Surveying

coordinate system and travers

Eng. Anas Al-Hares

Zarqa University
Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering

Coordinate Geometry in Surveying

Calculations
INTRODUCTION
Except for extensive geodetic control surveys, almost all other
surveys are referenced to plane rectangular coordinate systems.
Advantages of referencing points in a rectangular coordinate system:

the relative positions of points are uniquely defined

they can be conveniently plotted.
if lost in the field, they can readily be recovered from other
available points referenced to the same system.
computations are greatly facilitated

Coordinate Geometry in Surveying

Calculations
Important relationships
intersection problems are conveniently solved by forming a triangle
between two stations of known position from which the observations
are made, and then solving for the parts of this triangle
the law of sine's ,
the law of cosines

Coordinate Geometry in Surveying

Calculations
in a plane rectangular coordinate system the between point can
illustrated in the following figure

Traversing
A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have
been marked in the field and whose lengths and directions have
been determined from observations.
traversing, the act of marking the lines, that is, establishing
traverse stations and making the necessary observations.
There are two kinds of traverses:
Closed and
open

Traversing
Two categories of closed traverses:
Polygon (loop) and
link.
polygon traverse the lines return to the starting point, thus forming a
closed figure that is both geometrically and mathematically closed.

Link traverses finish upon another station that should have a

positional accuracy equal to or greater than that of the starting point.
The link type (geometrically open, mathematically closed).

Traversing

Closed traverse computation

BALANCING ANGLES
In elementary methods of traverse adjustment, the first step is to
balance (adjust) the angles to the proper geometric total.
angle balancing is done readily since the total error is known.
Angles of a closed traverse can be adjusted to the correct geometric
total by applying an average correction to each angle where.
observing conditions were approximately the same at all stations.

The correction for each angle is found by dividing the total angular
miss closure by the number of angles.

Example
For the traverse of Figure below , the observed interior angles
are given in the Table. Compute the adjusted angles.

Example

Closed traverse computation

COMPUTATION OF PRELIMINARY AZIMUTHS OR BEARINGS
After balancing the angles, the next step in traverse computation is
calculation of either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
This requires the direction of at least one course within the traverse
to be either known or assumed.

Example
Compute preliminary azimuths for the traverse courses of Figure
10.1, based on a fixed azimuth of 23417 18 for line AW. a
measured angle to the right of 15152 24 for WAE.

Closed traverse computation

DEPARTURES AND LATITUDES.
After balancing the angles and calculating preliminary azimuths
traverse closure is checked by computing the departure and latitude of
each line.

Closed traverse computation

In equation form, the departure and latitude of a line are
departure = L .sin()
latitude = L .cos ()

Closed traverse computation

TRAVERSE LINEAR MISCLOSURE AND RELATIVE PRECISION
Because of errors in the observed traverse angles and distances,
if one were to begin at point A of a closed-polygon traverse. would
finally return not to point A, but to some other nearby point A.
Point A would be removed from A in an east-west direction by the
departure misclosure.
and in a north-south direction by the latitude misclosure.

Closed traverse computation

The distance between A and A is termed the linear misclosure of the
traverse.

It is calculated from the following formula:

Example
Based on the preliminary azimuths from the Table and lengths shown
in the Figure, calculate the departures and latitudes, linear
misclosure, and relative precision of the traverse.

Closed traverse computation

TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
For any closed traverse, the linear misclosure must be adjusted
throughout the traverse to close or balance the figure.
There are several elementary methods available for traverse
adjustment.

but the one most commonly used is the compass rule

(Bowditch method).
The compass, or Bowditch, rule adjusts the departures and
latitudes of traverse courses in proportion to their lengths

Closed traverse computation

Corrections by this method are made according to the
following rules:

Example
Using the preliminary azimuths from the Table and lengths from the
Figure:
1. compute departures and latitudes,
2. linear misclosure, and relative precision.
3. Balance the departures and latitudes using the
compass rule.

Example

Close link traverse:

The link type (geometrically open, mathematically closed)
must have a closing reference direction

Close link traverse:

Example :

Close link traverse:

Close link traverse: