according to Hannah Fairfield, et
al., writing on the New York Times website. Presidential political campaign
merchandise tends to be sought by collectors.
Sports Merchandising
Professional sports leagues are big business in North America and around the
world. The merchandise associated with sports teams generates a significant
amount of revenuel. The leagues license the images and names of their
teams to companies that then put them on replica jerseys, keychains, a wide
range of clothing, sports equipment, posters and wall plaques, just to name a
few items. In 2009, sports merchandising in the U.S. and Canada totaled
$12.5 billion, according to Joseph P. Liu, writing on the Boston College
website. Worldwide retail sales of sports merchandise was approximately
$17.5 billion.
Advertising Icons
Companies rely on the success of their advertising to drive revenue and keep
the product names in consumers' minds. Marketing firms sometimes come
up with characters and images that become part of popular culture. These
advertising icons wind up being featured on merchandising that ranges from
T-shirts to collectible product packaging. Coca-Cola is one of the most
collected brands of product advertising in the world, according to the
Cartoons and Icons website. Other famous icons that wind up on various
forms of merchandise are the Pillsbury Dough Boy, the Campbell's Soup Kids
and the talking M&Ms.;
Examples of Manufacturing Business
Manufacturing of Childrens Toys
Children all over the world can easily relate with toys no matter the
language they speak or the color of their skins. This goes to show that there

is a very large market for childrens toys. So, if you are considering starting a
business in the manufacturing sector, you can consider going into the
manufacturing of childrens toys. Just like any other business, if you are able
to break into the market you will sure make huge profits from this business.
Manufacturing of Papers and Notebooks
Although the campaign for preserving trees and our ecosystem is
gaining prominence and people are encouraged to reduce the numbers of
papers they use especially if they have options, but the fact remains that
there is a very large market for the paper industry.

Electric Bulb and Electrical Fittings Production

Electric bulbs and electrical fittings are found in buildings that you can
find around you, except in places where civilization and electricity has not
reached. This goes to show that there is a global market for electric bulbs
and electrical fittings.
As such, if you are considering starting a business in the manufacturing
industry; a business whose products can easily attract buyers, then you
should consider going into the production of electric bulbs and electrical
fittings. Although the market for electric bulbs and electrical fittings is
competitive, but if you are creative with your production, you are likely not
going to struggle to get your own market share.

Kitchen Utensils and Cutleries Manufacturing

Pots, kettles, fry pans, cutleries and other kitchen utensils are
essentials in our homes, canteens, restaurants, and hotels et al. Food is the
number one need of humans and almost in all cases. Kitchen utensils are

used either in the process of preparing foods or during eating. This goes to
show that there is a large market for kitchen utensils and cutleries.
As a matter of fact, there is hardly any household where you arent
going to find kitchen utensils and cutleries. So, if you are considering starting
a business in the manufacturing industry, going into the manufacturing of
kitchen utensils and cutleries wont be a bad idea.

Drugs Manufacturing
Another business that you should consider starting if you are
interested in the manufacturing industry is drugs manufacturing. There are
several types of drugs; generic and non generic that you can start
manufacturing. Please note that the drug manufacturing industry is highly
regulated and you would be required to secure the required business license
and

permits

before

manufacturing factory.

you

can

be

allowed

to

legally

open

drugs